This paper explores how sports have replaced religion as the modern "opiate of the masses" as theorized by Karl Marx. It discusses how Marx viewed religion as providing people with a false sense of well-being and social bonds. As religion has declined, sports now fulfill this role by shaping social norms and structures in ways similar to how religion once did. The paper also examines how sports impact politics and provide people with a distorted sense of national pride. Finally, it shares the author's personal experience of how sports have served as their own "opiate" and outlet to deal with problems.
Pembelajaran sukatan sains sukan STPM semester 2 berdasarkan tajuk Kecergasan dan Anatomi dan Fisiologi. Terdapat juga nota tambahan tentang amali yang dilakukan dan teori yang akan dibincangkan.
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a persons phys.docxadampcarr67227
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a person's physical appearance, such as skin color, eye color or even hair color. Ethnicity, on the other hand, relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language and beliefs.
How sport is both a positive and negative force for promoting racial and ethnic equality in society.Sports can help promote ethnic and racial equality in the society. This is because during these activities, people from different ethnic groups and races get to participate. In doing so, people get to see that they have the same potentials despite their differences. However, sports can also be negative forces for promotion of ethnic and racial equality. Emotions clearly run high in fast-paced competitive sport, such as football, but there needs to be an acknowledgement that using a person’s race, ethnicity or culture as a form of abuse is wrong. Racist behavior does not happen in isolation; it is a result of prejudices and/or lack of awareness
.Discuss the history of women's participation in sport before the 1850's. What were the barriers?In the 1800’s, participation of women in sports was discouraged or banned. In the cities, their passive involvement was always encouraged through attendance at horse races, regattas, cricket matches and other spectator sports. Women back then were seen as an inferior group. Sexism back then took control of all activities and this was all about the unfair treatment of women.
How Title IX affected women's sport participation. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, requires equal access for women in all facets of education, most notably athletics. It prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally-funded education.
How increased sport participation by females has affected contemporary society.Participation of women in sports has brought about issues like gender equality. Whatever facilities women get should be as good as those men are using. This is unlike the past society where there was no such thing as equality, women were the minority group while men the dominant one. How does social class affect access or present barriers to participation in sport? Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Social class plays a vital role in sports. It dictates who can participate in what sports and to what level of participation. The limiting factor associated with social class is money. Money is the means which to obtain the equipment and facilities necessary to partake in the sport, without money, one cannot perform organized sports.
Identify the different social classes in the U.S. and typical characteristics of each class. Discuss the opportunities for social mobility through sport.
In the United States, there are three main levels of classes that include the upper class, middle class and lower class. The upper-upper class includes those aristocratic and “.
Pembelajaran sukatan sains sukan STPM semester 2 berdasarkan tajuk Kecergasan dan Anatomi dan Fisiologi. Terdapat juga nota tambahan tentang amali yang dilakukan dan teori yang akan dibincangkan.
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a persons phys.docxadampcarr67227
How race and ethnicity are defined. Race refers to a person's physical appearance, such as skin color, eye color or even hair color. Ethnicity, on the other hand, relates to cultural factors such as nationality, culture, ancestry, language and beliefs.
How sport is both a positive and negative force for promoting racial and ethnic equality in society.Sports can help promote ethnic and racial equality in the society. This is because during these activities, people from different ethnic groups and races get to participate. In doing so, people get to see that they have the same potentials despite their differences. However, sports can also be negative forces for promotion of ethnic and racial equality. Emotions clearly run high in fast-paced competitive sport, such as football, but there needs to be an acknowledgement that using a person’s race, ethnicity or culture as a form of abuse is wrong. Racist behavior does not happen in isolation; it is a result of prejudices and/or lack of awareness
.Discuss the history of women's participation in sport before the 1850's. What were the barriers?In the 1800’s, participation of women in sports was discouraged or banned. In the cities, their passive involvement was always encouraged through attendance at horse races, regattas, cricket matches and other spectator sports. Women back then were seen as an inferior group. Sexism back then took control of all activities and this was all about the unfair treatment of women.
How Title IX affected women's sport participation. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, requires equal access for women in all facets of education, most notably athletics. It prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally-funded education.
