Physics Earth magnetic field using tangent galvanometerTushar Ukey
Class 12 investigatory projects about to study earth magnetic field and find using value tangent galvanometer hope you like it my friend work very hard to make this project please download my doc file to use it to your own purpose. and also take some information from that thanks.
Saurav Pandey, a class 12 student, conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. He hypothesized that magnetism would decrease with increasing temperature, following an exponential curve. The procedure involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at various freezer and oven temperatures. Observation showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased from -21C to 0C, and decreased as temperature increased from room temperature to 50C. The conclusion was that cold strengthens magnets by slowing atomic movement and domain alignment, while heat weakens them by increasing movement and disrupting domains.
To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Physics investigatory project ON MAGNETS CLASS 12Vasu Yadav
Vasu Yadav conducted a physics investigatory project on the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. The project involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at varying temperatures, from freezing to hot oven temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength increased as temperature decreased, with the magnet attracting the most paperclips at -21.3°C. Magnetic strength decreased as temperature increased above room temperature. The conclusions were that cold temperatures align magnetic domains to strengthen magnets, while heat causes atomic movement that weakens magnetic alignment and force.
DEPENDENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON STRENGTH OF MAGNETGaurav Sharma
The document is a student's certificate, acknowledgements, index, and report on a school science project investigating the dependence of magnetic strength on high temperature. The project involved heating a magnet in an oven and measuring the weight of paperclips attracted at different temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength initially increased as temperature decreased but then decreased at very low temperatures, as extreme temperatures can destabilize the balance between temperature and magnetic domains in magnetic materials.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Investgatory Project file "SIMPLE DC MOTOR"deepaksingh1756
This document is a certificate for a student who completed an activity file on building a simple DC motor. It includes sections on the anatomy, physiology, construction, and troubleshooting of a basic DC motor. The motor uses a battery, wire coils, paper clips, and a magnet to generate rotation from electrical current. It works by applying the right hand rule to determine the direction of force on the coils from the magnetic field, causing the rotor to spin continuously.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
Physics Earth magnetic field using tangent galvanometerTushar Ukey
Class 12 investigatory projects about to study earth magnetic field and find using value tangent galvanometer hope you like it my friend work very hard to make this project please download my doc file to use it to your own purpose. and also take some information from that thanks.
Saurav Pandey, a class 12 student, conducted an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the strength of a magnet. He hypothesized that magnetism would decrease with increasing temperature, following an exponential curve. The procedure involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at various freezer and oven temperatures. Observation showed magnetism increased as temperature decreased from -21C to 0C, and decreased as temperature increased from room temperature to 50C. The conclusion was that cold strengthens magnets by slowing atomic movement and domain alignment, while heat weakens them by increasing movement and disrupting domains.
To Study the earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer Tangent galv...Arjun Kumar Sah
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by an unknown current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer and its operating principle. Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
Physics investigatory project ON MAGNETS CLASS 12Vasu Yadav
Vasu Yadav conducted a physics investigatory project on the effect of temperature on magnetic strength. The project involved measuring the mass of paperclips attracted to a magnet at varying temperatures, from freezing to hot oven temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength increased as temperature decreased, with the magnet attracting the most paperclips at -21.3°C. Magnetic strength decreased as temperature increased above room temperature. The conclusions were that cold temperatures align magnetic domains to strengthen magnets, while heat causes atomic movement that weakens magnetic alignment and force.
DEPENDENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON STRENGTH OF MAGNETGaurav Sharma
The document is a student's certificate, acknowledgements, index, and report on a school science project investigating the dependence of magnetic strength on high temperature. The project involved heating a magnet in an oven and measuring the weight of paperclips attracted at different temperatures. The results showed that magnetic strength initially increased as temperature decreased but then decreased at very low temperatures, as extreme temperatures can destabilize the balance between temperature and magnetic domains in magnetic materials.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Investgatory Project file "SIMPLE DC MOTOR"deepaksingh1756
This document is a certificate for a student who completed an activity file on building a simple DC motor. It includes sections on the anatomy, physiology, construction, and troubleshooting of a basic DC motor. The motor uses a battery, wire coils, paper clips, and a magnet to generate rotation from electrical current. It works by applying the right hand rule to determine the direction of force on the coils from the magnetic field, causing the rotor to spin continuously.
