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The document summarizes the origins and development of ancient Indian society. It describes how the Indo-Aryan people invaded northern India around 1500 BCE, introducing Vedic literature, Sanskrit language, Hindu religion, and the caste system. It also outlines the key Hindu religious concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara; important Hindu deities; and epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana that shaped Indian culture. The document traces the evolution of Hinduism as the dominant religion in India with concepts of reincarnation and the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.
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Indian civilization
The document provides information on the geography, climate, religions, and history of ancient India. It notes that India has a diverse geography defined by mountain ranges and fertile river valleys like the Indus Valley where early civilizations emerged. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry monsoon season. The three major religions that developed are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Hinduism originated from the Vedas and later texts like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha and spread widely after the time of Ashoka. Jainism also grew prominent around 1000 AD and featured temples with images of saints. Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BC introduced Greek
Indian civilization
The document summarizes the history of Indian civilization from ancient times to the establishment of empires. It describes the Indus Valley civilization including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later invaded and their Vedic period saw the development of Sanskrit and the Vedas. Major empires included the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, the Gupta Empire which was a period of cultural flourishing, and the Mughal Empire which ruled in the 16th century. Key contributions of Indian civilization included urban planning, major religions, mathematics, and architectural achievements.
Aryans Invaded India. Fabricated history.
The document discusses how the Aryan invasion theory was fabricated by European historians and the British to belittle Indian history and society. It provides evidence from archaeological findings, literature, and DNA studies that show India had a developed civilization long before the supposed Aryan invasion, and that there is no historical or genetic basis for distinguishing Indians along Aryan and Dravidian lines. The document argues the theory was promoted for political purposes to divide and control the Indian population under British colonial rule.
Aryan civilization
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
Ancient civilizations of india and china
This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations that developed in India and China. It discusses the major cultures, religions, and empires that shaped these regions, including the Indus Valley civilization in India, the Aryans, Buddha, Emperor Ashoka, Hinduism and Buddhism, the Gupta Empire. In China, it covers the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty, the philosophies of Confucianism and Taoism, and the unification of China under dynasties like the Qin, Han, and Tang. The document contains timelines and outlines highlighting the key people, beliefs, and artistic traditions of ancient India and China.
(Social) Indian Civilization
The document provides background information on early civilizations in India. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization including the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then covers the arrival of the Aryans around 1500 BC who established social hierarchies through the caste system and introduced Hinduism. Buddhism later emerged in India as a rival philosophy that rejected the Hindu concepts of caste and gods.
Ancient indian civilization
The ancient Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan from around 3000 BCE. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, dominated the region by 2500 BCE, and the civilization traded with neighbors. The Harappans developed new technologies like wheeled vehicles and standardized weights and measures. Though the nature of their religion is unclear, they built large baths for ritual purification. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Indo-European peoples called the Aryans migrated into the region, introducing iron and horses. They composed sacred texts called the Vedas and epics like the Ramayana, and also established social hierarchies later forming the caste system.
Ancient India Notes
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
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Indian civilization
The document provides information on the geography, climate, religions, and history of ancient India. It notes that India has a diverse geography defined by mountain ranges and fertile river valleys like the Indus Valley where early civilizations emerged. The climate is tropical with a wet and dry monsoon season. The three major religions that developed are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Hinduism originated from the Vedas and later texts like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha and spread widely after the time of Ashoka. Jainism also grew prominent around 1000 AD and featured temples with images of saints. Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BC introduced Greek
Indian civilization
The document summarizes the history of Indian civilization from ancient times to the establishment of empires. It describes the Indus Valley civilization including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later invaded and their Vedic period saw the development of Sanskrit and the Vedas. Major empires included the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka, the Gupta Empire which was a period of cultural flourishing, and the Mughal Empire which ruled in the 16th century. Key contributions of Indian civilization included urban planning, major religions, mathematics, and architectural achievements.
Aryans Invaded India. Fabricated history.
The document discusses how the Aryan invasion theory was fabricated by European historians and the British to belittle Indian history and society. It provides evidence from archaeological findings, literature, and DNA studies that show India had a developed civilization long before the supposed Aryan invasion, and that there is no historical or genetic basis for distinguishing Indians along Aryan and Dravidian lines. The document argues the theory was promoted for political purposes to divide and control the Indian population under British colonial rule.
Aryan civilization
1. In the 18th century, the term "Aryan" was adopted to refer to ancient Indo-European language speakers as a whole, including groups across Europe and India.
2. Models of Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of early Indo-Aryans migrating to northwest India, with linguistic and some genetic evidence supporting migration claims.
