The document summarizes the history of astronomy and space exploration from ancient Greek theories of Aristotle to modern missions. It describes Aristotle's geocentric model and how Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton developed the heliocentric model and laws of motion and gravity. Later sections discuss Edwin Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, Stephen Hawking's work on black holes and the origin of the universe, and Soviet/Russian achievements including Sputnik, Gagarin's flight, and Voyager probes. The document concludes with a brief overview of Mars missions and the future potential of further exploration.
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. While the spatial size of the entire Universe is unknown, it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is currently estimated to be 93 billion light years in diameter. In various multiverse hypotheses, a universe is one of many causally disconnected constituent parts of a larger multiverse, which itself comprises all of space and time and its contents. The earliest cosmological models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus' work as well as Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and observations by Tyche Brahe. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way, which is one of at least hundreds of billions of galaxies in the Universe. Many of the stars in our galaxy have planets. At the largest scale, galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. At smaller scales, galaxies are distributed in clusters and superclusters which form immense filaments and voids in space, creating a vast foam-like structure. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the Universe. Under this theory, space and time emerged together 13.799±0.021 billion years ago and the energy and matter initially present have become less dense as the Universe expanded.
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ICSE Class VIII Physics The Universe - TopperLearningAlok Singh
The universe is defined as the vast surrounding space which includes everything that exists from the earth to the most distant parts of space that one can see.
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. While the spatial size of the entire Universe is unknown, it is possible to measure the size of the observable universe, which is currently estimated to be 93 billion light years in diameter. In various multiverse hypotheses, a universe is one of many causally disconnected constituent parts of a larger multiverse, which itself comprises all of space and time and its contents. The earliest cosmological models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Isaac Newton built upon Copernicus' work as well as Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion and observations by Tyche Brahe. Further observational improvements led to the realization that the Sun is one of hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way, which is one of at least hundreds of billions of galaxies in the Universe. Many of the stars in our galaxy have planets. At the largest scale, galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. At smaller scales, galaxies are distributed in clusters and superclusters which form immense filaments and voids in space, creating a vast foam-like structure. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the Universe. Under this theory, space and time emerged together 13.799±0.021 billion years ago and the energy and matter initially present have become less dense as the Universe expanded.
DO LIKE COMMENT AND FOLLOW
ICSE Class VIII Physics The Universe - TopperLearningAlok Singh
The universe is defined as the vast surrounding space which includes everything that exists from the earth to the most distant parts of space that one can see.
If we ask you what’s so special about October, you will probably say “Halloween”. Although we too love spooky decorations, toffee apples and trick-or-treaters’ tireless knocking on the door after dusk, there is more this month to remember and celebrate.
Here is October in historic space dates, famous astronomers’ and astronauts’ birthdays and upcoming events.
Happy October!
Potential Habitable Exoplanets: Interstellar Space Travel As Mankind's SalvationAhmad Afandi Nor Azmi
Humans are natural born explorers, we charge into unchartered territory to seek out the unknown, we have mapped nearly every inch of Mother Earth and left tracks on the moon. But to set foot on another planet, to travel beyond our solar system, that’s the dream of the future.
This presentation deals with quest of new worlds and the fate of humanity. Sounds like a job for explorers of tomorrow, but the search of another earth is happening right now. Although this sounds like a realm of science fiction, the aspects covered are rooted in real science.
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called the astronomer o.docxannandleola
Carl Sagan (1934-1996, American) could be called 'the astronomer of the people'. He popularized the science of astronomy with the general public, and revolutionized science fiction by believing that we are not alone in the universe. He championed the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, which continues today with a number of missions to Mars to search for signs of life on that planet.
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995, Indian-born American) made important contributions to the theory of stellar evolution. He found that the limit, now called the Chandrasekhar limit, to the stability of white dwarf stars is 1.4 solar masses: any star larger than this cannot be stable as a white dwarf.
Karl Jansky (1905-1950, American) discovered that radio waves are emanating from space, which led to the science of radio astronomy.
Jan Oort (1900-1992, Dutch) first measured the distance between our solar system and the center of the Milky Way Galaxy and calculated the mass of the Milky Way. An enormous contribution of his was the proposal of a large number of icy comets left over from the formation of the solar system, now known as the Oort Cloud.
Edwin Hubble (1889-1953, American) made an incredible contribution to astronomy and cosmology when he discovered that faraway galaxies are moving away from us. Known as Hubble's Law, the theory states that galaxies recede from each other at a rate proportional to their distance from each other. This concept is a cornerstone of the Big Bang model of the universe.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955, German) was probably the greatest mind of the twentieth century. His Special Theory of Relativity, proposed in 1905, extended Newtonian Mechanics to very large speeds close to the speed of light. It describes the changes in measurements of physical phenomena when viewed by observers who are in motion relative to the phenomena. In 1915, Einstein extended this further in the General Theory of Relativity, which includes the effects of gravitation. According to this theory, mass and energy determine the geometry of spacetime, and curvatures of spacetime manifest themselves in gravitational forces.
Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941, American) was a member of the famous group of Harvard astronomers called 'Pickering's Women'. The director of the Harvard College Observatory, Edward Pickering, hired a number of women to sort through and organize mounds of data on the stellar classification of stars. The stars were classified by their spectra, and Annie Cannon was the most prolific and careful of the workers. She single-handedly classified 400,000 stars into the scheme we use today (O B A F G K M), and discovered 300 variable stars. She paved the way for women entering the astronomical field.
Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826, German) discovered dark lines in the spectrum coming from the Sun. He carefully measured the positions of over 300 of these lines, creating a wavelength standard that is still in use today.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727,.
This presentation includes history of astronautics, spacecrafts, a space race between USA and Soviets. Also you can learn more information about space from this presentation.
Earth-Like Planet with Intelligent Life? Why 400 Years?Paul H. Carr
Earth-Like Planet with Intelligent Life? Why 400 Years?
Paul H. Carr, Ph. D.
In 1584, Dominican monk Giordano Bruno envisioned the stars as "countless suns with countless earths, all rotating around their suns.” Searching for intellectual freedom, he fled his native Italy to Protestant Switzerland and Germany, but in 1600 the Roman Inquisition condemned him for heresy. He was burned at the stake.
Fast-forwarding to 1995, the Swiss astronomers Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the discovery of a planet orbiting a star similar to our sun (51 Pegasi). In 2010, 500 planets had been found orbiting 421 stars. On Feb 2, 2011, NASA announced that the Kepler space telescope had identified 1200 planet candidates.
It took 400 years for telescope technology to advance and for Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Bradley, and Foucault to establish heliocentric cosmology, culminating in today’s astrophysics with digital imaging and processing. Here is your opportunity to learn about the progress we are making towards discovering an earth-like planet with the possibility of intelligent life. Contrasting with Bruno, in 2010 Dominican Francisco Ayala, who had been president of the Sigma Xi and AAAS, won the $1.6M Templeton Prize for affirming life’s spiritual dimension.
2. Aristotle and his Universe
•The earth is composed of four
elements: Earth, Water, Fire and
Air
•The earth does not revolve around
anything else or rotate around its
own axis
•It is surrounded by ten concentric
spheres made of a perfectly
transparent substance known as
"quintessence.“
•Beyond the tenth sphere is, as the
words in the periphery say in
Latin, "The Kingdom of
Heaven, the Abode of God and of
the Elect."
3. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
Copernicus busted the classical Greek
theory of astronomy.The publication
of Copernicus' book, De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On
the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres), just before his death in
1543, is considered a major event in
the history of science.
•Heavenly motions are
uniform, eternal, and circular or
compounded of several circles
(epicycles).
•The center of the universe is near the
Sun.
•Around the Sun, in order, are
Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the
fixed stars.
•The Earth has three motions: daily
rotation, annual revolution, and
annual tilting of its axis.
•Retrograde motion of the planets is
explained by the Earth's motion.
•The distance from the Earth to the
Sun is small compared to the distance
to the stars.
4. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
•Galileo has been called the "father
of modern observational
astronomy",[ the "father of modern
physics", the "father of
science", and "the Father of
Modern Science".
•According to Stephen
Hawking, Galileo probably bears
more of the responsibility for the
birth of modern science than
anybody else, and Albert Einstein
called him the father of modern
science
•He was a defender of coparnicus’s
“Heliocentric ” theory.
•The Phases of Venus one of the
most observation of human history
also discovered by Galileo.
•He was home arrested by the
church rest of his life because of
defending heliocentric theory.
5. Johannes Kepler (German:December 27, 1571 –
November 15, 1630)
•Johan Kepler was a German
astronomer who lived between
1571-1630. He introduced three
important laws of planetary
motion and helped the Copernican
model of the solar system gain
general acceptance.
•Kepler inherited Tycho Brahe's
observational data on Mars
following Brahe's death and
showed, mathematically, that Mars
followed an elliptical orbit. This
new revelation contradicted the
age old belief that heavenly bodies
all moved in perfect circles.
6. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
•His three laws of motion --
inertia, acceleration, and action
and reaction -- remain a
cornerstone of modern physics.
His law of universal gravitation laid
forth the theory that all particles in
the universe exerted some
gravitational force.
•In Newton's view, gravitational
force was everywhere, from an
apple falling from a tree to the
moon being kept in orbit by its
mutual attraction with Earth.
While imperfect -- his law was later
altered significantly by Einstein's
theory of relativity -- Newton's
conception of universal gravitation
dominated physics for more than
two centuries.
7. Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)
•Hubble revolutionized astronomy
by showing that the universe is
much larger than had been
previously believed and by
providing observational evidence
for the theory of an expanding
universe.
•One of his most important
findings that the more distant a
galaxy, the greater is the speed at
which it is moving away from the
Milky Way is now known as
Hubble's Law.
8. Stephen Hawking (1942- )
•After Albert Einstein, Stephen
Hawking is probably the most
famous physicist of all time. He
became known for his study of
certain physical characteristics of
black holes, work that led to
greater understanding of the origin
of the universe.
•Hawking's A Brief History of
Time: From the Big Bang to Black
Holes (1988), which provides an
overview of the origin and
structure of the universe, was a
best-seller.
9. Sergei Korolev
Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite
(launched on October 4, 1957)
-The world's first space passenger, the dog
Laika, launched on Sputnik 2 a month later
-The Luna series, the first unmanned vehicles to
orbit and land softly on the moon
-The Vostok series of spacecraft (launched from
1960 to 1963), which were the first manned
spacecraft and featured Gagarin's first manned
mission on April 12, 1961
-And the Voskhod program (1964 to 1966) the
world's first multi-person spacecraft, which
included the first spacewalk on March 18, 1965
Famous quotes:
"I've been waiting all my life for this day!" (Upon
the launch of Sputnik.)
"The Soviet Union has become the seacoast of the
universe."
10. R-7 Semyorka
•First ICBM ever launched
•It’s later prototype was used to
launch
Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, an
d Voskhod space launchers, as well
as later Soyuz variants.
11. Sputnik 1
•The Sputnik 1 spacecraft was the
first artificial satellite successfully
placed in orbit around the Earth
and was launched from Baikonur
Cosmodrome at Tyuratam (370 km
southwest of the small town of
Baikonur) in Kazakhstan, then part
of the former Soviet Union. The
Russian word "Sputnik" means
"companion“.
•The orbit of the then inactive
satellite was later observed
optically to decay 92 days after
launch (January 4, 1958) after
having completed about 1400
orbits of the Earth over a
cumulative distance traveled of 70
million kilometers.
12. Sputnik 2
•Sputnik 2 was the second
spacecraft launched into Earth
orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the
first to carry a living animal, a dog
named Laika.
•But the biological subject was dead
because of malfunctioning which cause
the increase of temperature 4o degree
centigrade.
13. Vostok1
•Vostok 1 was the first spaceflight
in the Vostok program and the first
human spaceflight in history. The
Vostok 3KA spacecraft was
launched on April 12, 1961.
•27-year-old Yuri Gagarin was the
only crew member of Vostok 1. The
Vostok spacecraft was designed to
carry a single cosmonaut.
14. Vostok 6
•Vostok 6 was the first human
spaceflight mission to carry a
woman, cosmonaut Valentina
Tereshkova, into space in 16 June
1963.
15. Apollo 11
•Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that
landed the first humans on the
Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin, on July
20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong
became the first to step onto the
lunar surface six hours later on July
21 at 02:56 UTC.
16. Voyager
•Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by
NASA on September 5, 1977 to study the
outer Solar System. Operating for
36 years, 2 months, and 3 days as of 8
November 2013, the spacecraft
communicates with the Deep Space
Network to receive routine commands
and return data.
•The primary mission of voyager 1 ended
on November 20, 1980, after encounters
with the Jovian system in 1979 and the
Saturnian system in 1980.
•The primary mission of voyager 2 ended
December 31, 1989 after encountering the
Jovian system in 1979, Saturnian system in
1980, Uranian system in 1986, and the
Neptunian system in 1989. It is still the
only spacecraft to have visited the two
outer giant planets Uranus and Neptune.
The probe is now moving at a velocity of
15.428 km/s relative to the Sun
17. Voyager(continues)
The Voyager space probe carries a
gold-plated audio-visual disc in the
event that either spacecraft is ever
found by intelligent life forms from
other planetary systems. The discs
carry photos of the Earth and its
lifeforms, a range of scientific
information, spoken greetings
from people such as the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations and
the President of the United States
and a medley, "Sounds of Earth,"
that includes the sounds of
whales, a baby crying, waves
breaking on a shore, and a
collection of music, including
works by Mozart, Blind Willie
Johnson, Chuck Berry's "Johnny B.
Goode", and Valya Balkanska.
Other Eastern and Western classics
are included, as well as various
performances of indigenous music
from around the world
19. Future exploration of universe
•More and more exploration
mission in mars
•Set up more powerful telescope to
observe the universe and findings
it’s undiscovered side.
•Missions to another planer other
than mars and learn more about it.
•Searching for extraterrestrial
intelligence by using deep space
network.