This paper presents, an space efficient algorithm for linear time suffix array construction. The algorithm uses the techniques of divide-and-conquer, and recursion. What differentiates the proposed algorithm from the variable-length leftmost S-type (LMS) substrings is the efficient usage of the memory to construct the suffix array. The modified induced sorting algorithm for the variable-length LMS substrings uses efficient usage of the memory space than the existing variable length left most S-type(LMS) substrings algorithm
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
Theory of automata and formal languageRabia Khalid
KleenE Star Closure, Plus operation, recursive definition of languages, INTEGER, EVEN, factorial, PALINDROME, languages of strings, cursive definition of RE, defining languages by RE,Examples
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
Theory of automata and formal languageRabia Khalid
KleenE Star Closure, Plus operation, recursive definition of languages, INTEGER, EVEN, factorial, PALINDROME, languages of strings, cursive definition of RE, defining languages by RE,Examples
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
: String, List, Tuple, Dictionary
• List is a collection, which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Tuple is a collection, which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
• Set is a collection, which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members.
• Dictionary is a collection, which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members.
Finite Systems Handling Language (YAFOLL message 1)Alex Shkotin
The concept a finite multi-carrier algebraic system (FMAS) as well as a language for handling systems such
as YAFOLL (Yet Another First Order Logic Language) are introduced.
The applicability of such systems to building a mathematical model of a part of reality, i.e. a mathematical structure that can be asked questions about the properties of subject domain objects and processes, is demonstrated.
string functions in SQL ujjwal matoliya.pptxujjwalmatoliya
SQL string functions are used primarily for string manipulation.
The initcap() function converts the first letter of each word in a string to upper case, and converts any remaining characters in each word to lowercase.
Query: SELECT initcap(ename) FROM employee;
* LCASE () is a synonym for LOWER ().
* Returns the string str with all characters changed to lowercase according to the current character set mapping.
Example1: SELECT lower(ename) from employee ;
Returns the length of the string str measured in bytes. A multi-byte character counts as multiple bytes. This means that for a string containing five two-byte characters,
LENGTH() returns 10, whereas CHAR_LENGTH() returns 5.
Query: SELECT LENGTH('ename') from employee ;
Returns the string str with all remstr prefixes or suffixes removed. If none of the specifiers BOTH, LEADING, or TRAILING is given, BOTH is assumed. remstr is optional and, if not specified, spaces are removed.
Example: SELECT TRIM(‘ reena ') from dual;
Character String Operations
A close analysis of the essential string-handling facilities required of any text creation and editing system (formal or otherwise) should lead to the following list of primitive functions:
Create a string of test
Concatenate two strings to form another string
Search and replace (if desired) a given substring within a string
Test for the identity of a string
Compute the length of a string
Pattern Matching
When one is searching for a substring within a given string there must be some method of returning the position of the substring within the string. If the substring is found, this position is indicated by an integer value indicating the character position of the left-most character of the substring being sought. Function FIND (s, PAT, i) returns i as a value the cursor position of the left-most occurrence of the string PAT, in the string s, if PAT does not occur in s, the value 0 is returned.
Given two string S and PAT, the value of PAT as a pattern to be searched for in s. If it occurs, then we want to know the node in s where PAT begins.
Submit Your Research Articles - International Journal of Information Sciences...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
INFORMATION THEORY BASED ANALYSIS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATION OF HLA GEN...ijistjournal
Considering information entropy (IE), HLA surface expression (SE) regulation phenomenon is considered as information propagation channel with an amount of distortion. HLA gene SE is considered as sink regulated by the inducible transcription factors (TFs) (source). Previous work with a certain number of bin size, IEs for source and receiver is computed and computation of mutual information characterizes the dependencies of HLA gene SE on some certain TFs in different cells types of hematopoietic system under the condition of leukemia. Though in recent time information theory is utilized for different biological knowledge generation and different rules are available in those specific domains of biomedical areas; however, no such attempt is made regarding gene expression regulation, hence no such rule is available. In this work, IE calculation with varying bin size considering the number of bins is approximately half of the sample size of an attribute also confirms the previous inferences.