3. More recent genetic studies found no evidence that castes in South Asia resulted from an Aryan invasion or subjugation of Dravidian people, suggesting castes developed from traditional tribal organizations during Indian society formation.
Ancient civilizations of india and china
This document provides an overview of the ancient civilizations that developed in India and China. It discusses the major cultures, religions, and empires that shaped these regions, including the Indus Valley civilization in India, the Aryans, Buddha, Emperor Ashoka, Hinduism and Buddhism, the Gupta Empire. In China, it covers the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty, the philosophies of Confucianism and Taoism, and the unification of China under dynasties like the Qin, Han, and Tang. The document contains timelines and outlines highlighting the key people, beliefs, and artistic traditions of ancient India and China.
(Social) Indian Civilization
The document provides background information on early civilizations in India. It discusses the Indus Valley civilization including the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then covers the arrival of the Aryans around 1500 BC who established social hierarchies through the caste system and introduced Hinduism. Buddhism later emerged in India as a rival philosophy that rejected the Hindu concepts of caste and gods.
Ancient indian civilization
The ancient Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan from around 3000 BCE. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, dominated the region by 2500 BCE, and the civilization traded with neighbors. The Harappans developed new technologies like wheeled vehicles and standardized weights and measures. Though the nature of their religion is unclear, they built large baths for ritual purification. Around 1500 BCE, nomadic Indo-European peoples called the Aryans migrated into the region, introducing iron and horses. They composed sacred texts called the Vedas and epics like the Ramayana, and also established social hierarchies later forming the caste system.
Ancient India Notes
Ancient India had several influential civilizations and empires. The Indus River Valley was home to the early Harappan civilization between 2500-1500 BC, which had large planned cities with water and sewage systems. Later, Indo-Aryan peoples migrated into northern India around 1750 BC, bringing their Vedic scriptures and Sanskrit language. Major religions that developed included Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Powerful empires like the Mauryan under Asoka and Gupta dynasty promoted trade and cultural growth across India between 300 BC-550 AD. Ancient Indian society had a caste system and advanced mathematics, medicine, and education.
Indo Aryan Migrants
The Indo-Aryans migrated from Central Asia to northern India between 1500-500 BCE. They brought with them new pastoral and agricultural practices, as well as their Indo-Aryan language and religious beliefs recorded in the Vedas. The Vedic Age saw the development of Sanskrit, the language of the priests and rituals. Indo-Aryan society was organized into social classes and castes, with priests called Brahmins holding high status. Marriage rules helped govern relations between social groups as the Indo-Aryans established control over northern India.
indian civilization
The document provides an overview of the development of civilization in India. It summarizes that the Indus Valley was the site of early river valley civilizations, including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later brought Sanskrit to India. Religious literature from this period includes the Vedas and Upanishads. Hinduism and the caste system emerged, influencing society. Buddhism and Jainism also developed as religious traditions. Several empires rose and fell over time, including the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal empires, with cultural and economic achievements during periods of stability and prosperity.
Indo-Aryan language society.
The document discusses the Indo-Aryan language society that originated in northern India in the late Bronze Age. It notes that the Indo-Aryans spoke an early form of Sanskrit and introduced a patriarchal social structure based around cattle herding and agriculture. Their religious texts like the Vedas and later epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata came to heavily influence Hinduism. The Indo-Aryans also developed a rigid caste system that divided society based on birth and skin color and emphasized the higher status of lighter-skinned Aryans. Sanskrit became the dominant language and played an important role in economic and cultural exchange.
Indigenous aryans
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
Ancient india
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
Indigenous aryans
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
Ancient india
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization
The document provides details about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE in modern day India and Pakistan. Some key points:
1) The civilization developed along the Indus River valley and its cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had advanced urban planning with drainage systems.
2) The culture is still mysterious as its writing remains undeciphered. Artifacts show an emphasis on trade, religion, and advanced agriculture including early cotton cultivation.
3) The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to drought or invasion, though the exact causes are uncertain. Immigrating Aryan groups may have contributed to its collapse and cultural transformation in northern India.
Anthro31 the aryans
The Aryans originated in South-Central Asia and invaded parts of India around 1000-500 BCE. They spoke an early form of Sanskrit and lived as semi-nomadic herders. During the Vedic period, Aryan culture combined with indigenous Indian cultures. The Aryans acquired war chariots and weapons, allowing them to dominate much of northern India militarily and establish the caste system. They introduced their male-dominated culture and gods. Under the Mauryan dynasty, India developed advanced knowledge in fields like medicine, mathematics, and metallurgy. Women had varying social roles and freedoms depending on region and caste.
The great arya
Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, as well as to refer to the noble class and geographic location known as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was based.
The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country Iran.