Spoorthi Kulkarni, a class 12 student, conducted an investigatory physics project on the factors that affect the internal resistance of a cell. The factors studied were distance between electrodes, area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The results showed that internal resistance increases with distance between electrodes, and decreases with increasing area of electrodes, temperature of electrolytes, and concentration of electrolyte. The project follows the guidelines for the All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.
identification of cations and anions present in toothpasteM Sai Sankharan
The document describes an experiment to identify the cations and anions present in toothpaste. Key findings include:
- Tests were conducted on samples of toothpaste using chemical reagents. Precipitates formed indicating the presence of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, and iodide ions.
- Additional components found in toothpaste include abrasives like silica, fluoride compounds, and surfactants. Other common ingredients are antibacterial agents, flavorings, and remineralizers.
- Toothpaste aims to promote oral hygiene through abrasion of plaque, delivery of fluoride, and foaming which helps distribute the paste. While not intended for swallowing, small amounts accidentally ingested are generally
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
This document is a chemistry investigatory project submitted by Aishwary Patle of Class XII to compare the water soluble polyphenol (catechin) content in different tea samples. The project describes the aim, introduction to tea quality factors and types, materials required, principle, procedure, observations, result, and precautions taken. The procedure involves weighing tea bags of different brands, soaking in hot water for 10 minutes, reweighing the bags after drying to determine weight loss and calculate the percentage of water soluble components as an indicator of polyphenol content and flavor. The result is that one particular brand was found to have the highest polyphenol content and best flavor.
The document is a physics project report submitted by Ashwin Francis of class 12A. It thanks various people for their support and guidance in completing the project, including the principal, physics teacher, parents, and classmates. It then outlines the sections of the project report, which include an introduction, theory, apparatus used, construction, working, uses of AC generators, efficiency, and bibliography.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
Chemistry project part 1 caseins in milk......AnuragSharma530
1) The document is a chemistry investigatory project report by Arpit Ranka studying the quantity of casein in different milk samples.
2) The aim was to study the quantity of casein in buffalo's milk, cow's milk, goat's milk, and sheep's milk.
3) The results found that goat's milk contained the highest percentage of casein at 3.67%, followed by buffalo's milk at 2.73%, then cow's milk at 1.64%.
Mrs. Dharani Venkatesh provided guidance and support to help the student successfully complete their physics project. The Principal, Vice Principal, and Correspondent also supported the student by giving them the opportunity to do this mini project. Finally, the student's parents and friends helped finalize the project within the limited time frame.
This document describes an investigatory project on investigating the relationship between the input and output voltage of a transformer. It includes an introduction describing transformers, the objectives of investigating the ratio of input/output voltages and primary/secondary coil turns. The document outlines the theory of transformer operation, required apparatus, procedures followed, applications of transformers, sources of error, conclusions and references. The student aims to build self-made transformers and measure voltages and currents to determine the relationships.
This document describes an experiment to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on various factors. The factors that affect self-inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the coil area, coil length, and the core material. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil across an AC source of varying frequency both with and without an iron core inserted. The results show that current and brightness decrease when an iron core is inserted and increase at lower frequencies, demonstrating how self-inductance depends on the factors studied.
This document appears to be a student's chemistry project report on studying the digestion of starch by salivary amylase and the effects of temperature and pH on this process. It includes sections on objectives, introduction, materials, procedures, observations, and conclusions for 3 experiments. The first experiment examines the digestion of starch by saliva over time. The second analyzes the impact of temperature. The third evaluates the impact of pH. The report was guided by a teacher and examines the student's investigation on how salivary amylase breaks down starch at different temperatures and pH levels.
The internal resistance of a cell depends on several factors:
1. It is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes and inversely proportional to the surface area of the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte.
2. It decreases with increasing temperature of the electrolyte and is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
3. To study these relationships, the document outlines experimental steps to vary the distance and area of electrodes in a cell, and concentration of electrolyte, while taking potential and current measurements.
