There is no doubt that contemporary business executives have judged business ethics to be indispensable to smooth business growth. This is not just about the long term gains that good business is bound to bring, but also for the sense of ‘goodness’ that ethical business restores. Since development organizations and projects alike provide important environments for the implementation of business ethics, this work therefore thrives to unearth some of the potential ethical dilemmas that may arise in the various phases of development projects, as well as a recommendation of ethical principles that may be useful in tackling those dilemmas. The method of research employed here is normative in approach; and it operated through reflective equilibrium, analysis and evaluation.
This PPT deck displays fourty six slides with in depth research. Our Applied Ethics Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation deck is a helpful tool to plan, prepare, document and analyse the topic with a clear approach. We provide a ready to use deck with all sorts of relevant topics subtopics templates, charts and graphs, overviews, analysis templates. Outline all the important aspects without any hassle. It showcases of all kind of editable templates infographics for an inclusive and comprehensive Applied Ethics Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation. Professionals, managers, individual and team involved in any company organization from any field can use them as per requirement.
In an organization, the managers and the executives are encountered with hundreds of situations where they need to make prudence decisions which are morally and ethically justifiable. In a company there are set rules, need for hierarchical sanctions, department pressures, the need for cost cutting and enchanting profit, maintaining the reputation of the company and considering the interests of all pressure groups and stakeholders. Though there is no fixed outline for making ethical decisions, there are some factors that would influence one’s decision can be understood. However, based on the different case studies, research findings, we can conceptualize a framework for understanding ethical decision making in business.
This PPT deck displays fourty six slides with in depth research. Our Applied Ethics Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation deck is a helpful tool to plan, prepare, document and analyse the topic with a clear approach. We provide a ready to use deck with all sorts of relevant topics subtopics templates, charts and graphs, overviews, analysis templates. Outline all the important aspects without any hassle. It showcases of all kind of editable templates infographics for an inclusive and comprehensive Applied Ethics Powerpoint Presentation Slides presentation. Professionals, managers, individual and team involved in any company organization from any field can use them as per requirement.
In an organization, the managers and the executives are encountered with hundreds of situations where they need to make prudence decisions which are morally and ethically justifiable. In a company there are set rules, need for hierarchical sanctions, department pressures, the need for cost cutting and enchanting profit, maintaining the reputation of the company and considering the interests of all pressure groups and stakeholders. Though there is no fixed outline for making ethical decisions, there are some factors that would influence one’s decision can be understood. However, based on the different case studies, research findings, we can conceptualize a framework for understanding ethical decision making in business.
Presentation given on "Ethical Standards in Business Organizations" to Sir. Abuzar Wajidy by Syed Ahmed Owais in course "Strategic Management" at Hamdard University City Campus, (HIMS).
References:
Management, 8 th edition, John R.Schermer Horn.
Strategic Management Concepts & Cases, 12 th edition, Fred R David.
Chapter one - Needed: People-Centered Managers and WorkplacesAlex Munasir
Needed: People-Centered Managers and Workplaces
Source: Kinicki, A., dan Fugate, M. (2013). Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston. (KF).
Agenda
General discussion on quality
Technologies of business quality programs
Technology is never about the technology, but rather it’s about the relationships involved
Tying quality efforts to strategic planning
Business Structures to encourage quality
What type of leadership is causing quality programs to fall short of their potential?
A presentation for the DEFA 2015 conference regarding ethics and accountability in design. In particular we (Jason Hobbs and Terence Fenn) look at ethical challenges in human centered design.
Presentation given on "Ethical Standards in Business Organizations" to Sir. Abuzar Wajidy by Syed Ahmed Owais in course "Strategic Management" at Hamdard University City Campus, (HIMS).
References:
Management, 8 th edition, John R.Schermer Horn.
Strategic Management Concepts & Cases, 12 th edition, Fred R David.
Chapter one - Needed: People-Centered Managers and WorkplacesAlex Munasir
Needed: People-Centered Managers and Workplaces
Source: Kinicki, A., dan Fugate, M. (2013). Organizational Behavior, 5th Edition. McGraw-Hill, Boston. (KF).
Agenda
General discussion on quality
Technologies of business quality programs
Technology is never about the technology, but rather it’s about the relationships involved
Tying quality efforts to strategic planning
Business Structures to encourage quality
What type of leadership is causing quality programs to fall short of their potential?
A presentation for the DEFA 2015 conference regarding ethics and accountability in design. In particular we (Jason Hobbs and Terence Fenn) look at ethical challenges in human centered design.
Module 2 Methods of Ethical AnalysisApplication of Ethical Theo.docxraju957290
Module 2: Methods of Ethical Analysis
Application of Ethical Theories
In module 1, we acquired a foundation in classical ethical theories. In this module, we will learn how to apply this knowledge to ethical challenges in today's business world and, more specifically, to the area of information technology.
As we learned in module 1, the main traditional ethical theories tend to be either rule-based (deontological) or consequentialist (teleological). Both types of theories provide a framework for deciding whether actions are right, depending upon the consequences that result from the action (consequentialist) or whether the action follows the relevant rules for ethical behavior (deontological). Traditional ethical theories were intended to apply universally to ethical dilemmas and obviously didn't factor in issues such as marketplace competition, stockholders, and today's ever-changing world of information technology. Today's IT manager needs to be able to address ethical issues and to find resolutions in concrete business terms rather than engage in a philosophical ethical debate. However, we can use those theories to guide our ethical decision-making process.