How increased sport participation by females has affected contemporary society.Participation of women in sports has brought about issues like gender equality. Whatever facilities women get should be as good as those men are using. This is unlike the past society where there was no such thing as equality, women were the minority group while men the dominant one. How does social class affect access or present barriers to participation in sport? Most sociologists define social class as a grouping based on similar social factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation. Social class plays a vital role in sports. It dictates who can participate in what sports and to what level of participation. The limiting factor associated with social class is money. Money is the means which to obtain the equipment and facilities necessary to partake in the sport, without money, one cannot perform organized sports.
Identify the different social classes in the U.S. and typical characteristics of each class. Discuss the opportunities for social mobility through sport.
In the United States, there are three main levels of classes that include the upper class, middle class and lower class. The upper-upper class includes those aristocratic and “.
Trafferball: Can a sport be extracted from rioting?Jamie Oxtoby
This was a self-proposed brief about extracting a sport
from rioting and social unrest, that transmits the
cultural values of our society in the early 21st century.
Abstract
Sport behaviour in any situation is culturally defined. The anthropological study of sports can provide a viewpoint of human culture in real sense of the word. Sports as a recreational aspect of culture hold a variety of different meanings across culture. It has been observed that, sports have emerged as a primary area of controversy about men’s and women’s roles. It has also widely argued that women’s sport has changed a little in the present century. Anthropologists considered this issue that sports are the areas where gender inequalities are strongly evident. The present study is the preliminary observations on the relationship between sports and gender along with how the participation in sports can be invigorating and personally empowering experience for women. It finally throws light on how sports are one of the most important issues in gender inequality
Constructing theDigitalized SportingBody Black and White.docxdonnajames55
Constructing the
Digitalized Sporting
Body: Black and White
Masculinity in NBA/
NHL Internet Memes
Nikolas Dickerson1
Abstract
In this article, I examine the ways sport fans construct and circulate discourses of
race and masculinity in cyberspace. I do this through an examination of a set of
Internet memes that juxtapose the bodies of National Hockey League players with
National Basketball Association players in one single image. I argue these memes
celebrate White masculinity, while at the same time constructing African American
athletes as individualistic, selfish, and unwilling to sacrifice their bodies for the
greater good of the team. More so, I argue that these memes construct a form of
racial ideology that is representative of White backlash politics.
Keywords
race, Internet memes, masculinity, communication, hockey
On March 10, 2014, Dallas Stars forward Rich Peverley collapsed on the bench
during a game from a heart complication. In the aftermath, both the Dallas Stars and
Columbus Blue Jackets agreed to postpone the hockey game based on the emotional
stress of watching a player collapse on the bench. In the following days, reports cir-
culated that Peverley asked to reenter the game after he regained consciousness (see
Arthur, 2014; O’Brien, 2014). This purported act led to a series of memes that pitted
1 University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
Corresponding Author:
Nikolas Dickerson, University of Iowa, 114 Wright St. Apt 1, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
Email: [email protected]
Communication & Sport
1-28
ª The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/2167479515584045
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at TEMPLE UNIV on June 30, 2015com.sagepub.comDownloaded from
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the toughness of Richard Peverley against other professional athletes most notably,
Lebron James (see Figures 1 and 2).
Two days after Peverley collapsed, Barry Petchesky, a writer for the website
Deadspin, wrote an article responding to these memes. Petchesky (2014) uses these
memes and others like them to make the argument that the marginalization of
hockey among the major sports in the United States has perpetuated a sense of inse-
curity within hockey fans. Petchesky argues these images are meant to address the
insecurity of hockey fans by attempting to legitimize their sport as superior to bas-
ketball, football, and baseball via notions of hypermasculinity.
While I agree with Petchesky’s (2014) reading, I want to take this argument fur-
ther and discuss the ways these images construct more specific forms of White mas-
culinity and Black masculinity in 2014. In this article, I interrogate the previously
mentioned Peverley Internet memes and a series of memes that Photoshop a player
from the National Hockey League (NHL) and the National Basketball Association
(NBA) into one image. I argue these memes celebrate White masc.