Sujay Kumar Lal, a class 12 student at Central Academy Senior Secondary School, completed a physics project on AC generators under the guidance of his teacher Mr. D.P. Srivastava. The project describes the components, working principle, losses, and efficiency of AC generators. It explains that an AC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction by rotating a coil within a magnetic field. Key components include the field, armature, rotor, stator, and slip rings. Losses occur due to internal resistance, hysteresis in the iron cores, and mechanical factors like bearing friction. Efficiency is the ratio of output to input power.
This document provides an overview of an alternating current (AC) generator. It includes sections on the principle, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced electromotive force (emf), and applications. The key components of an AC generator are an armature coil that rotates in a magnetic field, slip rings to draw current from the rotating coil, and brushes that supply the output. As the coil rotates, the changing magnetic flux induces an alternating current in the coil. The maximum induced emf is expressed as ε = ε° sin(ωt). Applications include power generation and distribution, vehicles, appliances, and portable generators.
English ASL Project Work - The Enemy - The Conflict of Human EmotionsHarlincoln Singh Thandi
English Assessment of Speaking and Listening (ASL) project was prepared by me and my teammates (Kuki Sain and Khushi Kumari) with a bit of help from our friends, Jishna Ben and Vansham Kamboj.
We were directed to choose a chapter from the NCERT textbook, Vistas then choose a related topic to that chapter. We chose chapter 4 - The Enemy, written by Pearl Sydenstricker Buck. From this chapter, we chose the topic, Conflict of Human Emotions.
- The document discusses the topic of magnetism, including bar magnets, the Earth's magnetism, and magnetic properties of materials.
- It describes how William Gilbert established several postulates about magnetism in 1600, including that the Earth acts as a giant bar magnet and a bar magnet will point north-south when suspended.
- The document also discusses how the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet resemble those of a solenoid, suggesting bar magnets can be thought of as many circulating currents.
Chemistry Practical Record Full CBSE Class 12 Muhammad Jassim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The circuit is made as shown in the diagram. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the leveling screws. The plane of the coil is made parallel to (90-90) in the compass box. The whole T.G is rotated to read 0° on the scale. The current is increased gradually using rheostat and corresponding deflections are noted. The reduction factor K is calculated using the formula K=I/tanθ. Using the value of K, the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field Bh is calculated.
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project report submitted by Arjun Kumar on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) The objective is to study Earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer and determine the horizontal component of the field.
3) Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and calculate the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field at the location.
identification of cations and anions present in toothpasteM Sai Sankharan
The document describes an experiment to identify the cations and anions present in toothpaste. Key findings include:
- Tests were conducted on samples of toothpaste using chemical reagents. Precipitates formed indicating the presence of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, and iodide ions.
- Additional components found in toothpaste include abrasives like silica, fluoride compounds, and surfactants. Other common ingredients are antibacterial agents, flavorings, and remineralizers.
- Toothpaste aims to promote oral hygiene through abrasion of plaque, delivery of fluoride, and foaming which helps distribute the paste. While not intended for swallowing, small amounts accidentally ingested are generally
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
This document is a chemistry investigatory project submitted by Aishwary Patle of Class XII to compare the water soluble polyphenol (catechin) content in different tea samples. The project describes the aim, introduction to tea quality factors and types, materials required, principle, procedure, observations, result, and precautions taken. The procedure involves weighing tea bags of different brands, soaking in hot water for 10 minutes, reweighing the bags after drying to determine weight loss and calculate the percentage of water soluble components as an indicator of polyphenol content and flavor. The result is that one particular brand was found to have the highest polyphenol content and best flavor.
The document is a physics project report submitted by Ashwin Francis of class 12A. It thanks various people for their support and guidance in completing the project, including the principal, physics teacher, parents, and classmates. It then outlines the sections of the project report, which include an introduction, theory, apparatus used, construction, working, uses of AC generators, efficiency, and bibliography.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
Chemistry project part 1 caseins in milk......AnuragSharma530
1) The document is a chemistry investigatory project report by Arpit Ranka studying the quantity of casein in different milk samples.
