Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
Duty Ethics is the ethical theory that was began with the teaching of Immanuel Kant, who was a German philosopher that lived from 1724 to 1804. He believed that a sense of duty should be the main concept of a person’s beliefs. Basically, Kant believed that a person should be guided by principles that they would like everyone else to live by.1 In the theory of duty ethics, a person is to act in a certain way, because it is the correct way to act. Duty ethics define the good as treating others in a respectful humane manner, since that is how you would want to be treated. A weakness of the Duty Ethics theory is that not every person has the same understanding or belief of what is right or wrong.
Divine Command is that ethical theory that believes what is good is good because it was commanded by God.2 As it explains in a conversation someone had with Jesus, in Matthew 19:17. “Why do you ask me about what is good? He said to him. “There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep the commandments.”3 This theory teaches that people cannot live a moral life, unless they follow the moral teachings of God.4 A weakness that I think the Divine Command theory has is that if a person is not a believer, why would they follow the instructions of the deity giving the commands? When God created humankind, He gave us the freedom of choice. With this choice He also instilled in us the basic understanding of what is morally right or wrong.
Both theories teach us to do what is right, to treat other people, how we would want to be treated, with kindness and respect. Duty Ethics Theory teaches us to do the right thing no matter what the outcome is. Divine Command Theory teaches to what is right because it is what God commanded. Another difference is where Duty Ethics can change with the morals of society, Divine Command does not change because God’s commands do not change.
The Divine Command Theory is a stronger ethical theory than Duty Ethics Theory. It is the stronger theory, because it teaches people to follow the commandments of God and the teachings of the Bible. When a person follows the teaches of God and the bible, they will have a stronger understanding of what is morally right and wrong. With this understand they will make better ethical choices and decisions. Through these teachings we know that it is not right to cheat, steal, or commit murder, et cetera. The commandments and the instructions of God and the Bible are not open to change and cannot be change in order to fit the circumstances. When a person follows these commandments, they can live a life that is both morally ethical and pleasing to God.
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Week 9 Lecture: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and
Environmental Sustainability
Task: View this topic
MGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom li ...
Weekly LecturesWeek 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, a.docxhelzerpatrina
Weekly Lectures/Week 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability.htmlMGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom line--social, environmental, and financial performance factors.
Learning Objectives:Understand what corporate ethics is.Discuss the theories of corporate responsibility and environmental sustainability.Examine the changing role of strategic human resources management in international businessAnalyze the triple bottom line to improve the performance and success of a business.Introduction
After numerous corporate scandals in the 1990s and 2000s, firms began paying more attention to corporate ethics, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. This commitment people, the planet, and economic value is exemplified by three theories: corporate social responsibility, the triple bottom line, and stakeholder theory (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Although economic performance is certainly important to a firm’s stakeholders, “increasingly though, it seems clear that noneconomic accomplishments, such as reducing waste and pollution, for example, are key indicators of performance as well. … Increasingly, evidence is mounting that attention to a triple bottom line is more than being “responsible” but instead just good business” (Economic, social, and environmental performance,” 2012). Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is “a general name for any theory of the corporation that emphasizes both the responsibility to make money and the responsibility to interact ethically with the surrounding community. … Corporate social responsibility is also a specific conception of that responsibility to profit while playing a role in broader questions of community welfare” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). The triple bottom line “is a form of corporate social responsibility dictating that corporate leaders tabulate bottom-line results not only in economic terms (costs versus revenue) but also in terms of company effects in the social realm, and with respect to the environment” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Stakeholder theory
is the mirror image of corporate social responsibility. Instead of starting with a business and looking out into the world to see what ethical obligations are there, stakeholder theory starts in the world. It lists and describes those individuals and groups who will be affected by (or affect) the company’s actions and asks, “What are their legitimate claims on the business?” “What rights do they have with respect to the company’s actions?” and “What kind of responsibilities and obligations can they justifiably impose on a particular business?” In a single sentence, stakeholder theory affirms that those whose lives are touched by a corporation hold a right and obligation to participate in di ...
The future of 21st century global educationjoyce pittman
The presenter discusses the relationships between systems thinking, leadership and sustainability in complex learning organizations: Implications for new educational leadership research and development.
Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are recognized as important concerns in making decision in all aspects of our life. And it’s contributing to accelerate the process of overall development of a nation. India being the second most populous country in the world, and have the largest number of people in need of basic amenities call for more intensive efforts as part of such initiatives in the health care space of the nation. We all know that people engage in business to earn profit. However, making profit is not the sole function of the business. It performs number of social function as it is a part of society. It takes care of those who are instrumental in securing its existence and survival. Business ethics are nothing but the application of ethics in business. It proves that business can be and have been ethical and still make profits. Today more and more interest is being given to the application of ethical practices in business dealings and the ethical implications of business. The paper delves into a comprehensive understanding of how Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility involves as concept and the reason that encourage company in India to be socially responsible.
Weekly LecturesWeek 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, a.docxhelzerpatrina
Weekly Lectures/Week 9 Lecture Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability.htmlMGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom line--social, environmental, and financial performance factors.
Learning Objectives:Understand what corporate ethics is.Discuss the theories of corporate responsibility and environmental sustainability.Examine the changing role of strategic human resources management in international businessAnalyze the triple bottom line to improve the performance and success of a business.Introduction
After numerous corporate scandals in the 1990s and 2000s, firms began paying more attention to corporate ethics, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. This commitment people, the planet, and economic value is exemplified by three theories: corporate social responsibility, the triple bottom line, and stakeholder theory (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Although economic performance is certainly important to a firm’s stakeholders, “increasingly though, it seems clear that noneconomic accomplishments, such as reducing waste and pollution, for example, are key indicators of performance as well. … Increasingly, evidence is mounting that attention to a triple bottom line is more than being “responsible” but instead just good business” (Economic, social, and environmental performance,” 2012). Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is “a general name for any theory of the corporation that emphasizes both the responsibility to make money and the responsibility to interact ethically with the surrounding community. … Corporate social responsibility is also a specific conception of that responsibility to profit while playing a role in broader questions of community welfare” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). The triple bottom line “is a form of corporate social responsibility dictating that corporate leaders tabulate bottom-line results not only in economic terms (costs versus revenue) but also in terms of company effects in the social realm, and with respect to the environment” (“Three theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Stakeholder theory
is the mirror image of corporate social responsibility. Instead of starting with a business and looking out into the world to see what ethical obligations are there, stakeholder theory starts in the world. It lists and describes those individuals and groups who will be affected by (or affect) the company’s actions and asks, “What are their legitimate claims on the business?” “What rights do they have with respect to the company’s actions?” and “What kind of responsibilities and obligations can they justifiably impose on a particular business?” In a single sentence, stakeholder theory affirms that those whose lives are touched by a corporation hold a right and obligation to participate in di ...
The future of 21st century global educationjoyce pittman
The presenter discusses the relationships between systems thinking, leadership and sustainability in complex learning organizations: Implications for new educational leadership research and development.
Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility are recognized as important concerns in making decision in all aspects of our life. And it’s contributing to accelerate the process of overall development of a nation. India being the second most populous country in the world, and have the largest number of people in need of basic amenities call for more intensive efforts as part of such initiatives in the health care space of the nation. We all know that people engage in business to earn profit. However, making profit is not the sole function of the business. It performs number of social function as it is a part of society. It takes care of those who are instrumental in securing its existence and survival. Business ethics are nothing but the application of ethics in business. It proves that business can be and have been ethical and still make profits. Today more and more interest is being given to the application of ethical practices in business dealings and the ethical implications of business. The paper delves into a comprehensive understanding of how Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility involves as concept and the reason that encourage company in India to be socially responsible.
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
A presentation for the DEFA 2015 conference regarding ethics and accountability in design. In particular we (Jason Hobbs and Terence Fenn) look at ethical challenges in human centered design.
Importance of a sustainable values framework for organizations and project ma...Fundação Getúlio Vargas
IMPORTANCE OF A VALUES FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AND SOCIALLY
RESPONSIBLE NEW WAYS OF WORKING (by Armando Kokitsu); ISO 26000; Another new trend that has been observed that reinforces what is been said here is the adoption of sustainability in project management.
1 P a g e A System Approach to Implementing Business.docxhoney725342
1 | P a g e
A System Approach to Implementing Business Ethics in
the Corporate Workplace
Clifton Clarke Department
of Finance and Business Management, Brooklyn College, City University of New York
[email protected]
Abstract
The current vitriolic discourse over the financial scandals implicating Wall Street and its satellite institutions
dictates a fresh look at strategies intended to eradicate or prevent unethical practices in business activities.