Essay 1 generally good content; but some issues with content as n.docxYASHU40
Essay 1: generally good content; but some issues with content as noted and some writing issues
Essay 2: good content, but writing issues in several places
Essay 3: good content, but lots of writing issues
Religion and Society
1. What is the “sociological perspective” and how does it impact the way we study religion? How is it different from non-social scientific (philosophical, theological) approaches to the study of religion? From other social scientific (psychological, anthropological) approaches?
The sociological perspective is a way of looking at religion that focuses on the human especially social aspects of religious belief and practice. It has two characteristics that separate it from non-scientific approaches to religion. It is empirical and objective. Sociologists usually try as much as possible to base their interpretations on empirical evidence. “They verify their images and explanations of social reality by experimental or experienced evidence. The objectivity in the sense that they do not attempt to evaluate accept or reject the content of religious beliefs .In the sociological perspective there is no religion that is superior to the other. One religion is not superior to another. Indeed the perspective does not presume the merits of religious over non-religious approaches. But if a religion has ideas on these subjects, it examines them and tries to understand them.
There are two central sociological perspectives which are: substantative and functional. Substantative tries to establish what religion is. It attempts to establish categories of religious content that qualify as religion and other categories specific as non-religion. Functional describes what religion does. It emphasizes what religion does for individual and social group. Accordingly religion is defined by the social functions it fulfills in the society
It emphasizes on the provision of meaning because the establishing of shared meaning is an essentially social event.
The sociological perspective impacts on the way we study religion in various ways. The aspects of the sociological perspective on religion may create elude a bad feeling to students who find their cherished beliefs and practices dispassionately treated as object of study as stipulated in (http://fasnafan.tripod.com/religion.pdf).Normal human beings due to their nature tend to feel bad when they find their religion becoming the subject of discussion and study. They feel that those people are abusing and disregarding their religion. It may be disturbing to have one’s own religion treated as comparable to other religions and not as superior or uniquely true.maybe maybe not---you need proof to make this claim--not just ideas
Also true, but awkward writingwhat the sociologist and the believer hold about a certain religion may be contradicting. What is central to the sociologist may be irrelevant and uninteresting to th ...
EXERCISE 4Lack of Research on Cultural DiversityLack of eno.docxgreg1eden90113
EXERCISE 4
Lack of Research on Cultural Diversity:
Lack of enough information on cultural diversity due to lack of adequate social and academic researches on cultural diversity which is having an adverse impact on sport psychology regarding it progress and growth in American Society is my new learning point from the text book.
The world is a colorful canvas of people from all walks of life and backgrounds. In every corner of the globe, there exist people from different religions, racial identifications, ethnic identities who speak different languages, and celebrate different holidays. Culture brings people together equally in many ways. Cultural diversity is very popular in western countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. New immigrants move into these countries every day and become part of the community. A diverse community or environment welcomes diversity and logically when you are more open to more candidates regardless of their diversity. As it was proposed by Urry that, “Cultural diversity is an important challenge that is frequently encountered by sport and exercise psychology professionals. Increased globalization has fostered a wider exchange of people, objects, images, ideas, value systems, and information, which has thus changed the contemporary sporting landscape, signifying one of the most exciting and challenging movements in the globalized cultural field today.” (Urry,2000).
Every person is unique and the more someone is different than you, it is more likely their skills and knowledge will be different from you. Diversity widens viewpoints and takes different ideas and perspectives into account. This can translate into creating richer solutions, obtaining better results, and maximizing productivity, innovation, and creativity. However, lack of or not having enough research on Cultural Diversity in sports psychology means missing such important developmental resources. “AASP program content extends beyond the research to professional issues, but our finding suggests a continuing gap in applied sports psychology with little attention to the wider range of participants or multicultural issues.” (Kamphoff, 2010). According to Drs Robert Schinke and Zella Moore, “while other domains of professional psychology have long embraced the integration of cultural aspects, the field of sport psychology has been slow to join the dialogue or to learn from these relevant sources. Therefore, this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology was conceptualized and constructed with the intention of opening these lines of discussion to help ensure that sport psychologists are gaining a comprehensive understanding of the athletes with whom they work, demonstrating respect for and integration of cultural constructs in the treatment room, and maintaining personal and professional self-awareness.” (Schinke, R. & Moore, Z.E., 2011).