2) The aim was to study the quantity of casein in buffalo's milk, cow's milk, goat's milk, and sheep's milk.
3) The results found that goat's milk contained the highest percentage of casein at 3.67%, followed by buffalo's milk at 2.73%, then cow's milk at 1.64%.
Mrs. Dharani Venkatesh provided guidance and support to help the student successfully complete their physics project. The Principal, Vice Principal, and Correspondent also supported the student by giving them the opportunity to do this mini project. Finally, the student's parents and friends helped finalize the project within the limited time frame.
This document describes an investigatory project on investigating the relationship between the input and output voltage of a transformer. It includes an introduction describing transformers, the objectives of investigating the ratio of input/output voltages and primary/secondary coil turns. The document outlines the theory of transformer operation, required apparatus, procedures followed, applications of transformers, sources of error, conclusions and references. The student aims to build self-made transformers and measure voltages and currents to determine the relationships.
This document describes an experiment to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on various factors. The factors that affect self-inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the coil area, coil length, and the core material. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil across an AC source of varying frequency both with and without an iron core inserted. The results show that current and brightness decrease when an iron core is inserted and increase at lower frequencies, demonstrating how self-inductance depends on the factors studied.
This document appears to be a student's chemistry project report on studying the digestion of starch by salivary amylase and the effects of temperature and pH on this process. It includes sections on objectives, introduction, materials, procedures, observations, and conclusions for 3 experiments. The first experiment examines the digestion of starch by saliva over time. The second analyzes the impact of temperature. The third evaluates the impact of pH. The report was guided by a teacher and examines the student's investigation on how salivary amylase breaks down starch at different temperatures and pH levels.
The internal resistance of a cell depends on several factors:
1. It is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes and inversely proportional to the surface area of the electrodes in contact with the electrolyte.
2. It decreases with increasing temperature of the electrolyte and is inversely proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte.
3. To study these relationships, the document outlines experimental steps to vary the distance and area of electrodes in a cell, and concentration of electrolyte, while taking potential and current measurements.
Sujay Kumar Lal, a class 12 student at Central Academy Senior Secondary School, completed a physics project on AC generators under the guidance of his teacher Mr. D.P. Srivastava. The project describes the components, working principle, losses, and efficiency of AC generators. It explains that an AC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction by rotating a coil within a magnetic field. Key components include the field, armature, rotor, stator, and slip rings. Losses occur due to internal resistance, hysteresis in the iron cores, and mechanical factors like bearing friction. Efficiency is the ratio of output to input power.
This document provides an overview of an alternating current (AC) generator. It includes sections on the principle, construction, theory of operation, circuit diagram, expression for induced electromotive force (emf), and applications. The key components of an AC generator are an armature coil that rotates in a magnetic field, slip rings to draw current from the rotating coil, and brushes that supply the output. As the coil rotates, the changing magnetic flux induces an alternating current in the coil. The maximum induced emf is expressed as ε = ε° sin(ωt). Applications include power generation and distribution, vehicles, appliances, and portable generators.
English ASL Project Work - The Enemy - The Conflict of Human EmotionsHarlincoln Singh Thandi
English Assessment of Speaking and Listening (ASL) project was prepared by me and my teammates (Kuki Sain and Khushi Kumari) with a bit of help from our friends, Jishna Ben and Vansham Kamboj.
We were directed to choose a chapter from the NCERT textbook, Vistas then choose a related topic to that chapter. We chose chapter 4 - The Enemy, written by Pearl Sydenstricker Buck. From this chapter, we chose the topic, Conflict of Human Emotions.
- The document discusses the topic of magnetism, including bar magnets, the Earth's magnetism, and magnetic properties of materials.
- It describes how William Gilbert established several postulates about magnetism in 1600, including that the Earth acts as a giant bar magnet and a bar magnet will point north-south when suspended.
- The document also discusses how the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet resemble those of a solenoid, suggesting bar magnets can be thought of as many circulating currents.
