The document discusses four specification-based black-box testing techniques: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, decision tables, and state transition testing. It provides definitions and explanations of each technique. For example, it explains that equivalence partitioning involves dividing test conditions into groups that should be handled equivalently by the system, and then testing one condition from each group. It also discusses use case testing and how use cases can help uncover integration defects.
1. Write test cases from given software models using the following test
design techniques. (K3)
a equivalence partitioning;
b boundary value analysis;
c decision tables;
d state transition testing.
2. Understand the main purpose of each of the four techniques, what level and type of testing could use the technique, and how coverage may be measured. (K2)
3. Understand the concept of use case testing and its benefits.
backlink:
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Specification based or black box techniquesmuhammad afif
In this section, look for the definitions of the glossary terms: boundary value analysis, decision table testing, equivalence partitioning, state transition testing and use case testing
Specification based or black box techniques 3alex swandi
Alex Swandi
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
Backlink ke website resmi kampus:
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
1. Write test cases from given software models using the following test
design techniques. (K3)
a equivalence partitioning;
b boundary value analysis;
c decision tables;
d state transition testing.
2. Understand the main purpose of each of the four techniques, what level and type of testing could use the technique, and how coverage may be measured. (K2)
3. Understand the concept of use case testing and its benefits.
backlink:
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Specification based or black box techniquesmuhammad afif
In this section, look for the definitions of the glossary terms: boundary value analysis, decision table testing, equivalence partitioning, state transition testing and use case testing
Specification based or black box techniques 3alex swandi
Alex Swandi
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
Backlink ke website resmi kampus:
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Specification Based or Black Box TechniquesRakhesLeoPutra
Materi Testing dan Implementasi : Specification Based or Black Box Techniques
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Test Optimization With Design of Experimentajitbkulkarni
This presentation describes optimization techniques using JMP tool to significantly reduce the test resources and test execution time without sacrificing test coverage.
Cause-Effect Graphing: Rigorous Test Case DesignTechWell
A tester’s toolbox today contains a number of test case design techniques—classification trees, pairwise testing, design of experiments-based methods, and combinatorial testing. Each of these methods is supported by automated tools. Tools provide consistency in test case design, which can increase the all-important test coverage in software testing. Cause-effect graphing, another test design technique, is superior from a test coverage perspective, reducing the number of test cases needed to provide excellent coverage. Gary Mogyorodi describes these black box test case design techniques, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and provides a comparison of the features of the tools that support them. Using an example problem, he compares the number of test cases derived and the test coverage obtained using each technique, highlighting the advantages of cause-effect graphing. Join Gary to see what new techniques you might want to add to your toolbox.
Black box testing methods for software componentsputiadetiara
Berikut adalah penjelasan apa itu black box testing untuk software.
oleh :
Ade Tiara Putri
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
please visit
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Approaches to Experimentation
What is Design of Experiments
Definition of DOE
Why DOE
History of DOE
Basic DOE Example
Factors, Levels, Responses
General Model of Process or System
Interaction, Randomization, Blocking, Replication
Experiment Design Process
Types of DOE
One factorial
Two factorial
Fractional factorial
Screening experiments
Calculation of Alias
DOE Selection Guide
Specification Based or Black Box TechniquesRakhesLeoPutra
Materi Testing dan Implementasi : Specification Based or Black Box Techniques
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Test Optimization With Design of Experimentajitbkulkarni
This presentation describes optimization techniques using JMP tool to significantly reduce the test resources and test execution time without sacrificing test coverage.
Cause-Effect Graphing: Rigorous Test Case DesignTechWell
A tester’s toolbox today contains a number of test case design techniques—classification trees, pairwise testing, design of experiments-based methods, and combinatorial testing. Each of these methods is supported by automated tools. Tools provide consistency in test case design, which can increase the all-important test coverage in software testing. Cause-effect graphing, another test design technique, is superior from a test coverage perspective, reducing the number of test cases needed to provide excellent coverage. Gary Mogyorodi describes these black box test case design techniques, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, and provides a comparison of the features of the tools that support them. Using an example problem, he compares the number of test cases derived and the test coverage obtained using each technique, highlighting the advantages of cause-effect graphing. Join Gary to see what new techniques you might want to add to your toolbox.