Does god have a shape
The document discusses the origins and history of religion in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India around 1500-1000 BC from Central Asia, bringing their language and beliefs. They encountered the earlier Dravidian civilization centered around the Indus Valley. While some viewed this as an invasion that displaced the Dravidians, more recent research suggests it was a gradual interaction and merging of the two cultures that gave rise to Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions still practiced today.
SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY THE ARYANS { VEDIC AGE}
HANDOUTS FOR LL.B PART I. 5 YEARS SEMESTER SYSTEM, WISH YOU ALL BEST OF LUCK THE FUTURE OF PAKISTAN. PAKISTAN ZINDABAD
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
The document discusses the development of Hindu goddess worship in Gandhara during the Kushana Empire. It notes that Gandhara was an important center of Hinduism in Central Asia and was influenced by multiple cultures through trade and invasion. During the Kushana period in the 2nd-3rd century AD, many new iconographic representations of Hindu gods first appeared in Gandhara. The document examines archaeological evidence for the worship of various goddesses like Lakshmi, Durga, and Saraswati. It suggests that concepts like Durga assimilated attributes of the Near Eastern goddess Nana during this time. The Kushana period saw composite images of goddesses as religious syncretism increased in the
Indus Valley Civ and China
The document provides information on the early Indus River Valley civilization and how geography influenced its development. It describes the location of the Indian subcontinent and key geographic features like the Himalayan mountains and monsoon rains. It discusses the origins of civilization in the Indus River valley around 2500 BC, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had advanced urban planning with grid layouts and drainage systems. The civilization traded with others along the Indus and Tigris rivers but eventually declined around 1500 BC as Aryan groups migrated into the region.
Aryan Social Studies Project
Marina, Anjum and Devin's group made slideshow on the Indo-Aryan migration in prehistoric times. We hope that you find it interesting and informative !!
Aryans
The document summarizes the arrival and civilization of the Aryans in northern India around 1500 BC. The Aryans migrated from southern Russia with superior weapons and conquered the Indus region, establishing themselves as war-like nomadic herders. Their civilization developed over two periods - the Vedic Age from 1500-1000 BC, where they preserved oral traditions in sacred texts called the Vedas, and the Epic Age from 1000-500 BC, which was defined by the composition of the great epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Aryan society consisted of a caste system with four classes - Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishy
Unit 4 lesson 2 india history of a civilization
Indian civilization can be traced back to 3000 BCE, though its most successful kingdom, the Mauryan Empire, arose around 200 BCE under the leader Asoka. Asoka expanded trade, promoted Buddhism, established hospitals, and brought stability. Subsequent kingdoms like the Kushan Kingdom in the 1st century CE continued expanding Indian trade along the Silk Road between China and Rome. The powerful Gupta Empire arose in 320 CE and presided over a period of prosperity, trade, and cultural achievements before invaders conquered the last strong Indian empire hundreds of years later.
8th Std. SocialScience Textbook, State Syllubus
- The Indo-European speaking people known as Aryans originated from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Due to increasing population and scarce resources, they migrated southward.
- One group of migrants reached Northwestern India through Iran and Afghanistan around 2000 BCE. They engaged in cattle herding and practiced pastoralism.
- As the Aryans settled in the Ganges Plain around 1000 BCE, agriculture became their primary occupation and source of livelihood. This led to changes in their society and economy.
The ancient east india and china
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
Ancient India And China
The document provides information about several early civilizations and empires in India and China, including the Indus Valley Civilization in India, the Aryan people and caste system, the Maurya and Gupta Empires in India, and the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties in China. It discusses key aspects of these societies such as their religions, writing systems, and important leaders.
South asia
The Indo-Aryans invaded northern India around 1500 BCE, bringing with them their Caucasian features, Sanskrit language, Hindu religion, and caste system. They transformed ancient Indian society and regarded the native Dravidians as inferior. Aryan society was tribal in nature and male-dominated, headed by chieftains. Hinduism and the Vedic texts they introduced, like the Upanishads and the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, shaped Indian culture and promoted concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.