Chemistry Practical Record Full CBSE Class 12 Muhammad Jassim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The circuit is made as shown in the diagram. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the leveling screws. The plane of the coil is made parallel to (90-90) in the compass box. The whole T.G is rotated to read 0° on the scale. The current is increased gradually using rheostat and corresponding deflections are noted. The reduction factor K is calculated using the formula K=I/tanθ. Using the value of K, the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field Bh is calculated.
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project report submitted by Arjun Kumar on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) The objective is to study Earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer and determine the horizontal component of the field.
3) Experiments are conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and calculate the horizontal intensity of Earth's magnetic field at the location.
1) The document is a 19 page physics investigatory project submitted by a student on the topic of a tangent galvanometer.
2) A tangent galvanometer is used to measure electric current by comparing the magnetic field generated by the current to the Earth's magnetic field.
3) The student describes the components of a tangent galvanometer, explains how it works based on the tangent law of magnetism, and outlines an experiment conducted to determine the reduction factor of the galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at their location.
Magnetism and Matter,Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipo...Oleepari
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment,magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron,
bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines, earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.
1. The document describes an experiment to measure Earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. Connections are made between the galvanometer, battery, ammeter, rheostat and commutator.
2. Readings of current and deflection angle are recorded for different currents by reversing the current. The data is plotted on a graph of tangent of deflection angle vs current.
3. From the slope of the graph and properties of the galvanometer coil, the value of Earth's magnetic field is calculated as 7.6867 x 10-8 T.
1. The document describes an experiment to measure the Earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. A circuit is constructed including a tangent galvanometer, magnet, and current source. Current is passed through the circuit and deflections of the galvanometer needle are measured.
2. Calculations are done to determine the reduction factor of the tangent galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
3. The results found the reduction factor to be 0.19682 A and the horizontal magnetic field intensity to be 7.6867 x 10-5 T.
1. The document describes an experiment to measure the Earth's magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer. A circuit is constructed including a tangent galvanometer, magnet, and current source. Current is passed through the circuit and deflections of the galvanometer needle are measured.
2. Calculations are done to determine the reduction factor of the tangent galvanometer and the horizontal intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the location.
3. The results found the reduction factor to be 0.19682 A and the horizontal magnetic field intensity to be 7.6867 x 10-5 T.
This document discusses magnetism and magnetic fields. It begins by defining magnetism and describing some everyday examples of magnetism. It then discusses applications of magnetism such as electromagnets, motors, and magnetic storage devices. The document also covers the nature and properties of magnetism, including Earth's magnetic field and how it is used in applications like labeling airport runways. Key concepts discussed include the right-hand rules for determining magnetic force and field direction. An example of magnetic force on a current-carrying wire is given for speakers.
Magnetic effects of current class 10 th revisedDeepali Sharma
1) When current passes through a wire, it produces a magnetic field that can be detected using a compass. The compass needle will deflect due to the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire.
2) The direction of the magnetic field produced around a current-carrying straight wire can be determined using the right-hand rule. Reversing the current reverses the direction of the magnetic field.
3) A current-carrying circular loop produces concentric circular magnetic field lines, with the field lines becoming straight and perpendicular to the plane of the coil at the center.
This document contains information about electricity and magnetism concepts including:
1. It defines key equations for electric potential, current, resistance, and force due to magnetic fields.
2. It discusses how moving charges experience forces in magnetic fields, and how this relates to phenomena like the aurora borealis and the operation of motors and generators.
3. It introduces concepts like induced currents and how changing magnetic fields can generate electric currents and voltages in conductors according to Lenz's law, which has applications in technologies like electric generators.
Magnetic effect of electric current of class 10th.All you need from this chapter is available here.convenient for studying this chapter of class 10 NCERT book.BEST FOR EXAMS!
The document discusses magnetostatics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts including magnetic field, magnetic flux, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, solenoids, ballistic galvanometers, and damping conditions. Specific topics covered include the magnetic field produced by steady currents, magnetic field lines, curl and divergence of magnetic fields, theory and operation of ballistic galvanometers, and current and charge sensitivity of galvanometers. Examples and derivations of equations for magnetic fields and forces on conductors in fields are also provided.
