Springs are elastic bodies that store mechanical energy when compressed, stretched, or twisted by an external force. Common materials used for springs include various types of steel, copper alloys, and titanium. Springs can be arranged in series or parallel configurations, and the total spring constant of combined systems can be calculated. Different types of springs include helical, leaf, and disc springs, which are used for various purposes like absorbing shock, storing energy, and maintaining contact forces. Helical springs specifically can be tensional, compression, torsion, or spiral types.

1. SPRINGS

2. INTRODUCTION
• Springs are elastic bodies.
• Twisted, pulled or stretched by external force.
• Also termed as a Resilient member.

3. MATERIALS
• Material for manufacturing the springs are as:
1. High carbon steel
2. Stainless steel
3. Copper based alloy
4. Nickel based alloy
5. Titanium

4. CALCULATION
• When springs are in series.

5. CALCULATION
• When springs are in parallel (Symmetrical displacement).

6. CALCULATION
• When both series and parallel system combined.

7. QUESTIONS
1. Find the spring constant of a spring if it requires a 7000 N
force to pull it 40 cm from equilibrium?
2. A 8000 N force is applied to a spring that has a spring
constant of K = 12000 N/m. How far from equilibrium will
the spring be displaced?

8. HELICAL SPRINGS
• It is a spiral wound wire with a constant coil diameter and
uniform pitch.
• Also known as a coil spring.
Function of Helical spring
• To absorb shock
• To store energy and subsequently release it
• To maintain a force between contacting surfaces

9. HELICAL SPRING TYPES
1. Tensional / Extensional
2. Compression
3. Torsion
4. Spiral

10. TENSIONAL HELICAL SPRING
• It stretches apart to create load.
• The gap between the successive coil is small.
• It has some means of transferring the load from the support
to the body by means of some arrangement.

11. COMPRESSION HELICAL SPRING
• These springs are energy efficient storage devices.
• Gets compressed on the application of load.
• Tends to bow sideways when applying a compressive load.

12. TORSION SPRING
• It rotates about an axis to create load.
• These are used to transmit small torque.
• Mainly used for torque transmission.

13. SPIRAL SPRING
• It is made of a band of steel
wrapped around itself.
• It has a few rotations and
also contains a thicker band
of steel.
• It releases power when it
unwinds.

14. LEAF SPRING
• Consists of number of strips with same width and different length.
• It is also called as a semi-elliptical spring.
• Provides dampness and springing function.
• Mostly, used in Heavy vehicles to ensure rigidity and strength.

15. DISC SPRING
• Composed of coned discs.
• Suited for use in applications that require a high force.
• Have longer lifespan because of less friction.