Another effect of lack of research on Cultural Diversity on sport psychology is la.
RELIGIOUS ICONIC AND SYMBOLIC CONTENTS EMANATED ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A STUDY ON S...anshula garg
As Mass media and communication is the mixture of multiple subjects and relates to all the areas like commerce, management, economics, science and technology as communication technology, psychology, sociology, defensive studies, women’s studies, health as health communication, literature, statistics as statistic journalism, sports as sports journalism, humanities, cinema, religious studies, culture and society. Similarly, this research covers the 2 inter-disciplinary areas of media-- religious studies and sports.
In this study researcher would seek to know the perception of sports persons basically wrestlers towards the religious iconic and symbolic content emanated on social media something different from their league. It is very important for media scholar to know the perception of various community peoples towards the important issues of religious conflicts. In the present scenario users of social media is large therefore every kind of content extensively posted on social media.
The Quest for Subcommunities and the Rise of American SportA.docxssusera34210
The Quest for Subcommunities and the Rise of American Sport
Author(s): Benjamin G. Rader
Source: American Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Autumn, 1977), pp. 355-369
Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press
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THE QUEST FOR SUBCOMMUNITIES
AND
THE RISE OF AMERICAN SPORT
BENJAMIN G. RADER
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGUING PROBLEMS FOR THE SPORT HISTORIAN IS TO
account for the relationship between the American social structure and the
"take-off" stage of organized sport in the United States.' We still know
little about why sport arose in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Equally obscure are the relationships of sport to groups and individuals
within American society. What social functions, either latent or manifest,
did sport perform during the take-off stage? This essay contends that a
quest for subcommunities in the nineteenth century furnishes an important
key to understanding the rise of American sport. As earlier communities
based on small geographic areas-typically agricultural villages-declined
1 Little progress has been made in analyzing the relationship between the sport "take-
off" and the American social structure since Frederick L. Paxson's "The Rise of Sport,"
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 4 (Sept. 1917), 144-68. Paxson's main argument
was that sport provided a new social safety valve which replaced the one closed by the
frontier. Recent historical treatments of the sport revolution tend to accept this thesis.
See for example, Dale A. Somers, The Rise of Sports in New Orleans, 1850-1900 (Baton
Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1972), 275-76, and John R. Betts, America's
Sporting Heritage, 1850-1950 (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1974), 178. Neither
author elaborates on Paxson's article, although Somers suggests several other relation-
ships between sport and society. Paul Hoch, in his neo-Marxi ...
1. SOC: 331 1
Sociology of Sports
Sports as an Opiate to the Masses
Images: (Kang, 2014), (Kendrick, Thiel, 2013)
Shayla McCaffery
Summer 2015
2. SOC: 331 2
Sociology of Sports
Sports as an Opiate of the Masses
Abstract:
This paper will explore the idea that sports has replaced religion as the Opiate of
the Masses as Karl Marx theorized. Religion once was the world wide staple in life
amongst most people that brought them together. Not only bring people together,
but set the norms, beliefs, and values amongst people. Religion as an opiate of the
masses has brought importance to one’s life and even given people a “purpose”in
life. Practices of the modern world have changed quite a bit and people are
clinging to sports instead of religion. Religion membership has been on the decline
and sports has been on the rise. Sports are the modern day replacement of religion.
This paper will explore how sports has changed the socialization in society and my
own personal experience of how sports have impacted my life and have been an
opiate in my life.
3. SOC: 331 3
“Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest
against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless
world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opium of the people. The
abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real
happiness. The demand to give up the illusion about its condition is the demand to give
up a condition which needs illusions”.
-Karl Marx, Critique of Hegels Philosophy of Right
As religion membership continues to decline across the world, sports have
replaced what Marx refereed to as the “Opiate of the Masses”. Even through my own
experiences sports as proven to act as an “Opiate of the Masses” in my life. First, this
paper will explore Marx’s theory about what it means to be an “Opiate of the Masses”
and the qualifications and impacts on social relationships that are caused by such opiates
in society. Lastly, this paper will explore my own personal experience and what has
caused such experiences and how my social norms were formed by my experiences with
sports.