Call for Research Articles - 5th International Conference on Artificial Intel...ijistjournal
5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (CAIML 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION AND MODELING FOR INTERACTING AND NON-INTERACTING TANK S...ijistjournal
System identification from the experimental data plays a vital role for model based controller design. Derivation of process model from first principles is often difficult due to its complexity. The first stage in the development of any control and monitoring system is the identification and modeling of the system. Each model is developed within the context of a specific control problem. Thus, the need for a general system identification framework is warranted. The proposed framework should be able to adapt and emphasize different properties based on the control objective and the nature of the behavior of the system. Therefore, system identification has been a valuable tool in identifying the model of the system based on the input and output data for the design of the controller. The present work is concerned with the identification of transfer function models using statistical model identification, process reaction curve method, ARX model, genetic algorithm and modeling using neural network and fuzzy logic for interacting and non interacting tank process. The identification technique and modeling used is prone to parameter change & disturbance. The proposed methods are used for identifying the mathematical model and intelligent model of interacting and non interacting process from the real time experimental data.
Call for Research Articles - 4th International Conference on NLP & Data Minin...ijistjournal
4th International Conference on NLP & Data Mining (NLDM 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Natural Language Computing and Data Mining.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
Research Article Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences a...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - International Journal of Information Sciences and Technique...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)ijistjournal
Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Online Paper Submission - 6th International Conference on Machine Learning & ...ijistjournal
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.
Submit Your Research Articles - International Journal of Information Sciences...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
BER Performance of MPSK and MQAM in 2x2 Almouti MIMO Systemsijistjournal
Almouti published the error performance of the 2x2 space-time transmit diversity scheme using BPSK. One of the key techniques employed for correcting such errors is the Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) because of its efficiency in power and bandwidth.. In this paper we explore the error performance of the 2x2 MIMO system using the Almouti space-time codes for higher order PSK and M-ary QAM. MATLAB was used to simulate the system; assuming slow fading Rayleigh channel and additive white Gaussian noise. The simulated performance curves were compared and evaluated with theoretical curves obtained using BER tool on the MATLAB by setting parameters for random generators. The results shows that the technique used do find a place in correcting error rates of QAM system of higher modulation schemes. The model can equally be used not only for the criteria of adaptive modulation but for a platform to design other modulation systems as well.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Call for Papers - International Journal of Information Sciences and Technique...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST)ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
BRAIN TUMOR MRIIMAGE CLASSIFICATION WITH FEATURE SELECTION AND EXTRACTION USI...ijistjournal
Feature extraction is a method of capturing visual content of an image. The feature extraction is the process to represent raw image in its reduced form to facilitate decision making such as pattern classification. We have tried to address the problem of classification MRI brain images by creating a robust and more accurate classifier which can act as an expert assistant to medical practitioners. The objective of this paper is to present a novel method of feature selection and extraction. This approach combines the Intensity, Texture, shape based features and classifies the tumor as white matter, Gray matter, CSF, abnormal and normal area. The experiment is performed on 140 tumor contained brain MR images from the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository. The proposed technique has been carried out over a larger database as compare to any previous work and is more robust and effective. PCA and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) were applied on the training sets. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier served as a comparison of nonlinear techniques Vs linear ones. PCA and LDA methods are used to reduce the number of features used. The feature selection using the proposed technique is more beneficial as it analyses the data according to grouping class variable and gives reduced feature set with high classification accuracy.