1. Magnetism is the property of attracting iron and steel. Magnets can be natural or artificial. Natural magnets form in rocks containing iron ore, while artificial magnets are human-made from materials like iron.
2. The simplest type of magnet is a bar magnet, which is rectangular in shape and has magnetic poles at each end. Bar magnets have magnetic field lines that form closed loops and attract or repel other magnets depending on whether the poles are opposite or same.
3. The Earth itself acts as a giant bar magnet due to electrical currents in its outer core. The Earth has a north and south magnetic pole that do not align with its geographic poles. The magnetic field at any
1. Magnetic fields exert forces on moving charged particles. The magnitude and direction of this force depends on the charge, velocity, and magnetic field.
2. Charged particles moving through a uniform magnetic field will travel in a circular path perpendicular to the magnetic field. The radius of the circular path depends on the particle's properties and magnetic field strength.
3. Current-carrying wires placed in a magnetic field experience forces. These forces can cause straight wires to experience translational forces and loops of wire to rotate.
The document provides a history of magnetism and discoveries about magnetic fields. It discusses:
- Early uses of magnets dating back to 13th century BC by Chinese and Greeks
- Pierre de Maricourt's discovery of magnetic poles in 1269
- Connections made between electricity and magnetism from 1819-1820s
- Every magnet has two poles (north and south) that exert attractive or repulsive forces
- Magnetic field lines can be traced around magnets and charges using compasses or iron filings
- Charged particles experience a force perpendicular to their velocity and the magnetic field
The document summarizes the cyclotron, which accelerates charged particles. It describes how the cyclotron works using magnetic and electric fields to accelerate particles in a spiral path between two "dees". As the particles' velocity and radius increase with each turn, their kinetic energy also increases. However, the cyclotron cannot accelerate electrons or neutrons due to their small mass and lack of charge, respectively. The maximum energy particles attain depends on the radius of the dees. Cyclotrons are still used to produce high-energy particles for nuclear physics experiments requiring high-energy collisions.
The document summarizes the cyclotron, which accelerates charged particles. It was invented in 1934 by Lawrence and Livingston. A cyclotron uses a magnetic field to bend charged particles into a circular path between two "dees" where an alternating electric field accelerates the particles on each half-circle. As the particles' velocity and radius increase with each pass between the dees, their kinetic energy also increases until they exit the cyclotron. The cyclotron is still used today as the first stage of some large particle accelerators to produce very high energy particles for nuclear physics experiments requiring high-energy collisions.
- Early experiments in magnetism date back to ancient Greeks and Chinese who observed magnetic properties.
- In the 13th century, Pierre de Maricourt discovered magnetic field lines and the existence of magnetic poles.
- In the 1820s, experiments by Faraday, Henry and others established the connection between electricity and magnetism.
- A magnetic field is generated by moving electric charges or magnetic materials. It exerts a force on moving charges perpendicular to both the field and velocity vectors.
- The motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field follows a circular or helical path depending on its orientation to the field.
1. A moving electric charge produces both an electric field and a magnetic field around it. It also experiences a gravitational field due to its mass.
2. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a changing magnetic field generates an electric field. This effect is described by Faraday's law of induction and Lenz's law.
3. Maxwell's equations unified electric and magnetic phenomena and predicted electromagnetic waves. They consist of Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition.
This document discusses electricity and defines key concepts related to electric current. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and gives its SI unit as the ampere. It describes conventional current as the flow of positive charges and electric current as the flow of negative charges. It also discusses different types of current sources and the effects of electric current, including heating, chemical, and magnetic effects.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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9
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What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
tangent galvanometer
1. Certific
ate
This is to certify that this “Physics Investigatory
Project” on the topic “Tangent Galvanometer”has
been successfully completed by Ashutosh Kumar
Choubey of class XII – A under the guidance of
Mr. S.K.MISHRA in particular fulfilment of the
2. curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education {CBSE} leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2018-19.
Teacher Principal External
Signature Signature Signature
Acknowledgements
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not
have been possible without the kind support and help of
many individuals.