India
This document provides an overview of India, including that it is the world's second most populous nation, has a population of over 1.2 billion people, and has an area of around 3,000 km wide and a shoreline of 7,000 km. It discusses India's early civilization in the Indus Valley from 4000-2500 BC and the influence of Aryan invaders in 1500 BC who established Hinduism and the caste system. It also briefly outlines India's main topographic regions, languages including Hindi, major religions, and important historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indo Aryan Migrants
The Indo-Aryans migrated from Central Asia to northern India between 1500-500 BCE. They brought with them new pastoral and agricultural practices, as well as their Indo-Aryan language and religious beliefs recorded in the Vedas. The Vedic Age saw the development of Sanskrit, the language of the priests and rituals. Indo-Aryan society was organized into social classes and castes, with priests called Brahmins holding high status. Marriage rules helped govern relations between social groups as the Indo-Aryans established control over northern India.
indian civilization
The document provides an overview of the development of civilization in India. It summarizes that the Indus Valley was the site of early river valley civilizations, including the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Aryans later brought Sanskrit to India. Religious literature from this period includes the Vedas and Upanishads. Hinduism and the caste system emerged, influencing society. Buddhism and Jainism also developed as religious traditions. Several empires rose and fell over time, including the Mauryan, Gupta, and Mughal empires, with cultural and economic achievements during periods of stability and prosperity.
Indo-Aryan language society.
The document discusses the Indo-Aryan language society that originated in northern India in the late Bronze Age. It notes that the Indo-Aryans spoke an early form of Sanskrit and introduced a patriarchal social structure based around cattle herding and agriculture. Their religious texts like the Vedas and later epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata came to heavily influence Hinduism. The Indo-Aryans also developed a rigid caste system that divided society based on birth and skin color and emphasized the higher status of lighter-skinned Aryans. Sanskrit became the dominant language and played an important role in economic and cultural exchange.
Indigenous aryans
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
Ancient india
Ancient India experienced significant developments between 3000 BCE and 500 CE. Major civilizations arose along the Indus River Valley, most notably Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage systems and city planning. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan invaders established themselves across northern India and introduced Sanskrit. Their social hierarchy later developed into the caste system. Buddhism emerged in the 6th century BCE founded by Siddhartha Gautama and emphasized enlightenment through non-attachment. Powerful empires like the Mauryans and Guptas unified parts of India at different times and Indian culture flourished with developments in architecture, literature, mathematics and science.
Indigenous aryans
The Indigenous Aryans theory, also known as the Out of India theory, proposes that the Indo-European languages, or at least the Indo-Aryan languages, originated within the Indian subcontinent, as an alternative to the established migration model which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the IndoEuropean languages.
The indigenist view sees the Indo-Aryan languages as having a deep history in the Indian subcontinent, and being the carriers of the Indus Valley Civilization.
This view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, which is generally considered to follow the decline of Harappan culture.
Ancient india
- The document provides an overview of ancient Indian civilization and geography, focusing on the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3000 BCE, including major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. It then discusses the later invasion of the Aryans around 1500 BCE, who introduced concepts like Sanskrit, Hinduism, and the caste system. Key beliefs of Hinduism are outlined, including concepts of dharma, karma, and samsara. The rigid and hierarchical caste system is also summarized.
Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization
The document provides details about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization that existed from 3300-1300 BCE in modern day India and Pakistan. Some key points:
1) The civilization developed along the Indus River valley and its cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro which had advanced urban planning with drainage systems.
2) The culture is still mysterious as its writing remains undeciphered. Artifacts show an emphasis on trade, religion, and advanced agriculture including early cotton cultivation.
3) The civilization declined around 1900 BCE possibly due to drought or invasion, though the exact causes are uncertain. Immigrating Aryan groups may have contributed to its collapse and cultural transformation in northern India.
Anthro31 the aryans
The Aryans originated in South-Central Asia and invaded parts of India around 1000-500 BCE. They spoke an early form of Sanskrit and lived as semi-nomadic herders. During the Vedic period, Aryan culture combined with indigenous Indian cultures. The Aryans acquired war chariots and weapons, allowing them to dominate much of northern India militarily and establish the caste system. They introduced their male-dominated culture and gods. Under the Mauryan dynasty, India developed advanced knowledge in fields like medicine, mathematics, and metallurgy. Women had varying social roles and freedoms depending on region and caste.
The great arya
Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, as well as to refer to the noble class and geographic location known as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was based.
The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country Iran.
Does god have a shape
The document discusses the origins and history of religion in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India around 1500-1000 BC from Central Asia, bringing their language and beliefs. They encountered the earlier Dravidian civilization centered around the Indus Valley. While some viewed this as an invasion that displaced the Dravidians, more recent research suggests it was a gradual interaction and merging of the two cultures that gave rise to Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions still practiced today.
SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY THE ARYANS { VEDIC AGE}
HANDOUTS FOR LL.B PART I. 5 YEARS SEMESTER SYSTEM, WISH YOU ALL BEST OF LUCK THE FUTURE OF PAKISTAN. PAKISTAN ZINDABAD
Goddess in kushana kingdom of gandhara
The document discusses the development of Hindu goddess worship in Gandhara during the Kushana Empire. It notes that Gandhara was an important center of Hinduism in Central Asia and was influenced by multiple cultures through trade and invasion. During the Kushana period in the 2nd-3rd century AD, many new iconographic representations of Hindu gods first appeared in Gandhara. The document examines archaeological evidence for the worship of various goddesses like Lakshmi, Durga, and Saraswati. It suggests that concepts like Durga assimilated attributes of the Near Eastern goddess Nana during this time. The Kushana period saw composite images of goddesses as religious syncretism increased in the
Indus Valley Civ and China
The document provides information on the early Indus River Valley civilization and how geography influenced its development. It describes the location of the Indian subcontinent and key geographic features like the Himalayan mountains and monsoon rains. It discusses the origins of civilization in the Indus River valley around 2500 BC, with major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro that had advanced urban planning with grid layouts and drainage systems. The civilization traded with others along the Indus and Tigris rivers but eventually declined around 1500 BC as Aryan groups migrated into the region.
Aryan Social Studies Project
Marina, Anjum and Devin's group made slideshow on the Indo-Aryan migration in prehistoric times. We hope that you find it interesting and informative !!
Aryans
The document summarizes the arrival and civilization of the Aryans in northern India around 1500 BC. The Aryans migrated from southern Russia with superior weapons and conquered the Indus region, establishing themselves as war-like nomadic herders. Their civilization developed over two periods - the Vedic Age from 1500-1000 BC, where they preserved oral traditions in sacred texts called the Vedas, and the Epic Age from 1000-500 BC, which was defined by the composition of the great epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata. Aryan society consisted of a caste system with four classes - Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishy
Unit 4 lesson 2 india history of a civilization
Indian civilization can be traced back to 3000 BCE, though its most successful kingdom, the Mauryan Empire, arose around 200 BCE under the leader Asoka. Asoka expanded trade, promoted Buddhism, established hospitals, and brought stability. Subsequent kingdoms like the Kushan Kingdom in the 1st century CE continued expanding Indian trade along the Silk Road between China and Rome. The powerful Gupta Empire arose in 320 CE and presided over a period of prosperity, trade, and cultural achievements before invaders conquered the last strong Indian empire hundreds of years later.
8th Std. SocialScience Textbook, State Syllubus
- The Indo-European speaking people known as Aryans originated from Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Due to increasing population and scarce resources, they migrated southward.
- One group of migrants reached Northwestern India through Iran and Afghanistan around 2000 BCE. They engaged in cattle herding and practiced pastoralism.
- As the Aryans settled in the Ganges Plain around 1000 BCE, agriculture became their primary occupation and source of livelihood. This led to changes in their society and economy.
The ancient east india and china
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of early civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires that rose and fell in India are also summarized.
Ancient India And China
The document provides information about several early civilizations and empires in India and China, including the Indus Valley Civilization in India, the Aryan people and caste system, the Maurya and Gupta Empires in India, and the Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties in China. It discusses key aspects of these societies such as their religions, writing systems, and important leaders.
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Asian studies; Ancient India, Indian Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization
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South asia
The Indo-Aryans invaded northern India around 1500 BCE, bringing with them their Caucasian features, Sanskrit language, Hindu religion, and caste system. They transformed ancient Indian society and regarded the native Dravidians as inferior. Aryan society was tribal in nature and male-dominated, headed by chieftains. Hinduism and the Vedic texts they introduced, like the Upanishads and the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, shaped Indian culture and promoted concepts like dharma, karma, and samsara.
India
This document provides an overview of India, including that it is the world's second most populous nation, has a population of over 1.2 billion people, and has an area of around 3,000 km wide and a shoreline of 7,000 km. It discusses India's early civilization in the Indus Valley from 4000-2500 BC and the influence of Aryan invaders in 1500 BC who established Hinduism and the caste system. It also briefly outlines India's main topographic regions, languages including Hindi, major religions, and important historical figures like Mahatma Gandhi.
Hindu literature
This document provides an overview of Hindu literature and beliefs. It discusses the main regions of India, the major languages spoken, and the caste system. It then summarizes the two periods of Hindu literature - the Vedic period focused on religious texts like the Vedas and Upanishads, and the Sanskrit period which included epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana and dramas. Key beliefs around gods like Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, karma, reincarnation, and moksha are outlined. Goals of Hindu life and daily duties are also summarized.
Indus valley civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 2500 BCE and was one of the earliest civilizations, discovered in 1856. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, bringing their Vedic religion and social structures like the caste system. This helped contribute to the decline of the Indus civilization, though their cultures blended together to influence early Indian society.