Research Article Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences a...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
A MEDIAN BASED DIRECTIONAL CASCADED WITH MASK FILTER FOR REMOVAL OF RVINijistjournal
In this paper A Median Based Directional Cascaded with Mask (MBDCM) filter has been proposed, which is based on three different sized cascaded filtering windows. The differences between the current pixel and its neighbors aligned with four main directions are considered for impulse detection. A direction index is used for each edge aligned with a given direction. Minimum of these four direction indexes is used for impulse detection under each masking window. Depending on the minimum direction indexes among these three windows new value to substitute the noisy pixel is calculated. Extensive simulations showed that the MBDCM filter provides good performances of suppressing impulses from both gray level and colored benchmarked images corrupted with low noise level as well as for highly dense impulses. MBDCM filter gives better results than MDWCMM filter in suppressing impulses from highly corrupted digital images.
DECEPTION AND RACISM IN THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDYijistjournal
During the twentieth century (1932-1972), white physicians representing the United States government
conducted a human experiment known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study on black syphilis patients in Macon
County, Alabama. The creators of the study, who supported the idea of black inferiority and the concept
that black people’s bodies functioned differently from white people’s, observed the effects of a disease
called syphilis on untreated black patients in order to collect data for further research on syphilis. Black
individuals involved with the study believed that they were receiving treatment, although in truth,
treatments for syphilis were purposely held back from them. Not only this, but fluids from their bodies, such
as blood and spinal fluid, were extracted to serve as research material without their awareness of the
purpose of the collection. The physicians justified their approach by positioning it as mere observation,
asserting that they were not actively intervening with the patients participating in the experiment. However,
despite their claims of passivity, these white physicians engaged in various morally improper actions,
including deceit, which ultimately resulted in the deaths of numerous black patients who might have had a
chance at survival.
Online Paper Submission - International Journal of Information Sciences and T...ijistjournal
The International Journal of Information Science & Techniques (IJIST) focuses on information systems science and technology coercing multitude applications of information systems in business administration, social science, biosciences, and humanities education, library sciences management, depiction of data and structural illustration, big data analytics, information economics in real engineering and scientific problems.
This journal provides a forum that impacts the development of engineering, education, technology management, information theories and application validation. It also acts as a path to exchange novel and innovative ideas about Information systems science and technology.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Space Efficient Suffix Array Construction using Induced Sorting LMS Substrings
1. International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques (IJIST) Vol.3, No.4, July 2013
DOI : 10.5121/ijist.2013.3402 11
Space Efficient Suffix Array Construction using
Induced Sorting LMS Substrings
Rajesh. Yelchuri1
, Nagamalleswara Rao.N2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, R.V.R & J.C College of Engg.
Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh -522119,India
1
rajesh.yelchuri@gmail.com
2
nnmr_m@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This paper presents, an space efficient algorithm for linear time suffix array construction. The algorithm
uses the techniques of divide-and-conquer, and recursion. What differentiates the proposed algorithm from
the variable-length leftmost S-type (LMS) substrings is the efficient usage of the memory to construct the
suffix array. The modified induced sorting algorithm for the variable-length LMS substrings uses efficient
usage of the memory space than the existing variable length left most S-type(LMS) substrings algorithm
KEYWORDS
Divide and Conquer, Suffix Array.
1. INTRODUCTION
This document describes, the concept of suffix arrays was introduced by Manber and Myers in
SODA’90 [4] and SICOMP’93 [3] as a space efficient alternative to suffix trees. It has been well
recognized as a fundamental data structure, useful for a broad range of applications, for e.g.,
string search, data indexing, searching for patterns in DNA or protein sequences, data
compression and also in Burrows-Wheeler transformation. For an n-character string, denoted by
STR, its suffix array, denoted by SAR(STR), is an array of indices pointing to all the suffixes of
STR, sorted according to their ascending(or descending) lexicographical order. The suffix array
of STR itself requires only n[log n]-bit space. However, different suffix array construction
algorithms may require different space and time complexities. During the past decade, a many
researches have been developing suffix array construction algorithms that are both time and space
efficient, for which we suggest a detailed survey from Puglisi [5]. Time and space efficient suffix
array construction algorithms has become popular because of their wide usage. Construction of
suffix arrays are needed for large scale applications, e.g., biological genome database and web
searching and, where the size of a huge data set is measured in billions of characters [6], [7], [8],
[9], [10].Time and space efficient linear time algorithms are crucial for large-scale applications to
have predictable worst-case performance. The three known algorithms are KSP [1],KA [12],
[13],KS [11], [2] all are reported in 2003.
