Latest 2014 development of the Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM) which uses only permanent magnets. This is a work in progress with joint contributors including a physics professor and at least one student. We are encouraged by the fact that for any given volume, magnetic energy exceeds any possible electrical field in air by 50,000. In addition, magnets are also powered by spinning electrons which are sustained by the quantum vacuum and a physics journal article is also in the works to explain the operation as it nears completion. More information at www.integrityresearchinstitute.org

1. Spiral Magnetic Gradient Motor: Axial & Radial Magnets
Thomas Valone, PhD, PE
Integrity Research Institute
Vigier Symposium, Morgan State Univ., November 19, 2014
http://www.NoeticAdvancedStudies.us/index9.html
Credit: Tom Schum for this 4” spiral stator construction

2. II met Vigier in 2002 at Swiss Weinfelden conference sponsored by the Inst. of New Energy Technology (INET)
Here Prof. Vigier shows Lithium-7 and a proton will yield “more than 400% excess energy” producing hydrogen and a gamma ray
Weinfelden Conference summary is online

3. Key to Future Energy Sources: Gradients are the Requisite Means
•Thermal gradient is used for heat pump
•Voltage gradient is used for electrical power
•Gravity gradient is used for hydroelectric power
•Pressure gradient used for natural gas and water pumping
•Magnetic gradient from inhomogeneous permanent magnets is used for nothing so far except in physics labs for experiments

4. Net Force in the direction of gradient = the magnetic field gradient multiplied by the induced magnetic moment, as with the Stern- Gerlach Experiment
Hartman Patent #4,215,330
Side View
10 degree incline
drop-off
--Modern Physics, Schaumm’s Outline Series, Gautreau et al., McGraw Hill, 1978
Their experimental setup: The magnetic field B is more intense near the pointed surface at the top than near the flat surface below, creating a slope in a graph of B vs. z , which is the gradient dB/dz.
Steel ball bearing #4
Top View
Fz
z
Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields = Magnetic Gradient
Two experimental examples that utilize the magnetic field gradient

5. Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)
Uses the Magnetic Gradient
Popular Science, June 1979
Hartman Patent 4,215,330

  d
dB
F  M cos
dz
dB
FZ   cos z
In both cases cos Φ is angle between
magnetic moment and B

6. Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)
Archimedean spiral is used
for SMM stator magnets
where r = 6 + θ/2 and B(r) is
linearly dependent on θ
6”
Creates a constant torque for
more than 75% of each cycle
F = U where U = M ∙ B and
r r U M B M B    
r r U M B M B    
Resultant force is the vector sum of the tangential (θ) and the centripetal (r)
Spring
Latch
overshoot

7. Multi-Stage SMM

8. Three-Six Magnet SMM

9. Mirror Image Impacting SMM

10. SMM Governing Equations
r
B
M
B
r
M
F r r







r F
B
T M r  x




2
2
U 1 E E o  
o
B
B
U

2
2
 1
For a maximum B field in air of 20 kG
(2 Tesla), UB = 2 MJ/m3 (megajoules)
For a maximum E field in air of
3 MV/m, UE = 40 J/m3
(2,000,000 = 40 X 50,000)
Maximize radial B field (Br) for maximum torque*
0
ENERGY DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS: B-FIELD = 50K x E-FIELD
W  T d
*So this paper will include the Radial Magnetic Field models

11. Experimental Results
Six SMM designs were tested: 1, 3, 4, 6, 10” rotors
kG
▲ = rotor, ♦ = stator magnetic flux density

12. Spiral Magnetic Motor Angular Velocity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3 3.8 4.6
Angular Displacement (radians)
Angular Velocity (rad/sec)
1" rotor
3" rotor
4" rotor
6" rotor
10" rotor
Poly. (4" rotor)
Polynomial Fit
0 90⁰ 180⁰ 270⁰ - - degrees
- - -Data acquisition limit- - -
315° is latch
point
315/360 = 88%
3” rotor 
SMM ANGULAR VELOCITY

13. Measuring Back Torque
Ohaus linear force scale +/- 1 N

14. Peak KE, Back Torque, Mass, B-Field
5 Rotors Tested: 1.25”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 10”
10” rotor: 0.80 Joules Highest KE
Phototransistor detail
Peak Values:

15. -0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Angular Displacement (degrees)
10" Rotor Torque (N-m)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
10" Rotor Potential Energy (J)
0 90 180 270 360
Rotor Torque and Potential Energy for One Cycle
Torque Measurement T=rxF
W  T d
Positive
Work
Region
Negative Work Region
315°
Positive work required to
move latched rotor at 315° to
end (starting point) at 360° :
W = 0.52 Joules
which is less than 0.80 J KE
10” rotor tests
88%

16. Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s Suggestion for Increased Torque
Place metal plate of particular permeability underneath rotor in order to produce:
Favorable Hysteresis Currents
Laithwaite Eric, Propulsion Without Wheels, English Univ. Press, 1970

17. Hysteresis is Lag Response –
Depends on Permeability and
Resistivity*
t e
H
B 
 
   2
8
1
Designing the Growth of Eddy Currents to Match Rotation Speed
t e
H
B 
 
   2
8
1 /(4 ) 2   
*Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, J. Wiley & Sons, 2003
ρ = resistivity, μ = permeability, δ = thickness of plate, H field is suddenly applied
Choosing aluminum or copper for example, the permeability will be the same as free
space (μo = 4π × 10-7), which is very low and the resistivity is also low. Choosing an
aluminum plate that is about a centimeter (1 cm) thick would also be a good choice
since the thickness of the sheet "delta" is squared and also in the numerator. Altogether,
the calculation shows a relatively slow build-up over a tenth of a second and only
about 30% at a millisecond after the stator field magnet is applied to the rotating disk,
which is in keeping with a delayed eddy current that would push instead of retard the
changing flux as is normally expected from Lenz’ Law.

18. Wiegand wires are FeCoV bistable Vicalloy metal with 2 regions
US 1973 patent # 3,757,754
Used for years for auto ignitions
Provides repeatable magnetic pulse
Pop. Science
Wiegand causes Barkhausen avalanche of magnetic domain alignment

19. Inverse
magnetostrictive (MS)
effect combined with a
piezoelectric material
(PZT) and voltage
MS-PZT
coil
IEEE Trans on Magnetics, V. 43, N. 8, 2007

20. Switching Actuation for SMM
Piezo actuator can move ½ lb object repeatedly with only voltage from Smart-Materials.com
0.12 mH ultra-minature coil inductor is a simple pulse generator

21. New Radial Magnet Rotor Dual V-Track Design
Note: former STATOR magnets are now on the ROTOR and a single pair of magnets are on the movable stator above.

22. Radial V-Track Stator Magnet

23. Conclusion
•SMM designs now provide almost 90% permanent magnet powered cycle
•Actuation needed for switching magnetic fields during last 10%
•Many energy harvesting means for powering actuation now have emerged to make this long-sought-after goal achievable
•Details provided in paper