The spate of recently published unethical behavior among business executives in the United States confirms,
unequivocally, that past and current strategies have failed. This paper reviews and evaluates the impact of
some of these strategies. It found that the strategies focus on legislation, written corporate codes of ethics and
assorted activities in business schools. It found that these strategies are largely isolated and missed the fact
that unethical business conduct is systemic, reflecting the ethical lapses of two systems: a public system
(consisting of governmental bodies, business schools, and the general citizenry) and a corporate system
(consisting of boards of directors, executives, managers and employees). It found that there is a significant
gap between the rhetoric of corporate executives and their attention to unethical conduct in the workplace. It
concludes that isolated legislative actions, apathetic business schools’ policies, complacent and complicit
corporate boards, contribute to the failure. It also concludes that, the implementation of business ethics in the
workplace requires a transformation of attitude within and between these systems and posits that a system
approach is the only strategy that can successfully transform these systems and that business schools are
uniquely capable of leading this transformation.
Keywords
Ethics, corporate workplace, transformation, culture, business schools, legislations
Introduction
Hearings held by a subcommittee of the Banking and Finance Committee of the United States Senate on
certain practices of financial institutions, particularly those practices that might have contributed to the
economic collapse in 2008, revealed the disconnect between the public’s and corporations’ perceptions of
ethical conduct (Hauser 2010). Several of the questions posed to the Chief Executive Officer, and the
Executive Director of Structure Products Group Trading of Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., focused on the
company’s ethics. For example, the senators wanted to know whether it was ethical for the company to sell
investments that its own trading team knew were “worthless”. In their defense, this and other questionable
practices were an integral part of their company’s business model. Similarly, Morganton (2011), of the New
York Times reported t ...
In an organization, the managers and the executives are encountered with hundreds of situations where they need to make prudence decisions which are morally and ethically justifiable. In a company there are set rules, need for hierarchical sanctions, department pressures, the need for cost cutting and enchanting profit, maintaining the reputation of the company and considering the interests of all pressure groups and stakeholders. Though there is no fixed outline for making ethical decisions, there are some factors that would influence one’s decision can be understood. However, based on the different case studies, research findings, we can conceptualize a framework for understanding ethical decision making in business.
2An Evaluation of UPSAn Evaluation of UPSs Approa.docxjesusamckone
2
An Evaluation of UPS
An Evaluation of UPS's Approach toward Sustainability
An Evaluation of UPS's Approach toward Sustainability
The ethical dilemma witnessed in UPS provides an essential point of focus in determining the application of strategies in tackling different stakeholder's interests to achieve the objectives of the company. The dealing with the needs of the company must put the interests of stakeholders at stake to ensure that each group is satisfied with the operations of the organization. In the analysis of UPS, it is possible to explain the emerging issues by focusing on various forms of ethics to handle. Examples of ethical factors relevant in this discussion include the utilitarian, virtue, Kantian, and rights approaches (Herschel & Miori, 2017; Kalokairinou, 2018). Solving the ethical dilemma at UPS is possible by an emphasis on identification of the problem, balance sheet approach, engaging people, and the application of ethical reasoning to accomplish the misunderstanding.
Internal and external stakeholders have divergent views regarding the support of sustainable activities to society and the environment. Internal stakeholders include shareholders, the management, the chief financial officer, and other employees while the external stakeholders include the government, environmental agencies, suppliers, and competitors, among others. The major challenge regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) lies in the use of resources that may not have the required returns from the perspective of the shareholders (Kolk, 2016). The internal environment of the business is likely going to focus on the financial aspects of the firm and the benefits of the shareholders to an extent of suspending sustainability activities as evident in the case study where other workers do not understand the CFO's commitment to CSR. The existence of different ideas regarding the problem in the company makes it necessary to apply approaches that help solve ethical dilemmas.
The four aspects applicable in UPS include debating the moral choice, using the balance sheet approach, engaging individuals at different levels in the organization, and integrating the final resolution into the strategic activities of the management (Herschel & Miori, 2017). It is essential to note that the application of these steps must use provisions of various ethical theories and approaches such as utilitarian, virtue, or Kantianism, depending on the factor that is affecting the organization. According to Kalokairinou (2018), CSR mostly applies the ideals of virtue and utilitarianism because the business enterprise such as UPS must engage in activities that are beneficial to a large number of people to make such an engagement a right. The public, therefore, is an example of the beneficiaries of environmental initiatives that ensure conservation and sustainability.