In addition to the ethical theories already presented, business ethics attempts to take traditional ethics and apply them practically to a business context. The normative theories of business ethics (NTBE), introduced to the information systems community in large part by Smith and Hasnas, provide three basic approaches to ethical problems: stockholder, stakeholder, and social contract theories (Smith, 2002). In this section, we will introduce those theories as well as make connections to classical theory.
Normative Theories of Business Ethics
As its name indicates, the stockholder theory of NTBE focuses on making ethical decisions that benefit stockholders. According to this theory, because stockholders have invested in the company for their own profit, actions taken by the company should be focused on benefiting the bottom line. A manager or employee has a responsibility to use corporate resources in ways that do not take away from the stockholders' benefits. Stockholder theory instructs managers to act within legal constraints. It does not instruct or encourage managers to ignore ethical constraints.
Stakeholder theory expands a manager's responsibility beyond the stockholders to include anyone with an interest in the firm. This could include employees, customers, stockholders, and potentially even competitors. Given that there is a potential conflict among the interests of the various stakeholders, the manager's challenge is to balance those interests and to provide the best possible solution that does not substantially infringe on any individual stakeholder group.
According to social contract theory, businesses have ethical obligations to benefit society by fulfilling customer and employee interests within the generally accepted rules or codes. If there were a hypothetical contract ...
Responses1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that diff.docxronak56
Responses
1-LA1 The human race is structured in a way that different individual have different opinions. Similarly, people might have some similar moral ethics while others differ. The Virtue ethical theory is universal in that attributes are universally recognized as good or bad (The Universal Moral Code). Kant’s and the Utilitarian theories are relative. First, Kant’s theory dwells on the fulfillment of a responsibility. Some responsibilities are accepted in some communities while others do not. Similarly, utilitarianism looks at the consequences of the actions, which differ according to the community.
Ethical relativism and universalism differ in more than one way. However, with the correct attitude towards a particular action, one will be able to distinguish whether it is beneficial or not. Activities that evoke difference in opinions should be minimized at all times. In addition, making sure that the actions are clear so that an individual is able to distinguish between right and wrong is also important. Furthermore, appreciating the different cultures help individuals to adapt to any change brought forward.
Reference
The Universal Moral Code. Retrieved from http://www.universalmoralcode.com/
1-LA2 This is a technological era that we expect more technological discoveries to continue coming in. One of such discoveries is the self-driving car, which makes the effort being put in by human beings almost negligible. Concerns about the vehicle come in when a decision has to be made in the case of an unexpected accident (Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill, 2015). Some people will choose to go over the ten people on crossing the road, while others will choose to have the individual by the sidewalk be a sacrifice.
It is very rare for an individual who bought the car to make himself or herself a sacrifice. This means that in the case of an accident, they are bound to run over other people. The self-driving car evokes different views by different people. However, one thing is clear, one has to either kill others or risk dying. In my opinion, I would rather stay die than see ten other people die.
Reference
Why Self-Driving Cars Must Be Programmed to Kill. (2015, October 22). Retrieved from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/542626/why-self-driving-cars-must-be-programmed-to-kill/
2-LA1 From a teleological Virtue Ethic approach, supporters of this theory would conclude that morality is universal. According to Keith (2003), the universal moral code is separated into two sets of statements that involve “do no harm” and “do good.” This concept is based on people acting virtuously. An opposing view may argue the concept of relativism stating a moral code is relative to an individual’s or groups geographical location (Basilthegiant, n.d.). Using an example from Keith’s universal code such as do not murder is something that disproves the opposing view. Some may argue that there are times when murder can be justified such as war or se ...
Importance of a sustainable values framework for organizations and project ma...Fundação Getúlio Vargas
IMPORTANCE OF A VALUES FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AND SOCIALLY
RESPONSIBLE NEW WAYS OF WORKING (by Armando Kokitsu); ISO 26000; Another new trend that has been observed that reinforces what is been said here is the adoption of sustainability in project management.
PrintCurrent Debate in Learning Theory Scoring Guide.docxsleeperharwell
PrintCurrent Debate in Learning Theory Scoring Guide
Current Debate in Learning Theory Scoring Guide Grading Rubric
Criteria
Non-performance
Basic
Proficient
Distinguished
Explain how the evolution of learning theories and neuroscience over time has shaped a selected learning controversy.
Does not explain how the evolution of learning theories and neuroscience over time has shaped a selected learning controversy.
Explains how the evolution of learning theories and neuroscience over time, but not how it has shaped a selected learning controversy.
Explains how the evolution of learning theories and neuroscience over time has shaped a selected learning controversy.
Explains how the evolution of learning theories and neuroscience over time has shaped a selected learning controversy. Draws from multiple perspectives and evidence-based research to support explanation.
Evaluate multiple perspectives on the selected learning controversy.
Does not identify multiple perspectives on the selected learning controversy.
Identifies but does not analyze multiple perspectives on the selected learning controversy.
Analyzes multiple perspectives on the selected learning controversy.
Evaluates multiple perspectives on the selected learning controversy.
Assess the implications of this learning controversy on your area of specialization.
Does not assess the implications of this learning controversy on an area of specialization.
Assesses the implications of this learning controversy but does not associate with area of specialization.
Assesses the implications of this learning controversy on one's own area of specialization.