6. THE VEDIC CIVILISATION.pptx
The document provides information about the Vedic civilization that flourished in India from 1500 BCE to 600 BCE. It discusses the origins of the Aryans, sources of information about the period, and details about political organization, social life, religion, and economy during the Early and Later Vedic periods. The Aryans likely migrated to India from Central Asia around 1500 BCE and settled along the Indus River valley. The Vedic literature like the Vedas and Upanishads provide most of the historical information about religious beliefs and practices. Society was divided into four classes or varnas based on occupations. Kings held significant power and administration became more complex over time as kingdoms expanded in northern India.
pdf_20230625_200914_0000.pdf
The Indus Valley civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak between 2500-1500 BCE. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups began migrating into India, influencing the culture and religion. They developed the caste system and Vedic scriptures like the Upanishads, which influenced Hinduism.
Indus Valley.ppt
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2500-1500 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited advanced urban planning with grid layouts, public wells, and drainage systems. The civilization made contributions to math, writing, and plumbing but declined due to floods and climate change. Around 1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan invaders known as Aryans conquered the region and established a rigid caste system that divided people by occupation and social status. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions during this period in ancient India's history.
Indus Valley.ppt
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2500-1500 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited advanced urban planning with grid layouts, public wells, and drainage systems. The civilization made contributions to math, writing, and plumbing but declined due to floods and climate change. Around 1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan invaders known as Aryans conquered the region and established a rigid caste system that divided people by occupation and social status. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions during this period in ancient India's history.
india Indus Valley culture.ppt
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2500-1500 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited advanced urban planning with grid layouts, public wells, and drainage systems. The civilization made contributions to math, writing, and plumbing but declined due to floods and climate change. Around 1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan invaders known as Aryans conquered the region and established a rigid caste system that divided people by occupation and social status. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions during this period in ancient India's history.
2-CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE.ppt
The Indus Valley civilization flourished between 2500-1500 BCE along the Indus River valley. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, exhibited advanced urban planning with grid layouts, public wells, and drainage systems. The civilization made contributions to math, writing, and plumbing but declined due to floods and climate change. Around 1500 BCE, Indo-Aryan invaders known as Aryans conquered the region and established a rigid caste system that divided people by occupation and social status. Hinduism and Buddhism later emerged as major religions during this period in ancient India's history.
literature of India
This document provides an overview of India's geography, history, culture, and literature. Some key points:
- India is the 7th largest country by area and 2nd most populous, with a coastline of 7,000 km. Early settlers referred to the land as "Bharat."
- The earliest Indian civilization developed in the Indus Valley from 4000-2500 BC. Aryan invaders entered around 1500 BC and Hinduism and the caste system became foundations of society.
- India has extensive geographic and linguistic diversity, with over 200 languages spoken. Major religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism.
- Indian literature encompasses Vedic hy
Indus_Valley_Civilization-1.ppt
The document provides information on the Indus Valley Civilization that originated around 2500 BCE. It discusses the earliest discoveries of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in 1856 and details about the urban planning and architecture of these cities. The document also covers the origins of the Indus Valley peoples as early farmers, their crafts and trade networks, and burial practices. It then describes the later migrations of the Aryans into the region around 1500 BCE and their development of Vedic religion, as well as the evolution of the caste system in India.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan nomads began migrating into northern India, bringing with them their Indo-European language and religion centered around gods like Indra. They established themselves throughout the region and influenced the collapse of the Indus civilization. Their migrations helped establish Vedic culture and the beginnings of the caste system in India.
Indus_Valley_Civilization-1.ppt
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the culture and religion. Their Vedic texts formed the foundations of Hinduism, including concepts like dharma, samsara, karma and moksha. They also established the early caste system.
Indus_Valley_Civilization-1.ppt
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
Indus_Valley_Civilization-1.ppt
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
India valley civilisation.pdf
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the Harappan culture and language. This led to the Vedic civilization, which established the foundations of Hinduism through sacred texts like the Vedas and Upanishads. The Aryans also developed the caste system and a patriarchal social structure.
Indus valley civilization ppt
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into northern India, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda, and introduced the caste system. The Upanishads later expanded Vedic philosophy, introducing concepts like samsara, karma, and moksha.
Indus valley civilization (1)
The Indus Valley Civilization began around 7000 BCE and reached its peak around 2500-1500 BCE, centered around the large cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. These cities had populations of around 40,000 people and were carefully planned with grid-like streets and drainage systems. Around 1500 BCE, Aryan groups migrated into the region, influencing the Harappan culture and religion. They established Vedic religion, with its hymns collected in the Rig Veda and concepts of dharma, samsara, and karma. This helped develop the system of castes that stratified Indian society.