2. BASIC NOTATIONS
In this section we bring out some basic terminology, used in the presentation of the algorithm. Let
STR be a string of n characters in an array [0..n-1], and ∑(STR) be the alphabet of STR. To
denote a substring in STR where i and j ranges from 0 to n-1,i<j, we denote it as STR[i..j]. For
simplicity assume, STR is supposed to be terminated by a character called as sentinel and
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represented by $, which is the unique lexicographically smallest character in STR. Let
suffix(STR, i) be the suffix in STR starting at STR[i] and running to the end of the character
array i.e. to the sentinel.
A suffix suffix(STR,i) is called as S-type or L-type, if suffix(STR, i) < suffix(STR,i+1) or
suffix(STR, i) > suffix(STR,i+1), respectively. The last suffix suffix(STR,n-1) consisting of only
the single character $ (the sentinel) which is predefined as S-type. We can classify a character
STR[i] to be S-type or L-type. To store the type of every character/ suffix, we introduce an n-bit
Boolean array b, where b[i] records the type of character STR[i] as well as suffix(STR, i): 1 for S-
type and 0 for L-type. From the S-type and L-type descriptions, we observed the following
properties:
Property 1:STR[i] is S-type, if STR[i] < STR[i+1] or
STR[i]=STR[i+1] and suffix(STR,i+1) is S-type.
Property 2:STR[i] is L-type, if STR[i] > STR[i+1] or
STR[i]=STR[i+1] and suffix(STR,i+1) is L-type.
By reading STR once from right to left, we can store the type of each character/suffix into type
array ‘b’ in O(n) time.
As defined earlier, SAR(STR) (the notation of SAR is used for it when there is no confusion in
the context), i.e., the suffix array of STR, stores the indices of all the suffixes of STR according to
their lexicographical order. We observe that the pointers for all the suffixes beginning with a
same character must span successively. Let us call a sub array in SAR for all the suffixes with the
same first character as a bucket, where the head and the tail of a bucket refer to the first and the
last items of the bucket. There must be no tie between any two suffixes sharing the identical
character but of different types i.e., in the same bucket, all the suffixes of the same type are
grouped together and the S-type suffixes are to the right of the L-type suffixes [12], [13].
Therefore, each bucket can be divided into two sub-buckets with respect to the types of suffixes
inside i.e. the L and S-type buckets, where the S-type bucket is on the right of the L-type bucket.
3. Existing Algorithm: INDUCED SORTING VARIABLE LENGTH LMS
SUBSTRINGS
A. Algorithm Framework
The framework of existing linear time suffix array sorting algorithm SAR-IS[15] that samples
and sorts the variable-length LMS-substrings, is given in section III-C. Lines 1 to 4 give the
reduced problem, which is then again recursively solved by the lines 5-8, and finally from the
solution of the reduced problem, Line 9 induces the final solution for the original problem.
B. Basic Definitions
We start by introducing the terms of leftmost S-type (LMS) character, suffix, and substring as
follows:
Definition 1:(LMS Character/Suffix) A character STR[i], iЄ[1,n-1] is called LMS, if STR[i] is S-
type and STR[i-1] is L-type. A suffix suffix(STR,i) is called LMS, if STR[i] is an LMS character.