Marx theorized that religion was an opiate. In Marx’s theory an opiate is a false
sense of well-being that is causes someone to escape prior concerns, and plan and
perform their lives with their attention towards that opiate. Marx’s explains religion was
an opiate to the masses because there was a false sense of well being, allowed removal of
concerns, an oppressed pontoon, and demanded focus on preparing for the after life. This
dictated all of the social norms that were preformed in society (Davies, 2007). Marx also
explained that religion was the replacement for happiness and was the spirt of the people.
4. SOC: 331 4
Marx explains that religion is the distraction that allow people to cling to social
relationships and be apart of something larger giving the illusion of ultimate happiness
because of these relationships and connects that religion had created.
According to Sports as the "Opiate of the Masses": College Football in the
American South; Marx claimed religion was once the “opium of the people”. Engels
“argued that the character of society is fundamentally shaped by the way in which it
produces what it needs and how it organizes people through this means of production.
This fundamental economic bade that gives rise to the superstructure. This superstructure
is what we call culture. It includes art, religion, and philosophy (social or political most
importantly). In these various cultural manifestations we can find the dominant ideology
of a culture, that core set of interconnected believes and values that shape a society”
(Bain-Selbo, 2008). According to Marx “the ideology of a culture is not neutral in regard
to the various constituencies in that society. Ideology tends to support or justify the
unequal distribution of goods and wealth. In other worlds, ideology tends to justify the
superior position of the “haves” over against the “have nots.” This makes sense because it
is the “haves” who are in control of the means of production. The “haves” control art,
religion, literature, philosophy and much more” (Bain-Selbo, 2008). Natural as social
relationships grow the separation between the two groups continues to establish its self
and religion was what connected the “haves” and the “have nots”. This can be seen in
sports today. For instance, social groups are separated in the stands of an athletic
5. SOC: 331 5
event. The best seats are reserved for the season ticket holders than spend a lot per season
to maintain, company seats, or suits where your waited on. Then, seats vary all the way to
the top of the bleachers, “the cheap seats”. Separating the fans by social class.
In order for something to be considered an “Opiate of the Masses”, Marx theorized
that there are two elements that must exist. An opiate must allow people to deal with
social problems by providing either a temporary high, allowing a person to ignore or not
think about the problem. Or a distorted vision of references or identification that allow
individuals to look for salvation in their false universe (Hoch, 1972). In addition, religion
once set all the rules and expectations of the upper social class. Today, sports dictate the
structure in society; for instance, the rules, training, lessons and promotes nationalism
and loyalties to groups and communities. Sports also teach society that there is one that
will loose, both groups cannot come out a winner. Teaching that competition is and the
acceptance of loss is valued in our societies structure today.
Not only have sports shaped the way our social structure consist of, but also
impacts politics, just in similar ways that religion has been known to impact politics.
Voting of religious groups began to emerge largely in the 1960s. Religious beliefs
dictated which laws or political party in which you play a role in. For instance, religious
views against abortion is valued in some political parties today. These religious views
created a false consciousness. Today, sports and politics cross paths just how religion had
impacted politics of the past. Sports today protect and increase the legitimacy of the
6. SOC: 331 6
status quo that exist in the political sphere today. This is also the same for some
international politics. The great performance of athletes in a country can be seen as a
nation’s value and worth, inanition to social and ideological superiority (Lund, 2012).
Sports can provide the false consciousness that their nation is independent, strong, and
many other feelings of nationalism, despite the reality of the nation’s economic, political,
and other social problems that require replying on one another to be successful or
improve in those spheres (Redeker, 2008). Redeker, uses the FIFA world cup as an
example of politics, countries want to host the World Cup for what it means to their
nation. Employees of FIFA were recently exposed for taking bribes to make the locations
of certain world cups.