The ancient east india and china
The document provides a detailed overview of the geography, history, and culture of India. It describes the Indian subcontinent's diverse terrain, including the Himalayan mountains, the Ganges river valley, the Indus river valley, and coastal plains. It traces the development of civilization in the Indus Valley as well as the later arrival and settlement of Indo-European peoples known as Aryans. The Aryans established Vedic religion and Sanskrit, and introduced social hierarchies like the caste system. Major empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties unified parts of India at different points. The document also examines aspects of Indian society, economy, and culture through history.
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Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
English - The Book of Ruth - King James Bible.pdf
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
The_Chronological_Life_of_Christ_Part_104_Repentance_and_Restoration
The heart of the Father is to restore those who come with repentance.
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The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - Message
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu Expert
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
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It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
312 A Wise Woman of Abel Beth Maakah Saves The Town
Sermon adapted from, Discovering Christ Day by Day, David Fortner
How to Stop a Divorce and Save Your Marriage: Divorce Spells That Really Work...
How to Stop a Divorce and Save Your Marriage: Divorce Spells That Really Work...Traditional Healer, Love Spells Caster and Money Spells That Work Fast
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
Visit https://www.profbalaj.com/love-spells-loves-spells-that-work/
Call/WhatsApp +27836633417 for more info.Protector & Destroyer: Agni Dev (The Hindu God of Fire)
So let us turn the pages of ancient Indian literature and get to know more about Agni, the mighty purifier of all things, worshipped in Indian culture as a God since the Vedic time.
English - The Book of 1st Samuel the Prophet.pdf
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
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Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
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South asia
- 1. SOUTH ASIA ANCIENT INDIA INDO-ARYAN- 1500 BCE INVADED INDIAN PENINSULA - CAUCASIAN WHITE PEOPLE - PROBABLY FROM CENTRAL ASIA - OCCUPIED NORTH OF VINDHYA RANGE AND WEST OF THE YAMUNA RIVER. - MOST FERTILE AREA , ENJOYED THE BOUNTIES OF NATURE.
- 2. ANIMISM – WORSHIP OF NATURE HINDU DIETIES 1. INDRA – GOD OF STORM • 2. AGNI – GOD OF FIRE • 3. KALI – GODDESS OF MOTHERHOOD • 4. GANESHA – GOD OF THE ELEPHANT • 5. LAKSMI – GODDESS OF GOOD LUCK • VASANTI – GODDESS OF MERRIMENT • ALL IN ALL, ABOUT 300 MILLION GODS
- 3. ARYA –MEANS “GREAT” OR “PURE” IN THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE • - LINGUISTIC TERM , USED TO INDICATE GROUP OF PEOPLE OR RACE • SANSKRIT – A LANGUAGE BELONGING TO THE • INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGE • - CLASSICAL LANGUAGE OF INDIAN LITERATURE • - HINDI AND BENGALI (MODERN LANGUAGE)
- 4. SINDHU – REFERING TO THE INDUS RIVER • HIGHLY SKILLED IN VARIOUS ARTS AND SCIENCES SEEN IN THEIR SUPERB BOAT BUILDING AND EXPERTISE IN METAL HANDICRAFTS. • SKILLED POTTERS, CARPENTERS, MASONS. SILVERSMITHS AND WEAVERS. • HARDY FARMERS AND HERDERS • VALIANT WARRIOR
- 5. TRANSFORMED THE PRIMITIVE INDIAN SOCIETY BY INTRODUCING: • A. VEDIC LITERATURE • B. SANSKRIT LANGUAGE • C. HINDU RELIGION • D. CASTE SYSTEM - THE ARYANS REGARDED THE DRAVIDIANS INFERIOR, FROM NORTH DRIVEN TO SOUTH - RACIAL STOCK PRESENTLY CONSTITUTE A LARGE GROUP IN SOUTH INDIA TODAY
- 6. ARYAN SOCIETY • A TRIBAL SOCIETY HEADED BY A CHEIFTAIN CALLED PANCHAYAT • THE MEMBER OF EACH TRIBE WERE BOUNDED TOGETHER BY STRONG FAMILY TIES • PRACTICED SYSTEM OF PATERNAL AUTHORITY • A CULTURE DOMINATED BY MALE • THEIR GOD’S ARE MOSTLY MALE AND WARRIOR
- 7. UPANISHAD • -DEVELOPED IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 800 TO 600 B.C.E • -A COLLECTION OF VEDAS, WHICH WERE WRITING DESCRIBING THE CONCEPTS OF RIGHT AND WRONG, UNIVERSAL ORDER, AND HUMAN DESTINY. • - CONTAINED THE BASIC PERCEPTS OF HINDUISM, THE IDEA OF KARMA AND OTHER TEACHINGS LIKE BRAHMANISM
- 8. VEDA – A COLLECTION OF SACRED WRITINGS, THAT GAVE INFORMATION ON THE SOCIAL PRACTICES, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, AND LEVEL OF CULTURE ATTAINED DURING THE INTERMINGLING OF THE ARYAN AND DRAVIDIAN CULTURES. THESE SACRED WRITING, CALLED VEDIC LITERATURE, WERE MADE UP OF FOUR BOOKS NAMELY:
- 9. 1. VEDAS • - A COLLECTION OF BOOKS ON BATTLE HYMNS, SACRED RITUALS, SAYINGS AND TALES. • - DESCRIPTION CONCERNING THE ARYAN WAY OF LIFE FROM 1500 B.C.E. UNTIL 500 B.C.E. • - THIS PERIOD CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE VEDIC PERIOD • - TEACHINGS WHICH WERE PRIMARILY RELIGIOUS IN NATURE BASED ON HYMNS, POETRY AND TALES.
