This document discusses measurement concepts and test equipment. It defines key measurement terms like uncertainty and measurement types. It outlines the typical product development flow involving multiple measurement stages. It then describes common electrical measurements like voltage, current, resistance and frequency. It discusses measurement setup, connections, contributing factors to uncertainty, and provides an uncertainty budget example. Finally, it shows the evolution of test equipment like oscilloscopes and digital multi-meters.

1. Measurements
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3. Measurement sample, sine wave in electrical circuit
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4. Definitions:
• Measurement Uncertainty.
• Uncertainty in measurement is a term in metrology that relate to value that defines the
unknown additional quantities related to the measured value.
• The uncertainty has statistical base and it reflects partial knowledge of the measured value.
• Therefore, all measurement effected by certain amount of uncertainty.
• The measurement is completed only if accompanied with declared uncertainty value.
• Declared uncertainty should be calculated and demonstrated with a budget statement.
• There are 2 types of uncertainties contributions. Type A & Type B. Uncertainty estimates
obtained as standard deviation of repeated measurements are called Type A.
• If uncertainty is estimated using some means other than statistical treatment of repeated
measurement results then the obtained estimates are called B type uncertainty estimates
.
•Measurement
• Measurement is an action to find the measurable value of an object and expressing this
value in suitable scientific units.
• To conduct the measurement usually implementing suitable test equipment.
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5. Behind the development of every product Electrical, Medical, Physical, or other, many
measurements are being done to establish the product capabilities and performance.
Some of the measurements are simple and does not require deep knowledge but other
may ask for knowledge of one or more types of measurements.
This document objective is to show the requirements and capabilities for the different ranges of measurement.
OBJECTIVE
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6. Product development Flow Chart
IDEA & Vision
Technology
Base of knowledge
Preliminary Design
Prototype
Technical
Specifications
Proof of ability
Regulation & Mass
Production
Dream Stage
Creativity Stage
Decision Stage, Exists or Development
Procedures sketches and layouts Stage
Moving from design to production Stage
Definition & Declaration of Product capabilities
Check of competability with the Idea & Vision
Compliance to Standards and Regulation
Test Equipment required
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7. Measurements, Definitions, Tools, Reports
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8. Measurement
Nominal Value Stated Value, Required.
Supplied Value from Standard or Calibrator.
Reference Value
Measured Value Read Value from the test equipment Display.
Measurement
Resolution
The smallest Value can be read from the test equipment Display.
Measurement Error The Deviation of the Measured Value from the Reference Value.
Permitted Error The Maximum allowed Error defined by the measurement specification.
Measurement
Uncertainty The absolute value of additional estimate of measurement errors.
Measurements
Report Documented Report of all the measurements Values and Uncertainties.
Test Equipment requiered
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Electrical & Electronics
Remarks Equipment Equation SI Unit
Voltage Volt DVM /DMM V = I x R V OHM Low -
derivative
Current Amper DVM / DMM I = V/R A Base SI Unit, Amper
1Amper = 1.602176634 10-19 units
of colon per second.
Resistance Ω DVM /DMM R = V/A R OHM Low -
derivative
Frequency Hz Counter / Scope T = 1 / S T Repeats / time
Time Sec. Counter / Scope S = 1/ T S 1 Second is the time passed during
9,192,631,770 periods of base level of
the Cesium-133 Atom
Power Wat Power meter P = V x I P
Measurement Range & Types 1

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Measurement Range & Types
Electrical & Electronics
Equipment Equation SI Unit Remarks
Energy Jaul Energy meter J = P x S J
Inductance Henry Inductance
meter
H = A / 2𝜋𝑟 L
Capacitance farad Capacitance meter F = Q/V F
Electric Charge coulomb Amper meter +
Watch
Q = I x S Q
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Measurement setup, connections and wiring
Electrical & Electronics
Remarks Preliminary Step Setup Description
Voltage V Zero test equipment
display by shorting wires
and pressing REL
2 Wires connects in parallel the test
equipment to the voltage source
Use low resistance wires.
Current A Zero test equipment
display by disconnecting
wires and pressing zero
2 Wires connects in serial the test
equipment to the current source
Use low resistance wires.
Resistance Ω Zero test equipment
display by shorting wires
and pressing REL
2 Wires connects in parallel the test
equipment to the resistance source
4 Wires connects in parallel the test
equipment to the resistance source to
compensate the leads resistance
2 wires connection Use low
resistance wires.
Hz Frequency
Sec. Time
Check test cable
for 50 Ohms
impedance
BNC Coaxial cable connects in parallel
the test equipment to the Frequency or
Time source
Video signal, use 75 Ohms
impedance cable, or use 75
Ohm termination.
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12. Electrical & Electronics.
Preliminary Step Setup Description Remarks
Energy Jaul
Power Wat
Energy measurement time of
the measurement will be
measured. Zero timer before.
4 wires connection
2 wires for Voltage & 2
wires for current.
Use low resistance wires.
Inductance Henry Check measurement
frequency and relate it to test
results.
BNC Coaxial cable connects
in parallel the test
equipment to the
Inductance source.
Use 50 Ohms impedance
Coax cable.
Capacitance farad Check measurement
frequency and relate it to test
results.
2 Wires connects in parallel
the test equipment to the
Capacitor.
Use 50 Ohms impedance
Coax cable.
Electrical Charge
coulomb
Calculation: Measure
capacitance and divide with
capacitor voltage.
Measurement setup, connections and wiring 2
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13. Measurement Uncertainty. Contributions.
Capacitance Inductance Power &
Energy
Time Frequency Resistance Current Voltage
Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value Nominal Value
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Test Equipment
display
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Display
Resolution
Precision/Drift
of reference
Precision/Drift of
reference
Precision/Drift of
reference
Precision/Drift
of reference
Precision/Drift
of reference
Precision/Drift
of reference
Precision/Drift
of reference
Precision/Drift
of reference
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Test equipment
Accuracy
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Reference
Uncertainty
Standard
Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard
Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Standard Deviation
repeated
measurements
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
Other: wires,
input
impedance.
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14. Uncertainty Budget example.
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15. Test Equipment's.
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16. Test Equipment Oscilloscope.
Old Technology
Oscilloscope CRT Display
Analog technology, Tube's amplifiers.
Schematic of Oscilloscope.
Oscilloscope CRT Display
Analog technologyTransistors amplifiers.
Oscilloscope LCD Display
Digital technology, IC amplifiers.

17. Test Equipment Digital Multi Meter.
OLD
Technology
Display 3.5 digits
.
Display 4.5 digits
.
Display 5.5 digirs
.
Digital display
Analog old multi meter
Measure Voltage dc & Ac, Current dc & Ac, Resistance
Digital old multi meter
Measure Voltage dc & Ac, Current dc & Ac, Resistance
Accurate Digital Multi Meter
LCD Display, IC digital technology
Hand Held Multi Meter
LCD Display, IC digital technology

18. There are many more
types of test equipment.
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