3. I would like to thank my principal Mrs Prabha
Minj and school for providing me with facilities
required to do my project.
I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher, Mr.
S.k.Mishra, for his invaluable guidance which has
sustained my efforts in all the stages of this project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their
continuous support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow
classmates and the laboratory assistant in developing the
project and to the people who have willingly helped me
out with their abilities.
Index
S.No. Content Page No.
5. Objective
To determine the
reduction factor of the
given tangent
galvanometer K
To find out the horizontal
component of earth’s
magnetic field (Bh)
6. Introduction
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic
field that extends from the Earth's interior to where it meets the solar wind,
a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun. Its magnitude at the
Earth's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65
gauss).Roughly speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted
at an angle of about 10 degrees with respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if
there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth.
Unlike a bar magnet, however, Earth's magnetic field changes over time
because it is generated by a geodynamic (in Earth's case, the motion of
molten iron alloys in its outer core).
The North and South magnetic poles wander widely, but sufficiently slowly
for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation. However, at irregular
intervals averaging several hundred thousand years, the Earth's field
reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly switch
places. These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks
that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the
past. Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of
continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics.
7. The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere and extends several
tens of thousands of kilometers into space, protecting the Earth from the
charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise
strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that protects the
Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose
charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects
the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. One stripping mechanism is for
gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are ripped off by solar
winds.
The intensity of the field is often
measured in gauss (G), but is
generally reported in nanoteslas
(nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A
nanotesla is also referred to as a
gamma(γ).The tesla is the SI unit
of the Magnetic field, B. The field
ranges between approximately
25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65
G).
Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely
approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the
center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 10° with respect
to the rotational axis of the Earth. The dipole is roughly equivalent to
a powerful bar magnet, with its South Pole pointing towards the
geomagnetic North Pole. The north pole of a magnet is so defined
because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in
the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the
8. south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles, it must be
attracted to the South Pole.
AboutTheTopic
Tangent Galvanometer
A tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument used for the
measurement of electric current. It works by using a compass needle to
compare a magnetic field generated by the unknown current to the magnetic
field of the Earth. It gets its name from its operating principle, the tangent
law of magnetism, which states that the tangent of the angle a compass
needle makes is proportional to the ratio of the strengths of the two
perpendicular magnetic fields. It was first described by Claude Pouillet in
1837.
A tangent galvanometer consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound
on a circular non-magnetic frame. The frame is mounted vertically on a
horizontal base provided with leveling screws. The coil can be rotated on a
vertical axis passing through its centre. A compass box is mounted
9. horizontally at the centre of a circular scale. It consists of a tiny, powerful
magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of the coil. The magnetic needle is
free to rotate in the horizontal plane. The circular scale is divided into four
quadrants. Each quadrant is graduated from 0° to 90°. A long thin
aluminum pointer is attached to the needle at its centre and at right angle
to it. To avoid errors due to parallax, a plane mirror is mounted below the
compass needle.
In operation, the instrument is first rotated until the magnetic field of the
Earth, indicated by the compass needle, is parallel with the plane of the
coil. Then the unknown current is applied to the coil. This creates a second
magnetic field on the axis of the coil, perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic
field. The compass needle responds to the vector sum of the two fields,
and deflects to an angle equal to the tangent of the ratio of the two fields.
From the angle read from the compass's scale, the current could be found
from a table. The current supply wires have to be wound in a small helix,
like a pig's tail, otherwise the field due to the wire will affect the compass
needle and an incorrect reading will be obtained.
A tangent galvanometer can also be used to measure the magnitude of the
horizontal component of the geomagnetic field. When used in this way, a
low-voltage power source, such as a battery, is connected in series with a
rheostat, the galvanometer, and ammeter. The galvanometer is first aligned
so that the coil is parallel to the geomagnetic field, whose direction is
indicated by the compass when there is no current through the coils. The
battery is then connected and the rheostat is adjusted until the compass
needle deflects 45 degrees from the geomagnetic field, indicating that the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the center of the coil is the same as
that of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field. This field strength
can be calculated from the current as measured by the ammeter, the number
of turns of the coil, and the radius of the coils.