- 10. FOUR BOOKS WHICH MADE UP THE VEDAS • A. RIG VEDA – BOOK OF LYRICAL HYMNS IN PRAISE OF THE GODS. • B. ATHARVA VEDA – BOOK OF MAGICAL FORMULAS • C. SAMA VEDA – BOOK OF RELIGIOUS CHANTS • D. YAJUR VEDA – BOOK OF SACRIFICIAL PRAYERS
- 11. 2. BRAHMANAS – PROSE TEXTS CONTAINING OBSERVATIONS ON • RELIGIOUS RIGHTS AND SACRIFICES. • 3. ARANKAYAS – RELIGIOUS AND PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS COMPOSED FOR THE HERMITS OF THE FOREST. • 4. UPANISHAD – ARE MORAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR FULLY UNDERSTANDING THE ESSENCE OF UNIVERSAL TRUTH.
- 12. MAHABHARATA AND RAMAYANA • - TWO GREATEST EPIC OF ANCIENT INDIA • - THESE SANSKRIT EPIC POEMS SPEAK OF ANCIENT INDIA’S LEGENDARY TALES. 1. MAHABHARATA – LONGEST EPIC POEM IN WORLD LITERATURE. - TELLS THE STORY OF THE HEROIC STRUGGLES OF THE FIVE PANDAVA BROTHERS TO RECOVER THEIR FATHER’S THRONE AGAINST THEIR WICKED COUSINS.
- 13. BHAGAVAD GITA – (LORD’S SONG) WORLD’S LOFTIEST PHILOSOPHICAL POEM • 2.RAMAYANA – THE STORY OF THE STRUGGLES OF A PRINCE NAMED RAMA BELIEVED TO BE AN INCARNATION OF THE HINDU GOD VISHNU • HINDUISM FLOURISHED AND SET THE WAY OF LIFE IN THE INDIAN CONTINENT. IT IS RELATED TO CASTE SYSTEM
- 14. CASTE SYSTEM • - THE SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS WHICH FORMED PART OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY’S CUSTOMARY LAWS. • - THE BRAINCHILD OF HINDUISM • UNTOUCHABLES – THOSE WHO DID NOT BELONG TO ANY CASTE (OUTCASTS) • - THEY LIVE MISERABLY IN THEIR OWN SECTION OF VILLAGE OR CITY
- 15. HINDUISM • - OLDEST RELIGION IN ASIA • - BRAHMA – THE CHIEF GOD “WORLD SOUL” • “MAN CAN ATTAIN TRUE HAPPINESS IF HIS SOUL MERGES WITH THAT OF BRAHMA” • REINCARNATION –IS THE TRANSMIGRATION OF SOUL • NIRVANA – THE STATE OF HAPPINESS ( NO ONE CAN ATTAIN HAPPINESS UNLESS A MAN UNITES HIS SOUL WITH BRAHMA
- 16. According to reincarnation • “ THE SOUL OF A GOOD MAN IS REBORN IN A PERSON OF HIGHER STATUS, WHILE AN EVIL PERSON IS REBORN IN A LOWER CREATURE, LIKE A DOG, PIG, OR A TIGER. AFTER THE CYCLE OF BIRTH AND DEATHS, THE SOUL OF A GOOD MAN IS FINALLY REWARDED BY MERGING WITH THAT OF BRAHMA.”
- 17. FAMOUS TRINITY OF HINDU GODS BRAHMA – THE CREATOR VISHNU – THE PRESERVER SIVA – THE DESTROYER THE HINDU BELIEVED THAT THESE GODS SYMBOLIZED THE THREE STAGES OF LIFE WHICH ARE CREATION, PRESERVATION AND DEATH.