Black box testing methods for software componentsputiadetiara
Berikut adalah penjelasan apa itu black box testing untuk software.
oleh :
Ade Tiara Putri
Program Studi S1 Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi
Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
please visit
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
Approaches to Experimentation
What is Design of Experiments
Definition of DOE
Why DOE
History of DOE
Basic DOE Example
Factors, Levels, Responses
General Model of Process or System
Interaction, Randomization, Blocking, Replication
Experiment Design Process
Types of DOE
One factorial
Two factorial
Fractional factorial
Screening experiments
Calculation of Alias
DOE Selection Guide
Abstract—Combinatorial testing (also called interaction testing) is an effective specification-based test input generation technique. By now most of research work in combinatorial testing aims to propose novel approaches trying to generate test suites with minimum size that still cover all the pairwise, triple, or n-way combinations of factors. Since the difficulty of solving this problem is demonstrated to be NP-hard, existing approaches have been designed to generate optimal or near optimal combinatorial test suites in polynomial time. In this paper, we try to apply particle swarm optimization (PSO), a kind of meta-heuristic search technique, to pairwise testing (i.e. a special case of combinatorial testing aiming to cover all the pairwise combinations). To systematically build pairwise test suites, we propose two different PSO based algorithms. One algorithm is based on one-test-at-a-time strategy and the other is based on IPO-like strategy. In these two different algorithms, we use PSO to complete the construction of a single test. To successfully apply PSO to cover more uncovered pairwise combinations in this construction process, we provide a detailed description on how to formulate the search space, define the fitness function and set some heuristic settings. To verify the effectiveness of our approach, we implement these algorithms and choose some typical inputs. In our empirical study, we analyze the impact factors of our approach and compare our approach to other well-known approaches. Final empirical results show the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach.
This paper presents a set of methods that uses a genetic algorithm for automatic test-data generation in
software testing. For several years researchers have proposed several methods for generating test data
which had different drawbacks. In this paper, we have presented various Genetic Algorithm (GA) based test
methods which will be having different parameters to automate the structural-oriented test data generation
on the basis of internal program structure. The factors discovered are used in evaluating the fitness
function of Genetic algorithm for selecting the best possible Test method. These methods take the test
populations as an input and then evaluate the test cases for that program. This integration will help in
improving the overall performance of genetic algorithm in search space exploration and exploitation fields
with better convergence rate.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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1. SPECIFICATION BASED
OR BLACK BOX
TECHNIQUES
By Graham et.al (2011)
http://sif.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://fst.uin-suska.ac.id/
http://www.uin-suska.ac.id/
MUHAMMAD BRANIKNO R
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI
SULTAN SYARIF KASIM RIAU
2. In this section, look for the definitions of the
glossary terms: boundary value analysis,
decision table testing, equivalence
partitioning, state transition testing and
use case testing.
The four specification-based techniques we
will cover in detail are:
equivalence partitioning;
boundary value analysis;
decision tables;
state transition testing.
Introduction
3. Equivalence partitioning (EP) is a good all-round specification-based
black-box technique. It can be applied at any level of testing and is often a good
technique to use first. It is a common sense approach to testing, so much so that
most testers practise it informally even though they may not realize it. However,
while it is better to use the technique informally than not at all, it is much better to
use the technique in a formal way to attain the full benefits that it can deliver. This
technique will be found in most testing books, including [Myers, 1979] and
[Copeland, 2003].
The idea behind the technique is to divide (i.e. to partition) a set of test
conditions into groups or sets that can be considered the same (i.e. the system
should handle them equivalently), hence 'equivalence partitioning'. Equivalence
partitions are also known as equivalence classes – the two terms mean exactly
the same thing.
Equivalence partitioning and
boundary value analysis
1
4. The equivalence-partitioning technique then requires that we
need test only one condition from each partition. This is because we are
assuming that all the conditions in one partition will be treated in the
same way by the software. If one condition in a partition works, we
assume all of the conditions in that partition will work, and so there is
little point in testing any of these others. Conversely, if one of the
conditions in a partition does not work, then we assume that none of the
conditions in that partition will work so again there is little point in testing
any more in that partition. Of course these are simplifying assumptions
that may not always be right but if we write them down, at least it gives
other people the chance to challenge the assumptions we have made
and hopefully help to identify better partitions. If you have time, you may
want to try more than one value from a partition, especially if you want
to confirm a selection of typical user inputs.
Cont…
5. Why use decision tables?
The techniques of equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis
are often applied to specific situations or inputs. However, if different combinations
of inputs result in different actions being taken, this can be more difficult to show
using equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, which tend to be more
focused on the user interface. The other two specification-based techniques,
decision tables and state transition testing are more focused on business logic or
business rules.