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Definition 2: (LMS-Substring) An LMS-substring is (i) a substring STR[i..j] with both STR[i]
and STR[j] being LMS characters and there exists no other LMS character in the substring, for i
≠ j; or (ii) the sentinel itself. If we treat the LMS-substrings as elementary blocks of the string, we
can effortlessly sort all the LMS substrings, then by using the order index of each LMS substring
as its name, and replace all of the LMS-substrings in STR by their names. Therefore, the string
STR can be represented by a shortened string, denoted by R1, thus the problem size can be further
minimized to fast up solving the problem in divide-and-conquer manner
Definition 3: (Order of Substring) To find out the order of any two LMS-substrings, first
compare their corresponding characters from left to right. For each pair of characters, compare
their lexicographical values first and then their types, if the two characters are of the same
lexicographical value, where the S-type is taken as highest priority than the L-type. From this
definition ,we see that two LMS-substrings can be of the same order index, i.e., the same name, if
they have same, in terms of the lengths, and the characters, and the types. Assigning the S-type
character a higher priority is based on a property directly from the definitions of L-type and S-
type suffixes in [12]: suffix(STR, i)> suffix(STR, j), if (1) STR[i] > STR[j], or (2)
STR[i]=STR[j], suffix(STR, i)and suffix(STR, j) are S-type and L-type, respectively. To sort all
the LMS-substrings, no excess physical space is essential for storing them. We simply maintain a
pointer array, denoted by P1, which contains the pointers for all the LMS-substrings in STR and
can be made by scanning STR or by reading the Boolean array b once from right to left in O(n)
time.
Definition 4: (Pointer Array P1) is an array which has the pointers for all the LMS substrings in
STR with their original positional order being conserved. If we have all the LMS substrings
sorted in the buckets in their lexicographical order, where all the LMS substrings in a bucket are
identical, now we name each and every item of the pointer array P1 by the index of its bucket to
result in a revived string R1. We say the two equal size substrings STR[i..j] and STR[i′..j′] are
identical, if and only if STR[ i + k]=STR[i′ +k] and b[i +k]=b[i′ +k], for k Є [0,j-i].
C. Algorithm
SAR-IS(STR,SAR)
STR- is input string;
SAR-output of suffix array of STR;
b:array[0..n-1] of Boolean;
P1,R1:array[0....n1] of integer; n1=||R1||
BKT:array[0..||∑(STR)||-1] of integer;
Step 1. Scan STR once to classify all the characters as L-Type or S-Type into b;
Step 2. Scan b once to find all LMS –substrings in STR into P1;
Step 3. Induced sort all the LMS-substrings using P1 and BKT;
Step 4. Name each LMS-substring in STR by its bucket index to get a new shortened string R1;
Step 5. if each character in R1 is unique then
Step 6. Directly compute SAR1 from R1;
Step 7. else
Step 8. SAR-IS(R1,SAR1); //Recursive call
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Step 9. Induce SAR from R1;
Step 10. Return
The above mentioned algorithm is the existing one.
4. Proposed Algorithm
In SA-IS, the additional working space is mainly composed of the bucket counter array ‘BKT’
and the type array ‘t’ at each recursion level. Our proposed algorithm differs from the existing
one in two cases. They are
1. We use the MSB bit of the suffix array to store the type of the character(S-type or L-
type) thereby avoiding the space needed for the type array ‘t’ suggested in the existing
algorithm.
2. We reuse the unused space in SAR for the bucket array BKT.
We have observed that the input STR has been reduced to at least n/3 at the initial level (level-0)
for the standard suffix array datasets .So, we can use of the unused space of SAR for the variable
BKT in deeper levels rather than creating memory using malloc. As, in the existing algorithm -1
is used as initialization (default) value for suffix array SAR. In the proposed algorithm we use
0X7FFFFFFF as initialization value for suffix array SAR as the MSB bit is used to classify the S-
type or L-type characters. Here we assume a 32-bit machine and the integer occupies 4-bytes.
The variable Buf_ptr is used which records the start address of the unused space of SAR at initial
level(i.e level-0) so that we can reuse this space in the next levels (i.e. from 1st Level) for the
bucket array (See Fig 1). We can also make use of this space for the L or S-type arrays if the
space is still available.