Assesses the implications of this learning controversy on one's own area of specialization. Discusses best practices for staying informed with current research in field.
Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; format paper, citations, and references using APA style.
Does not write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; does not format paper, citations, and references correctly using APA style.
Uses sentence structure that is mostly clear, with a few minor spelling or grammatical errors but fails to attribute quotes and citations in a few places, or allows some inconsistencies in APA style.
Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; formats paper, citations, and references using APA style.
Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; uses relevant evidence to support a central idea; f.
Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command LynellBull52
Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
Duty Ethics is the ethical theory that was began with the teaching of Immanuel Kant, who was a German philosopher that lived from 1724 to 1804. He believed that a sense of duty should be the main concept of a person’s beliefs. Basically, Kant believed that a person should be guided by principles that they would like everyone else to live by.1 In the theory of duty ethics, a person is to act in a certain way, because it is the correct way to act. Duty ethics define the good as treating others in a respectful humane manner, since that is how you would want to be treated. A weakness of the Duty Ethics theory is that not every person has the same understanding or belief of what is right or wrong.
Divine Command is that ethical theory that believes what is good is good because it was commanded by God.2 As it explains in a conversation someone had with Jesus, in Matthew 19:17. “Why do you ask me about what is good? He said to him. “There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep the commandments.”3 This theory teaches that people cannot live a moral life, unless they follow the moral teachings of God.4 A weakness that I think the Divine Command theory has is that if a person is not a believer, why would they follow the instructions of the deity giving the commands? When God created humankind, He gave us the freedom of choice. With this choice He also instilled in us the basic understanding of what is morally right or wrong.
Both theories teach us to do what is right, to treat other people, how we would want to be treated, with kindness and respect. Duty Ethics Theory teaches us to do the right thing no matter what the outcome is. Divine Command Theory teaches to what is right because it is what God commanded. Another difference is where Duty Ethics can change with the morals of society, Divine Command does not change because God’s commands do not change.
The Divine Command Theory is a stronger ethical theory than Duty Ethics Theory. It is the stronger theory, because it teaches people to follow the commandments of God and the teachings of the Bible. When a person follows the teaches of God and the bible, they will have a stronger understanding of what is morally right and wrong. With this understand they will make better ethical choices and decisions. Through these teachings we know that it is not right to cheat, steal, or commit murder, et cetera. The commandments and the instructions of God and the Bible are not open to change and cannot be change in order to fit the circumstances. When a person follows these commandments, they can live a life that is both morally ethical and pleasing to God.
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Week 9 Lecture: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and
Environmental Sustainability
Task: View this topic
MGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom li ...
BUSINESS
IN
ETHICAL FOCUS
nd
edition2
A n A n t hol o g y
Fritz Allhoff, Alexander Sager,
and Anand J. Vaidya
EDITED BY
broadview press
BV136 Business in Ethical Focus R6.indd 3 11/15/16 12:26 PM
Review Copy
1
Unit 1
PRELIMINARIES
Introduction: Why Study Business Ethics?
Anand J. Vaidya and Fritz Allhoff
THE WHAT AND WHY OF
BUSINESS ETHICS
What is business ethics, and why study it?
One good way to get an answer to this question is
by taking note of what business is, what ethics is,
and then tying the two together.
Business as will be understood here is the
sum total of the relationships and activities that
surround the trading of goods or services. In most
cases, businesses seek to profit from their activities,
though it is increasingly common for businesses
such as social enterprises to operate as non-profits.
As a category, business includes everything from
the selling of handmade products between two
neighboring villages in India to large-scale multi-
national corporations such as Nike and Microsoft
engaged in global trade. Both the relationships
between individuals involved in any aspect of
business and the relationships between groups—
corporations, divisions of them, unions, etc.—are
important to understanding business as a whole.
Business ethics is important because it is
involved centrally in most people’s lives. Almost
all people are consumers of commercial goods.
Businesses also employ many people, giving them
not only a wage, but in many cases an identity and
an opportunity to express creativity.
Ethics, in its broadest sense, is an investigation
into how humans should live. Ethics is distinct
from law since laws themselves can be objects of
ethical criticism. Within the confines of a moral
investigation, one can inquire as to whether a
legal statute is consistent with morality.¹ For
example, slavery was once considered to be both
morally permissible and legally permissible. Later
many people disputed its morality even though it
remained legally permissible.
Many ethicists divide their discipline into
three branches: meta-ethics, normative ethics, and
applied ethics. Meta-ethics explores conceptual
and foundational questions in morality. Some of
the questions are the following: Are there moral
facts? Is morality objective? How do we come to
know moral truths? Are moral claims the kinds of
things that can be true or false, or are they sim-
ply expressions of emotion? What is the primary
object of moral evaluation?
Normative ethics is the study of which prin-
ciples determine the moral permissibility and
impermissibility of an action, or, more simply,
what constitutes right and wrong. One approach
to this, deontology, holds that morality is consti-
tuted by rights and duties, and that those features
take priority over the consequences of actions. An
alternative approach, consequentialism, maintains
that it is only the consequences of actions (often
mea.
This seminar introduces the concepts, application, practice and strategies involved in determining the urgent need for business to operate through sustainable practices. In addition, it addresses ethical issues in a way that upholds and enhances the triple bottom line of a company: People, Planet, and Profit.