Sports eventually replaced religion as an “Opiate of the Masses” for different
reasons. According to Barnes and Lowery; church attendance has been decreasing
continuously for many years (2013). In addition to the decrease of religion membership,
there is also the massive impact sports and the media shape the norms of society,
especially with the progressions of technology the impact is much greater. Shaping
society in such ways, sports also teach and promote fair play, nationalism, and have the
same psychological functions as religion once did. Sports provide what is required to be
an opiate of the people and it is an easy one to accept into one’s life. As an Opiate of the
Masses, sports not only impact social structure, norms, political views by being the status
quo and maintaining that image. In addition, sports have played a role in false
7. SOC: 331 7
appearances on even at an international level. With such impacts on society, how can
sports not be the new “Opiate of the Masses”?
Personally, I would have to say that sports are my opiate. Neither of my parents
practiced religion, by both side of my family had many sports that there lives prior to
children were devoted to. Including, Motocross, Horse Showing, Football, Wrestling,
Karate, and Hydroplane Racing. Both of my parents and their parents were the generation
that began skipping church for sporting activities and by the time I was born my family
had stopped attending church all together. This is the case with many other people in the
world. Sports shaped our values, behaviors, social groups, and by how much was dictated
by our social class, could we afford to do more. My parents even spent their retirement to
put my younger brother and I through sports. Growing up, my brother and I played sports
all year long. Then, began specializing in certain sports and playing select sports. During
the winters my brother and I raced snowmobiles and traveled around the western United
States. Then played select soccer and volleyball on our off seasons. Spending all our free
time on practice, training, and preparing for our next competition no matter the sport or
even multiple sports in one day. I was also influenced by the hidden curriculum of sports
and it has created who I am today and the decisions I make. I currently coach high school
volleyball, middle school volleyball, and a select volleyball team. Sports taught me
integrity, dedication, team building skills and leadership skills and has also shaped who I
am today and the way I coach and interact with my athletes.
8. SOC: 331 8
Sports is an opiate in my life, sports have always given me an outlet and given me
the ability to forget whatever problems that were existing in my life. I really depended on
Sports when my Dad was diagnosed with cancer. Playing volleyball and racing gave me a
high on life and adrenaline that allowed me to forget about the problems and completely
focus on the sports, giving me a false illusion of happiness. In addition, sports also gave
me a false and distorted frame of identification. When racing snowmobiles professionally
for a few years, was then for many year who I thought I was and what my purpose was.
Later, after injury and the inability to preform the same, my life dramatically changed. I
was even depressed for a time being. I had to connect to sports in different ways and that
is when I began to really pay attention to professional sports and now can identify myself
as a “Hawks fan” or a “Twelve”. I am much more than sports, when I really think about
it, but when sports give the illusions and distorted images of reality. Not only have sports
impacted my life socially, but also politically. Sports have influenced politics in my life
on the occurrences of voting for schools and funding. As a coach, and a supporter of the
benefits of athletics that has influenced my decisions when voting for certain funding and
such.
In conclusion, Sports around the world has replaced religion as an “Opiate of the
Masses”. Sports behave as an opiate for individuals and play the psychological factors
that drive us towards sports. Sports impact our world not only socially, but also
politically and our versions of status quo and how one must obtain that version; both
9. SOC: 331 9
locally and globally. Sports meet all the criteria that is required to be considered an
“Opiate of the Masses” according to Marx and what he claimed religion functioned as.
Sources:
Barner, Lowery. 7 Startling Facts: An Up Close Look at Church Attendance in America.
(2013, February 18). Retrieved July 10, 2015.
Bain-Selbo, E. (2008). Sports as the "Opiate of the Masses": College Football in the
American South. TopSCHOLAR.
Davies, R. (2007). Perspectives on Society and Sport. In Sports in American life: A
history. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.
Hoch, P. (1972). Rip off the big game;. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books.
Kang, M. (2014, January 24). Are You A True-Blue Seahawks Fan? Take This Quick
Psychology Test To Find Out. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
KENDRICK, K., & Thiel, A. (2013, September 13). Seahawks Poised to Win, Fans
Ready to Roar. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Lunn, A. (1963). Sports and Politics. In Quest (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 33-36).
Redeker, R. (n.d.). Sport as an opiate of international relations: The myth and illusion of
sport as a tool of foreign diplomacy. Sport in Society, 494-500.