As we can see the space of SAR0 is reused for the level-1 because the size of the problem gets
decreased as the level progresses.
4.1 Algorithm
SAR-IS (STR, SAR)
STR- is input string;
SAR-output of suffix array of STR;
P1, R1: array [0...n1] of integer; n1=||R1||
BKT: array [0...||∑ (STR) ||-1] of integer; //uses unused space in subsequent iterations
Buf_ptr : pointer to unused space in SAR
Step 1. Scan STR once to classify all the characters as L-Type or S-Type into MSB bits of SAR;
Step 2. Scan MSB’s of SAR once to find all LMS substrings in STR into P1;
Step 3. if level Not Equal to 0 then
BKT=buf_ptr;//assign the start address of unused buffer
Step 4. Induced sort all the LMS-substrings using P1 and BKT;
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Step 5. Name each LMS-substring in STR by its bucket index to get a new shortened string R1;
Step 6. If level Equal to 0 then assign the start address of
unused space of SAR to buf_ptr.
Step 7. if Each character in R1 is unique then
Step 8. Directly compute SAR1 from R1;
Step 9. else SAR-IS(R1,SAR1); //Recursive call
Step 10.Once again scan STR to classify all the characters as L-Type or S-Type into MSB bits
of SAR;
Step 11.Induce SAR from SAR1;
Step 12.return
Fig 1.Example for the re usage of the buffer SAR
The re usage of the buffer is illustrated in Fig 1.The notation L 0, L 1, L 2 stands for Level-0,
Level-1, Level-2.
4.2 Experimental Results
The algorithm was implemented in VC++ using the Microsoft Visual Studio under Windows XP
platform. The Table II and Fig 2 give the overview of the space consumed by the existing and the
proposed algorithms. The data sets in Table I used in our experiment are downloaded from
Canterbury [14] and Manzini-Ferragina[16].
Dataset ||∑||,Characters
bible.txt 63,4047392
chr22.dna 4,34553758
e.coli 4,4638690
howto 197,39422105
world192.txt 94.2473400
sprot34.dat 66,109617186
etext99 146,105277340
rfc 120,116,421,901
rctail196 93,114,711,151
linux-2.4.5.tar 256,21,508,430
w3c2 256,104,201,579
alphabet 26,100000
random 26,100000
TABLE I Datasets used in the Experiment
L 2
L 1
L 0 B0SAR0
R1 SAR1 BKT1
R2 SA R 2 BKT2R1
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1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
Existing Algorithm
Proposed Algorithm
Dataset Space(in Mega Bytes)
Existing
Algorithm
Proposed
Algorithm
bible.txt 21.81 20.10
chr22.dna 179.10 165.85
e.coli 25.25 22.9
howto 204.47 189.11
world192.txt 13.61 12.58
sprot34.dat 556.57 524.48
etext99 544.14 503.74
rfc 590.53 556.99
rctail196 577.29 548.81
linux-2.4.5.tar 130.82 103.53
w3c2 521.11 498.60
alphabet 1.35 1.23
random 1.48 1.23
TABLE II Space Consumed by the Existing and Proposed Algorithm
Fig 2. Logarithmic graph (base 2) showing the comparison between Existing and Proposed Algorithm
The datasets that are in Table I are downloaded from the benchmark repositories for SACAs,
which includes Canterbury [14], Manzini-Ferragina[16].These datasets have constant alphabets
with sizes less than or equal to 256 and one byte is taken for each character.
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4.3 Conclusions
The proposed algorithm makes the algorithm space efficient by using the MSB bit of SAR to
classify L-type and S-type characters and reuses the space of SAR for the bucket array at each
level there by reducing nearly 25% of the space needed when compared to the existing
algorithm. The results for the various data sets are shown in the Table II.
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[16] Light weight corpus datasets [Online].Available:
http://people.unipmn.it/manzini/lightweight/corpus