In addition, the seminar introduces the students to concepts in business ethics and how it influences the topic of sustainability. The seminar teaches practical solutions on how to embed sustainability within the business operations. Students will come away from the course understanding what embedded sustainability is and how to drive proactive solutions that bring social innovation to the forefront of the business as a key strategy for future business success.
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
THE DIVERSE BEAUTY OF MATHILDENHÖHE: AN INSIGHT INTO AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY AND...John1Lorcan
This article aims to look at the World Heritage Site from the perspective of curatorial studies and aesthetic
philosophy. The Darmstadt Artists' Colony made an enormous contribution to art and formed a bridge
between the British Arts & Crafts movement and the German Association of Craftsmen, which eventually
led to the Bauhaus movement. The last Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine was not only a patron who
founded this Artists' Colony, but also a prominent curator together with the Austrian architect and one of
the founders of the Vienna Secession, Joseph Maria Olbrich. Together they combined economic
development with artistic innovation. The establishment of the Darmstadt Artists' Colony was a sensation
in the art world. Itmarked the beginning of the 20th century, turning everyday life into an aesthetic
experience.
BLACK FUTURES: COLLECTING SOCIOCULTURAL DATA THROUGH MACHINE LEARNINGJohn1Lorcan
Although African American community archives have appeared, there is a lack of incorporation of
information-seeking, behaviour, language transmission, categorization, and community archival datasets
in data collection and machine learning (ML) environments. To address this, as the autoethnographer, I
propose to develop a future body of research targeting the African American community in Texas,
obtaining valuable insights about their engagement with ML. Eun Seo Jo's literature review emphasizes the
roles of community archives in ML environments and the strategies necessary for this space to be
considered a valuable resource in research and information. As the autoethnographer, I use this research
to explore effective strategies for machine learning environments to collaborate with African American
community archives and incorporate user input into ML data collection practices. The aim of the study is
to examine an original body of literature to aid me with my plan of action in creating a research study
about machine learning in African American community archives.
Implementation of Authorized Economic Operator Program in Comesa: Evidence Fr...John1Lorcan
The paper investigates the effect of authorized economic operator program on bilateral trade between Kenya and trading partners in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The augmented gravity model was estimated using 2010-2021 data for 17 cross-sectionals. The Panel Correlated Standard Error method results show thatimplementation of the authorized economic operator by both exporter and importer stimulates Kenya’s bilateral trade volume in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. The author recommends full implementation of the authorized economic operator by the remaining 12 Member States to attain the maximum benefits of the program across the region.
Gender Inequiality in Higher Music Educaiton in China: Historical and Contemp...John1Lorcan
Gender inequality is higher music education is a significant issue in China, shaped by both historical and contemporary factors that influence the opportunities available to women in this field. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the challenges encountered by women in higher music education in China, examining the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy, Western missionaries, and the Chinese Government on gender relations and opportunities in music education. Drawing upon existing literature and data, this paper addresses three main research areas pertaining to women’s education in China’s higher education: the historical evolution of women’s education in China, from traditional to modern times, in order to examine the progression of educational opportunities for women; the current landscape of opportunities for women’s education and involvement in music practices within China’s higher music education; and the existing employment framing issues that women face in higher music education in China, in comparison to their male counterparts. While acknowledging the increasing educational opportunities available to women in contemporary China, this paper recognizes that societal expectations and gender stereotypes can still impede women’s access to teaching careers and other music-related professions. These challenges have substantial implications for women’s education, music practices, and employability, underscoring the importance for policymakers and educators to actively promote gender equality within higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ABUSE IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG YOUNG WOMEN IN...John1Lorcan
This study aims to investigate the psychological effects of abuse from intimate relationships on young
women. In order to overcome the complexity, challenges, and proposal for the best remedies face by the
sexually abuse victims in the Tangkhul community, both qualitative and quantitative approaches are
adopted. The study covers various aspects of research methodology, including study design, sampling
techniques, data collection tools, and analysis methods. Additionally, the study proposes a collaborative
effort between the state and other entities to enhance care and counseling services for survivors of intimate
partner abuse. The main intension and takeaway from the study is to comprehend the cultural changes
taking place along with the critically examination of the victims and how the community can take up
appropriate initiatives through care and counseling, which is the need of an hour.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON I...John1Lorcan
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE: EXPLORING INNOVATIONS AND POLICY IM...John1Lorcan
The digital transformation of social welfare systems is an area that is fast developing and has a lot of
potential to improve service delivery and improve outcomes for both people and communities. The goal of
this research paper is to examine the policy changes and innovations brought about by the digital
revolution of social welfare. It investigates the adoption of emerging technologies, such as artificial
intelligence, big data analytics, and blockchain, in various domains of social welfare, including healthcare,
education, employment, and social assistance programs. The paper examines the potential benefits of
digital transformation, including increased efficiency, improved access to services, and personalized
support. It also delves into the challenges and concerns associated with this transformation, such as data
privacy, equity, and the digital divide. By analysing successful case studies and lessons learned from
different countries, the paper highlights key policy considerations for ensuring the effective and equitable
implementation of digital innovations in social welfare. Policy implications discussed include the need for
robust regulatory frameworks to protect data privacy, the importance of ethical guidelines to guide the use
of emerging technologies, and the necessity of capacity building initiatives to equip stakeholders with the
necessary skills and knowledge. The paper emphasizes the importance of creating inclusive, people-centric
social welfare systems that leverage the potential of digital technologies to meet the evolving needs of
individuals and communities.
Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the digital transformation of social welfare,
offering policymakers and stakeholders a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities, challenges,
and policy considerations involved. By embracing digital innovations thoughtfully and responsibly, social
welfare systems can become more efficient, responsive, and equitable, ultimately improving the lives of
those in need.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN: CHARISMATIC LEADER OF BANGLADESHJohn1Lorcan
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is one of the most charismatic leaders of the Third World in the twentieth century.
We know that Charismatic leaders are the gifts and mercy from God. They are torch bearers of knowledge
and revolution. Every nation in one way or the other has been and is endowed with leaders and same is the
case of Bangladesh nation which was fortunate enough to have a leader like Sheikh Mujibur Rahman who
guided them in the times of freedom struggle, and trusted them into the region which dawned tranquility of
mind and unshackled boundaries. It is in fact an old saying that good leaders build good nations which is
equally true with the Bangladesh nation for which sheikh Mujibur Rahman sacrificed every breath and
blood of his life and mapped a new nation in the world. The paper discusses the main achievements of the
leader and particularly the independence of Bangladesh of which Mujib was the pivotal figure. The result
revealed that Sheikh Mujib was stimulated people by his charismatic leadership capability and huge
political knowledge. From his early life he was demonstrated two key leadership qualities which make him
unquestionable leader of the Bangladesh. One key quality was proactive social consciousness and
paramount dedication for politics. Sheikh Mujib has so many leadership skills that recognized him as a
leader of general people. His aspiration and sacrifice for nation made him an icon of the country.
Therefore, it can be concluded that his leadership trait made himself as a father of the nation. The people
of Bangladesh had dreamt of an independent nation and that dream was finally implemented in really on
16Th December 1971 under the leadership of a true Patriot Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Bangladesh and its
people were blessed with God‟s will of sending the Greatest Bengali Soul of all time on the soil of
Tungipara. That greatest soul was nobody else but it is our “Father of the Nation” – Bangabandhu -
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He was the greatest politician, philosopher and tourism lover the world has ever
produced. He was the kindest person the world has ever noticed, he loved everyone more than he loved his
own family and children. This study was carried out by descriptive analysis through the literature review of
existing paper
WOMEN AND AGRICULTURE IN RURAL KENYA: ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONJohn1Lorcan
Women play a very significant role in agricultural production in Kenya. However, they are accorded little
attention. The lack of inadequate information on the level of women participation in agricultural
production has helped to underestimate their importance in agricultural production and hence led to their
neglect in sector development. This paper sought to examine the role of women in Agricultural production
in Kenya to give them an impetus upon which they can voice their concern in agricultural related issues. To
improve women visibility in agricultural production, the author suggests that women contribution to
agricultural production should be understood based on their contribution to food security in household and
community rather than their contribution to commercialised agriculture which is dominated by men. With
this, the author hopes to persuade policymakers to re-examine their perception of rural women involved in
agricultural production for prompt policy action.
THE ENGLISH LEARNING MOTIVATION OF CHINESE STUDENTS: CROSS-GRADE SURVEY ANALYSISJohn1Lorcan
Existing literature indicates that motivation is the most powerful determining factor that influences the rate
and success of second language learning [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Currently, there is a growing body of
empirical research indicating the changes in second language learning motivation in different grades at
the same or different schools [8][9][10][11][12]. The findings of previous studies have mostly shown that
student second language learning motivation increases with increasing school levels. Do¨rnyei (2000)
suggested that concentrating on the time dimension of second language motivation is crucial for
comprehending the second language motivation of students. However, the temporal variations of second
language motivation, particularly motivational changes at different Chinese school levels, have not been
sufficiently emphasized by second language motivation researchers, therefore, this quantitative research
investigated the changes in Chinese students’ English learning motivation from primary to high school. An
English learning motivation questionnaire was used and administered to 3000 students from Grades 1 - 12
in public primary, junior high, and high schools across Mainland China, and employed the reliability
analysis and analysis of variance to analyze quantitative data. The statistical results revealed that high
school students ranked highest in English learning motivation, followed by junior high and primary school
students. Furthermore, the college entrance examination had a positive impact on high school students'
motivation to learn English.
LAND OWNERSHIP RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO FARMLANDS BY FARMERS AND HERDERS IN THE K...John1Lorcan
Land is seen in societies as a vital natural asset, and the worth of this resource to human through time and
space cannot be underestimated. The purpose of this research was to examine land ownership rights and
access to farmlands by farmers and herders in the Kwahu East District (KED) in the Eastern Region of
Ghana. Qualitatively, the study adopted a descriptive case study research design. This research was based
on two objectives: to examine land ownership rights in the Kwahu East District, and determine how
farmers and herders get access to farmlands. The study population involved residents of three communities
in the Kwahu East District, namely, Yaw Tenkorang, Kwaku Sarfo and Bebua. The purposive sampling
technique was used to select 4 traditional leaders, 10 farmers, 10 herdsmen and cattle owners, 3 Assembly
members, the District Chief Executive, the District Commander of Police, and the District Land Officer.
The study concluded that, land ownership rights in KED were based on the allodia and usufruct systems,
which vest land ownership rights in the hands of traditional authorities and family heads. Again, the study
showed that, indigenous farmers lay claim to greater rights over the lands compared to herders who are
considered as aliens, without any land ownerswhip rights. The study revealed measures initiated to find
lasting solution to this conflict. It is recommended that; the Municipal Assembly must concentrate more
effort in establishiing adequate fodder banks for cattle. Again, the practice of ranching must be
encouraged amongst cattle owners and herders to prevent unwanted competition over land use.