A decision table is a good way to deal with combinations of things (e.g.
inputs). This technique is sometimes also referred to as a 'cause-effect' table. The
reason for this is that there is an associated logic diagramming technique called
'cause-effect graphing' which was sometimes used to help derive the decision
table (Myers describes this as a combinatorial logic network [Myers, 1979]).
However, most people find it more useful just to use the table described in
[Copeland, 2003].
Decision table testing2
6. If you begin using decision tables to explore what the business rules
are that should be tested, you may find that the analysts and developers find the
tables very helpful and want to begin using them too. Do encourage this, as it will
make your job easier in the future. Decision tables provide a systematic way of
stating complex business rules, which is useful for developers as well as for
testers. Decision tables can be used in test design whether or not they are used
in specifications, as they help testers explore the effects of combinations of
different inputs and other software states that must correctly implement business
rules. Helping the developers do a better job can also lead to better relationships
with them.
Testing combinations can be a challenge, as the number of
combinations can often be huge. Testing all combinations may be impractical if
not impossible. We have to be satisfied with testing just a small subset of
combinations but making the choice of which combinations to test and which to
leave out is not trivial. If you do not have a systematic way of selecting
combinations, an arbitrary subset will be used and this may well result in an
ineffective test effort.
Cont…
7. Decision tables aid the systematic selection of effective test cases and
can have the beneficial side-effect of finding problems and ambiguities in the
specification. It is a technique that works well in conjunction with equivalence
partitioning. The combination of conditions explored may be combinations of
equivalence partitions.
In addition to decision tables, there are other techniques that deal with
testing combinations of things: pairwise testing and orthogonal arrays. These are
described in [Copeland, 2003]. Another source of techniques is [Pol et al., 2001].
Decision tables and cause-effect graphing are described in [BS7925-2], including
designing tests and measuring coverage.
Cont…
8. State transition testing is used where some aspect of the system can be
described in what is called a 'finite state machine'. This simply means that the
system can be in a (finite) number of different states, and the transitions from one
state to another are determined by the rules of the 'machine'. This is the model on
which the system and the tests are based. Any system where you get a different
output for the same input, depending on what has happened before, is a finite
state system. A finite state system is often shown as a state diagram (see Figure).
State transition testing3
9. Decision tables aid the systematic selection of effective test cases and
can have the beneficial side-effect of finding problems and ambiguities in the
specification. It is a technique that works well in conjunction with equivalence
partitioning. The combination of conditions explored may be combinations of
equivalence partitions.
In addition to decision tables, there are other techniques that deal with
testing combinations of things: pairwise testing and orthogonal arrays. These are
described in [Copeland, 2003]. Another source of techniques is [Pol et al., 2001].
Decision tables and cause-effect graphing are described in [BS7925-2], including
designing tests and measuring coverage.
Cont…
10. Use case testing is a technique that helps us identify test cases that
exercise the whole system on a transaction by transaction basis from start to
finish. They are described by Ivar Jacobson in his book Object-Oriented Software
Engineering: A Use Case Driven Approach [Jacobson, 1992].
A use case is a description of a particular use of the system by an actor
(a user of the system). Each use case describes the interactions the actor has with
the system in order to achieve a specific task (or, at least, produce something of
value to the user). Actors are generally people but they may also be other
systems. Use cases are a sequence of steps that describe the interactions
between the actor and the system.
Use cases are defined in terms of the actor, not the system, describing
what the actor does and what the actor sees rather than what inputs the system
expects and what the system'outputs. They often use the language and terms of
the business rather than technical terms, especially when the actor is a business
user. They serve as the foundation for developing test cases mostly at the system
and acceptance testing levels.
Use case testing4
11. Use cases can uncover integration defects, that is, defects caused by
the incorrect interaction between different components. Used in this way, the
actor may be something that the system interfaces to such as a communication
link or sub-system.
Use cases describe the process flows through a system based on its
most likely use. This makes the test cases derived from use cases particularly
good for finding defects in the real-world use of the system (i.e. the defects that
the users are most likely to come across when first using the system). Each use
case usually has a mainstream (or most likely) scenario and sometimes
additional alternative branches (covering, for example, special cases or
exceptional conditions). Each use case must specify any preconditions that need
to be met for the use case to work. Use cases must also specify postconditions
that are observable results and a description of the final state of the system after
the use case has been executed successfully.
Cont…