The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Empire in the Americas, including the rise and fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires, their conquest by Spain, and the establishment of the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru. It discusses key figures like Moctezuma, Cortes, and Atahualpa and events like the meeting between Cortes and Moctezuma, the execution of Atahualpa, and the eventual independence of Mexico and other nations from Spain.
2. Diego Vasicuio- Peru
• Time Period:
– Born in the 1580’s
– Died in the 1670’s
• Location:
– The village of Salamanca
• Group:
– Native
• Gender:
– Male
• Occupation:
– Cult leader/Priest
• General History:
– For most of his life, Diego
was the chief priest and
cult leader of the God
Sorimana.
– Father de Prado, the
parish priest, discovered
that people were still
worshipping idols, and
ordered them to stop.
– The cult pretended to
repent, but continued
worshipping Sorimana in
secret
3. Martín Ocelotl- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Born in 1496
• Location:
– Mexico
• Group:
– Aztec Indian
• Gender:
– Male
• Occupation:
– Cult Leader
• General History:
– He came from a family of
priests.
– He foretold the coming of
the Europeans.
– When they did come, he
was baptized to escape
persecution, but he
continued his old
practices.
– He still had a reputation
as a sorcerer, and he
was put on trial and
imprisoned.
4. Juan de Morga/ Gertrudis de
Escobar- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Middle years of the 17th
Century
• Location:
– Central Mexico
• Group:
– Mulatto Slaves
• Gender:
– Juan- Male
– Gertrudis- Female
• Occupation:
– Slaves
• General History:
– Juan was born a slave
and escaped several
times, but he was caught
and punished.
– He made a pact with the
devil to overcome his
master’s cruelty.
– Gertrudis was also born
into slavery, and was
sold to a plantation.
– Her master was cruel
and she endured many
floggings for attempting
to escape.
5. Isabel Moctezuma- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Born in 1509
– Died in 1550
• Location:
– Tenochtitlan
• Group:
– Aztec Indian
• Gender:
– Female
• Occupation:
– Heiress/Princess
• General History
– She was the illegitimate
daughter of the Aztec
emperor Moctezuma II.
– She was married 5 times
and bore many children,
including an illegitimate
child with Cortés.
– She converted to
Catholicism and served
as an example to the
natives of an Indian
woman who bridged the
gap between the
Spaniards and Indians.
6. Beatriz de Padilla- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Born around 1620
• Location:
– Guadalajara
• Group:
– Mulatto
• Gender:
– Female
• Occupation:
– Mistress/Mother
• General History:
– She was an unmarried
ex-slave, with a mulatto
mother and white father.
– She was accused of
poisoning one lover and
driving the other insane,
and using sorcery to
make important men fall
in love with her.
– A priest fell in love with
her and left his entire
estate to her when he
died.
7. Miguel Hernandez- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Born in 1550
– Died in 1604
• Location:
– Mexico
• Group:
– Mulatto
• Gender:
– Male
• Occupation:
– Muleteer
• General History:
• He was a free mulatto
who got an education
• He built and expanded a
freighting business.
• He earned most of his
income selling mules
and bringing goods to
markets in the south.
• He earned an excellent
reputation in the
business world, despite
his background as a
mulatto.
8. Enrico Martinez- New Spain
• Time Period:
– Born in 1557
– Died in 1632
• Location:
– Mexico
• Group:
– European
• Gender:
– Male
• Occupation:
– Printer
• General History:
– He was an educated
immigrant from
Seville who wanted to
make a fortune in the
New World.
– Wrote a book on
science that risked
getting him in trouble
with the Inquisition.
– He built a drainage
system for the city
that failed, and he
was imprisoned for
“sabotaging his own
work”
9. Tula, the Mythical Beginning
• By 1000 AD, the largest civilization in the
Americas was the Toltecs, in Tula, but they
dispersed in the 12th century.
• There were now dozens of tiny domains,
living not too far from each other.
• The Mexica people migrated into the area
and settled in Tenochtitlan.
• They chose a prince from another tribe to
lead them, and a dynasty was founded.
• Two other tribes formed an alliance with the
Mexica, and they formed the Aztec empire.
10. The Empire Builders
• In 1440 Moctezuma I came to power, just in
time for several natural disasters and wars to
ravage the land.
• In an effort to appease the gods and prevent
the end of the world, he made perpetual war
with the surrounding peoples, and sacrificed
the prisoners.
• In the process, the Aztec empire expanded.
• The empire was sustained through the use of
violent force and terrorizing the conquered
peoples into paying tribute.
11. The Aztecs, Conquering
Heroes
• They performed ritual sacrifices to:
– Feed the gods, whom they believed were mortal.
– Uphold a policy of terror and kill off the most
dangerous conquered people.
– Allow divine power to manifest itself, uniting god
and man.
• Warriors were constantly pushing the
borders, and when Moctezuma II came to
power, he focused on conquering new lands.
• Before the Europeans arrived, the Aztec
influence covered almost 78,000 square
miles and millions of people.
12. The Clash of Two Worlds
• At the beginning of the 16th century, the
Aztecs were anxious because various signs
led them to predict a calamity.
• The Spanish arrived in 1517, headed by
Cortés, and Moctezuma was unsure whether
to treat them as gods or enemies.
• Cortés united with the Aztecs’ enemies.
• When Cortés and Moctezuma finally met,
Moctezuma was friendly.
• Cortés’ forces killed many of the Aztec rulers.
• Was ensued, and the Aztecs lost.
13. From Resistance to
Collaboration
• Cortés ordered an end to idolatry, human
sacrifice, and polygamy, and tried to enforce
Christianity.
• The daughters of Aztec nobility were married
off to the conquistadors.
• The nobles learned to use weapons, ride
horses, and conduct business and legislation.
• They adapted the European alphabet,
learned latin, and translated European texts
into their own language.
14. Aftermath of the Conquest
• After about a century under Spanish rule, the
Indians invented a new combination of
Catholicism and their native practices.
• By the 18th century, a common culture
developed, that mixed all kinds of beliefs.
• They also picked up negative aspects of
Spanish culture, like alcoholism and
prostitution.
• In the 19th century, the crown abolished all
legal difference between Indians and
Spanish.
15. Viceroyalty of New Spain
• New Spain was established after the
conquest of the Aztecs
• The capital, Mexico City, was built out of the
former Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
• Its territory included much of North America,
Central America, and the Spanish East and
West Indies.
• It was ruled by a viceroy in Mexico city, who
governed on behalf of the king.
• In 1821, Mexico and Central America
declared their independence from Spain,
forming the Mexican Empire.
16. Spanish Conquest of the Inca
Empire
• When the Spanish arrived in Peru in 1528,
the Inca Empire included about 16 million
people, all under direct control of their
Emperor, Atahualpa.
• The empire was weakened by civil war,
difficult terrain, and smallpox.
• The first meeting between Francisco Pizarro
and Atahualpa was tense, and ended in a
battle at Cajamarca.
• It grew into a war in which Atahualpa was
executed, and Spain conquered the Incas.
17. Viceroyalty of Peru
• It was created in 1542, and contained most of
Spanish-ruled South America.
• Smaller viceroyalties were created at the
expense of Peru’s territory, and Spain did not
resist when Portugal expanded Brazil across
the meridian.
• National independence movements
eventually caused the viceroyalty to crumble
in the early 1800’s.
• The modern-day republics of Peru, Chile,
Colombia, Panama, and others were formed
from the former viceroyalty.