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS) John1Lorcan
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DEMOCRACY OR LIBERAL AUTOCRACY; THE CASE OF AFRICAJohn1Lorcan
The state of democracy in Africa continues to be one of the most controversial and difficult questions facing
the continent today. While African regimes are more liberal than their authoritarian predecessors, they
have a profound flaw. The African governments have increasingly adopted important aspects of
constitutional liberalism necessary for democracy to flourish and includes rule of law, private property
rights, separation of powers and free speech and assembly. However, the results of such democratic
initiatives have not bored the intended fruits as the continent continue to witness outright reversals of
democracy. For instance, elections are becoming a means of power preservation and a large number of
countries have very low levels of democratic quality. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine this dire state
of democracy in Africa to inform discussions on why African governments should be regarded as a Liberal
Autocracies and not democratic.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
SLEUTHING WOMEN:GENDER IN THE ART OF JAPANESE DETECTIVE FICTION AND FILMJohn1Lorcan
Although it remains one of the most popular genres worldwide, detective fiction is usually regarded as a
purely commercial form. Because of this, detective novels, short stories, and films are rarely subjected to
the same critical scrutiny and attention as other, more respected modes of writing and representation.
Nevertheless, because of its attention to the character of everyday life, detective fiction is a perfect case
study for determining national attitudes towards gender. Generally speaking, women perform three
different functions in Japanese detective fiction. They are either hapless victims, minor plot devices, or (on
rare occasions) agents of detection themselves. This paper surveys several works of detective fiction,
ranging from the early- to mid-twentieth century, to demonstrate the evolving function that women have
played, both in the genre and in the society that the genre reflects
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS)John1Lorcan
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies is an open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of humanities, art and social science. The journal focuses aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in humanities and social science and become the leading journal in humanities and social science in the world. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on areas of literary and social studies for a cross cultural exploration and subsequent innovation of subjects concerned and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to this journal by submitting articles for the development of humanities and social science fields.
CREATIVE EDUCATION, MUSIC PRACTICES, AND GENDER DIFFERENCES AMONG YOUNG CHINE...John1Lorcan
Over the last two decades, China has placed more emphasis on learning and practice in the process of
fostering creativity in school education. Music inflames the mind and is the key to creativity. Music
practices have drawn the attention of many scholars fascinated with their creative properties in both
musical and non-musical domains. With particular reference to Shijiazhuang (the capital and largest city
in northern China’s Hebei Province), this study aimed to examine the under-researched connection
between gender, education, and creative music practices (broadly described as music as a culture of
imagination and real-time practice in the learning of diverse music styles and in the participation of music
activities in formal and informal learning contexts) as perceived by young Chinese students. The study
employed a self-reported survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of students aged eight to 17
attending Grade 4 through Grade 9 in 10 schools located in the city of Shijiazhuang (N = 2,015) conducted
between 2019 and 2020. Generally speaking, girls were more positive regarding the value of creativity in
school music education, as well as the music practices of diverse music cultures and music activities. This
paper will conclude with a debate on the ways that “gender” is comprehended, carried out, and discerned
in response to the students’ influential sources and their preferred school subjects in learning creativity,
their preferred music styles, and their preferred participation in music activities in both school music
lessons and extracurricular activities in learning creativity in the Chinese context.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
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When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
SOME ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND DILEMMAS TO CONSIDER WHILE MANAGING DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.4, November 2020
1
SOME ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND DILEMMAS TO
CONSIDER WHILE MANAGING DEVELOPMENT
PROJECTS
IBEKWE Sixtus Obioma
Department of Philosophy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
ABSTRACT
There is no doubt that contemporary business executives have judged business ethics to be indispensable to
smooth business growth. This is not just about the long term gains that good business is bound to bring, but
also for the sense of ‘goodness’ that ethical business restores. Since development organizations and
projects alike provide important environments for the implementation of business ethics, this work
therefore thrives to unearth some of the potential ethical dilemmas that may arise in the various phases of
development projects, as well as a recommendation of ethical principles that may be useful in tackling
those dilemmas. The method of research employed here is normative in approach; and it operated through
reflective equilibrium, analysis and evaluation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethics broadly speaking is the study of right and wrong actions. Relating it to the concept of
morality, the Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy submits that ethics is “used more narrowly to
mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or individual” (Deigh, J. 1995). It refers
to the moral choices people make and the way in which they seek to justify these choices.
In recent times, a good number of professionals both in the academia and business alike have
judged the resources of ethics as being useful enough to apply to practical business environments
and issues. In the field of philosophy for instance, this is studied under the topic of business
ethics, and it involves using normative principles to determine which business practices are good
or bad, and so should be encouraged. Development projects represent a good example of
business activity in which the resources of business ethics can be applied. Although one could
contest the status of development organizations as not being business as such since they are often
not for-profit; but this however, will be possible only if one neglects the broader aim of business
which is not just to make profits, but to satisfy consumer needs with goods and services (Ezeibe
A.B.C, 2011).