10. Circuit Diagram
When a bar magnet is suspended in two magnetic fields B and Bh, it
comes to rest making an angle θ with the direction of Bh.
From fig.
B = Bh tanθ
This is known as tangent law of
magnetism.
If θ is the deflection of the
needle, then according to
tangent law,
B = Bh tanθ (1)
Let I be the current passing through the coil of radius a with n turns,
then the magnetic field generated by the current carrying coil is,
B = µ0nI/2a (2) (a is the radius of the coil)
Equating (1) and (2), we get,
Bh tanθ = µ0nI/2a (3)
2aBh/µ0n = I/tanθ (4)
The left hand side of equation (4) is a constant and is called the
reduction factor K of the given Tangent Galvanometer.
11. K = I/tanθ (5)
Now from the equation (3) & (5), the horizontal intensity of Earth’s
magnetic field Bh is,
Bh = µ0nK/2a (6)
Applications
Tangent Galvanometer can be used to measure the magnitude
of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field.
The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer
constants.
EXPERIMENT :-
Aim: -
To determine the reduction factor of a tangent galvanometer.
To find the horizontal intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field
Apparatus: -
Accumulator, Rheostat, Ammeter, Commutator, Tangent
Galvanometer
Principle & Formulae:
The reduction factorof T.G is K=I/tanθ,where I is the currentflowing through
the T.G which produces the deflection θ.
The horizontal intensity of Earth’s magnetic field at a place. Bh =
µ0nK/2r, where n is the number of turns of the coil, µ0 = 4π×10-7
NA2
is the
permeability of free space, K is the reduction factor of the T.G and r is the
radius of the coil of the T.G.
Procedure:
12. The circuit is made as shown in the diagram. The plane of the coil is made
vertical by adjusting the leveling screws. The plane of the coil is made by
adjusting the leveling screws. The plane of the coil is made parallel to (9090)in
the compass box. The whole T.G is rotated to read (0-0) at the ends of the
aluminum pointer. Now the plane of the coil is in the magnetic meridian. The
Commutator keys are put. The rheostat should be adjusted for deflection in T.G
between 10 and 60.For a current I, the deflections of the pointer θ1 & θ2 are
noted. The Commutator is reversed. The deflections of the pointer θ3 & θ4 are
noted. The average of the four readings is the deflection θ. From the theory of
the T.G, I=K tanθ.
By varying the current the experiment is repeated. Using a string the
circumference of the coil is measured. Hence its radius r is found. Let n be the
number of turns of the coil. The horizontal intensity at the place is given by, Bh =
µ0nK/2r
OBSERVATION TABLE
Deflection in T.G
Sr.No. Reading
(A)
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 Mean K
=I/tanθ
1 0.15 35 35 35 35 35 0.2142
13. 2 0.20 49 47 60 64 53.6 0.1474
3 0.25 36 36 55 58 46.25 0.2389
4 0.30 50 50 65 68 58.2 0.1860
5 0.27 45 45 64 65 53.8 0.1976
Calculation
Ammeter
Mean K = 0.19682
• The reduction factor of TH = 0.19682
• Number of turns of the coil = 50
• Circumference of the coil (S) = 2πr = 50.49 cm
• Radius of the coil r = S/2π = 8.04 cm
14. • = 8.04×10-2
cm
Horizontal Intensity at the place Bh = µ0nK/2r
= 2πnK×10-7
/r
= 7.6867×10-8 T
For different values of current I, deflections
are noted and values are calculated. Knowing
K, n and r the value of horizontal intensity Bh
can be calculated
Result-------------------
1. The reduction factor of T.G, K
2. Horizontal Intensity at the place, Bh
= 7.6867×10-5 T
15. CONCLUSION
Experiment in tangent galvanometer
gives the reduction factor of
galvanometer and horizontal intensity
of Earth’s magnetic field.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Illustrative Oxford Book
Wikipedia Reference articles
NCERT Practical Book
16. Introduction to Physical Science
https://www.google.co.in
https://www.en.wikipedia.org
NCERT Physics Textbook Class 12 Lab
Manual – Physics