A more important reason why development organizations should adopt ethical codes while
implementing their projects is premised on the fact that since development organizations aim to
improve lives as well as change the world through projects which is ipso facto good, they
therefore have the moral responsibility to achieve this loving end with a means that is altogether
GOOD! However, to achieve these ends in the most loving way, one needs to be armed with
powerful tools to work out the good means himself. What follows therefore are some ethical
principles and frameworks one could use in tackling some moral dilemmas that may crop up in
different phases of development projects.
2. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.4, November 2020
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2. THEORIES FOR THE MORAL EVALUATION OF DEVELOPENT PROJECTS
There are often two major ways of thinking about business practices/or project management in
the moral sense. First is from the point of view of the results a particular practice, decision or act
can have; while the second approach rests squarely on the goodness of an act itself and the
unconditional intention to do that good. The first approach is called consequentialism, while the
second is deontology (Amrendra K. & Nirbhay K. 2018).
Though resting on Jeremy Bentham’s idea of utility, consequentialist theories of ethics can be
interpreted from different perspectives of utility, such as rule utilitarianism, act utilitarianism,
hedonism, etc. Irrespective of the variants of interpretation, the consequentialist approach to
moral judgments demands that on the average, our moral choices should be guided by the action
which has the tendency of producing the highest happiness for the greatest number of people.
This reasoning is premised on the assumption that happiness is the only fundamental interest of
human beings (Mill J.S. 1863 & 1987).
On the other hand, deontology as chaired by Immanuel Kant, orders that the maxims of a moral
action be in conformity with the moral law, whereby the law itself is nothing but a representation
of the universality of that maxim. Put in simple language, deontology requires that a moral action
be performed for the sake of our duty to do good, while the goodness of our actions lies entirely
on the universality of the principles of those actions. Other things being equal, Kant formulated
the imperatives of morality in the following ways: “I ought never to act except in a way that I can
also will that my maxim should become a universal law”. Standing on the foundation that
humans are autonomous entities capable of giving themselves laws they can live by, and
therefore ends in themselves, Kant reformulates the moral law thus: “Act so that you treat
humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, never as means only but always at
the same time as an end” (Kant I., ed. 1998:38).
With the above theories in mind, the project manager working in development contexts can now
resolve some ethical dilemmas more confidently than he would otherwise do. However, it should
be noted that actual ethical dilemmas in development projects are often more challenging and
unique in such a way that a simple moral command “thou shall not lie”, may be unfruitful in
resolving such problems in a single swoop. Therefore, the project manager is advised to employ
the approach that is more persuading in any situation where the determination of right and wrong
may be unclear.
Here below is an attempt of how the project manager may possibly resolve some ethical
dilemmas that can crop up in the various phases of development projects.
3. PROJECT DPRO PHASES, POSSIBLE ETHICAL DILEMMAS AND
SOLUTIONS
In the project Dpro guide as developed by PM4NGOs, we were told that development projects
often revolve around five phases; namely: identification/definition, project set-up, planning,
implementation and project closure. We learned further that each of these phases involve a lot of
activities—both direct and indirect works; and like every other endeavour aimed at delivering
services or products, development projects are prone to encounter moral issues as much as they
are prone to legal issues. Therefore, we examine below how we can possibly respond to potential
moral problems that may arise at each phase of development projects.
3. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.4, November 2020
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3.1. Identification and Definition Phase
This phase involves mostly the identification and definition of the project’s needs and problems.
It therefore provides contexts in which ethical issues can arise. In donor projects for instance,
project needs are often identified by the donor who now invites the project manager to validate
these needs and implement the project accordingly. However, it is seen that donors are often not
as versed as project managers in the accurate identification and analysis of project needs; so in
cases where the donor has unintentionally exaggerated the project problems and needs, project
managers are often tempted to inflate figures in order to get all the money the donor is willing to
donate. Some project managers often justify this act on the grounds that such misrepresentations
provide the opportunity to leverage resources, especially as some projects often do not get as
much funding as they require for adequate implementation. However, a project manager that is
faced with such dilemma may have to weigh his actions using the principles set out by
consequentialist and deontological theories of ethics. Using the consequentialist approach for
instance, the project manager may ask himself: Will my actions (maybe, in this situation)—to
inflate figures in order to acquire all the money a donor is willing to donate—produce the highest
happiness for the greatest number? On the other hand, if deontology appeals more to the project
manager, he may then ask himself: Can I will it that my maxim—to falsify data in order to
acquire all the money a donor is willing to donate—become a universal law for all? OR: Will I by
my action, as described above, treat humanity as a means and not an end which it is?
The answer one arrived at after these thought experiments should then guide his choices.
However, one can also decide to view his choices within the double lens of consequentialism and
deontology altogether. In this case, that which can maximize happiness for the greatest number
could as well not flow from duty. So, unless the two elements of duty and happiness are in
balance, one should resist to act! This more encompassing approach to moral evaluation of
project activities is recommended by the author.
3.2. Set-up Phase
This phase which prepares the project team for the actual planning of the project, involves
activities that can raise moral concerns. During risk identification for instance, the project
manager might be tempted to overlook risks posed by inadequate team capacity due to
favouritism and the likes. In the same vein, the project manager may, while considering cost,
accept or mitigate a risk that should altogether be avoided, thereby putting the project team on
harm’s way. This is often noticeable in humanitarian projects operating in conflict settings, where
the cost of using CBOs to implement projects may be higher/or ineffective than using main staff
of the organization.
Another potential ethical dilemma worthy of mention in the set-up phase is that presented by the
problem of transparency while setting up stakeholder engagement strategies. Sometimes, project
managers do feel the need not to disclose all information about the intricacies of the project,
especially to project beneficiaries due to reasons spanning from culture, nature of project, etc. For
these reasons, project managers often intentionally withhold vital project information, offer
misleading statements to stakeholders, or even employ communication channels that allow the
stakeholders only minimal knowledge of project parameters. It is advised therefore, that the
project manager reconciles his decisions in this regard with ethical principles as set out by the
ethical models we pointed out above, and also with the situation in question.
4. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.4, November 2020
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3.3. Project Planning Phase
As the main phase where the modalities of project implementation are determined, the planning
phase presents important environment where moral dilemmas can easily crop up in development
projects. During resource estimation for instance, the project manager may due to cost, budget
lesser number of machineries and manpower for a project that is operating under an extremely
tight schedule/or that requires more hands than available, thereby overburdening the project team
with numerous works. Also, during MEAL planning, the project manager may be tempted to
recommend an evaluator he has personal connections with so as to influence the evaluation
process and then safeguard his image against future contracts and donations. In addition to these,
ethical dilemma could equally get in the way while planning for procurement of materials and
manpower, as the decisions of the project manager in these regards may be influenced by
favouritism rather than competency, etc. Also, some project managers often throw sustainability
plan overboard with the aim to move on with their lives upon project completion; by the way,
they (project managers) will be appraised mostly with the immediate outcome of the project and
not its long-term utility. However, decisions in these regards often beg for ethical re-evaluation,
the guidelines of which we have already set out in this work.
3.4. Project Implementation Phase
A number of ethical issues can arise at the implementation phase of a project. For instance, while
managing budgets, the project manager may realize that their project is under budget, and hence
provides a wonderful opportunity to divert the budget leftovers for his personal gains. Also, the
level of transparency and honesty the project manager applies to the accountability components
of his project can equally raise some moral eyebrows. In addition, it is noticeable that project
managers using the real-time evaluation technique may be tempted to influence the evaluation
results in order to gain favour in the eyes of their organizations/or donors. The same thing can be
said of procurement activities where the project manager may be tempted to favour vendors and
suppliers based on personal gains or factors other than competency and quality of service, etc.
However, one is advised to think about his decisions in these regards through the lens of moral
principles presented by the consequentialist and deontological theories of ethics.
3.5. Project Closure
Ethical issues can arise in the last phase of development projects as much as they can arise in the
first phase. The first point that comes to mind when we think of ethical dilemmas in the closure
phase is the unwillingness to plan for sustainability. This is very important as we have been
emphasizing since the beginning of this topic, because some project managers often do not see
the need for adequate sustainability plan since their works will be appraised mostly with
immediate outcomes upon completion of project activities. Other areas that demand moral
attention at closure phase include the level of transparency with which the project manager
reports project activities during closure and also while sharing lessons. For instance, a project
manager may be reluctant to tell the whole truth about lost project assets or even intentionally
withhold some information about silly mistakes he made during project implementation, so as to
safeguard his image against future opportunities and funding, etc. But this, no doubt, may hinder
the knowledge growth of the entire development sector, and may also cause serious harms to the
sacred duty of veracity. However, there can be exceptions to every kind of transparency in
development projects. Given that some honesty can be harmful (whether to beneficiaries or
project life itself), the project manager is therefore advised to always weigh his choices with the
parameters set out by both consequentialist and deontological theories, while at the same time
making efforts to strike a balance between these theories and the situation in question.
5. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 5, No.4, November 2020
5
4. CONCLUSION
In all, one may like to keep the ethical values set out by the Project Management Institute’s
Codes of Ethics in mind while managing development projects. Those ethical values include:
Responsibility, Respect, Fairness and Honesty. It is by observing these values and more that we
can be confident that we are implementing our projects with the best ethical standards possible.
Just as many literatures in business studies confirm (Margolis & Wash, 2003), ethical projects no
doubt pay off on the long run; not just because of the fulfillment that doing good brings, but also
for the trust that good business gains in the eyes of donors, organizations, beneficiaries and the
society at large!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Amrendra, K. and Nirbhay, K. (2018). “Ethical Theory and Business: A Study Based on Utilitarianism
and Kantianism”. In International Journal of Humanities and Social Development Research, vol. 2.
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2. Ezedum, C.E., Agbo, F.U. and Odigbo G.O. Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Nsukka: CEDR, 2011.
3. Ezedum, E. Chuks and Odigbo G. Okey Business Creation and Growth. Nsukka: CEDR, 2011.
4. John Deigh in Robert Audi (ed), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995.
5. Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by Mary Gregor. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
6. Margolis, J.D. & J.P. Walsh, 2003. “Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by
Business:, Administrative Science Quarterly, 48 (2).
7. Mill, J.S. (1863). Utilitarianism (1 ed). London: Parker, Son & Bourn, West Strand.
8. Mill, J.S. (1987). Utilitarianism. (first published. 1861). In J.S Mill and J. Bentham, Utilitarianism and
Other Essays (Ed. By A. Ryan, Harmondsworth). Middlesex: Pengium Books.
9. PM4NGOs, (2020). Project DPro: Project Management for Development Professionals Guide (PMD
Pro-2nd Edition).
10. Project Management Institute. “Code of Ethics & Professional Conduct”. Retrieved from:
http//pmi.org/about/ethics/code