In the case study, the CFO should debate the moral choices of providing benefits t.
Corporate Social Responsibilities and Managerial EthicsMasum Hussain
Ethical theories and principles bring significant characteristics to the decision-making process. Although all of the ethical theories attempt to follow the ethical principles in order to be applicable and valid by themselves, each theory falls short with complex flaws and failings. However, these ethical theories can be used in combination in order to obtain the most ethically correct answer possible for each scenario. For example, a utilitarian may use the casuistic theory and compare similar situations to his real life situation in order to determine the choice that will benefit the most people. The deontologist and the rule the rights ethical theory when deciding whether or not to speed to make it to the meeting on time. Instead of speeding, they would slow down because the law in the rights theory is given the highest priority, even if it means that the most people may not benefit from the decision to drive the speed limit. By using ethical theories in combination, one is able to use a variety of ways to analyze a situation in order to reach the most ethically correct decision possible. We are fortunate to have a variety of ethical theories that provide a substantial framework when trying to make ethically correct answers. Each ethical theory attempts to adhere to the ethical principles that lead to success when trying to reach the best decision. When one understands each individual theory, including its strengths and weaknesses, one can make the most informed decision when trying to achieve an ethically correct answer to a dilemma.
RUNNING HEAD: Christian Worldview 6
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Name
Course
Date
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Biblical or Christian world view is the way of life that is based on the teachings and preaching of Bible. If a person considers teachings of Bible as the standard to be followed in life and he tends to decide what to do or say according to them, then he is apparently following Biblical worldview. God selected to let those rules oversee God's creation, moderately than God requiring altering the course of those heavenly laws.
Accordingly, wonders do not occur and God is "Wholly Other", comprehensive superior from mortality, with unconditionally no nearness among persons. One conceivable logical importance of deism is that since God doesn't have to be complicated in humanoid businesses, then we actually don't essential God at all. Disbelief can quickly be acceptable from a technical, logical and even intelligently religious viewpoint.
Another offshoot of modernization is fundamentalism, which first increased importance in the early 20th century. On the outward, while deism and fundamentalism seem to be conflicting excesses, they portion many conventions. Most apparent is the ethical and psychic potentials originate within humanity that reflects the personality of God.
The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds. These professions of faith state that Jesus grieved, expired, were suppressed, and were resuscitated from the dead in order to grant everlasting life to those who have faith in in him and faith in him for the reduction of their immoralities.
The faiths further uphold that Jesus physically rose into paradise, where he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian coinages teach that Jesus will return to judge everybody, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his supporters. He is reflected the model of a righteous life. His ministry, execution, and renaissance are often mentioned to as the "gospel", meaning "good news”.
Biblical View influences me when I try resolving ethical dilemmas which I confront in my personal or professional life. I try to define my moral values according to the basics elucidated in Bible.
This leads me support and feeling that I am doing the right thing. I do not follow practical ethical values in resolving ethical dilemmas because they are mostly derived from convenience and ease of application rather than following the right path. Bible influences me to a great extent for knowing between the right and wrong and also between the two rights and thus I always arrive at a best possible solution.
The Macdonald’s case
Strict liability allows the injured party to seek reimbursement from whoever was accountable for the product being faulty. Contrasting negligence, the injured individual does not need to determine who precisely failed to do ...
A Research Aimed at Determining Employees' Ethical Climate Perceptions in Acc...inventionjournals
Ethical climate, is one of the most important factors influencing behavior and relationships with in the organization which is considered to be common perception in dealing with the ethics problems and what are the ethically right and wrong behaviors of employees. The main objective of this research is to expose the ethical climate perceptions of employees in the accommodation establishments. And also is to determine ethical climate perception of the employees whether is indicating a significant difference with demographic characteristics who participated in the research. For this purpose, it was carried out a survey to 102 employes who work in accommodation establishments in Hatay province. According to research results; employes stated that they most act in the helpfulness behavior. Additionally there is no significant difference between the dimensions of ethical climate and gender, marital status, age variable. However there is significant difference between egotistic dimension of ethical climate and education status variable.
· · · Must be a foreign film with subtitles· Provide you wit.docxLynellBull52
·
·
· Must be a foreign film with subtitles
· Provide you with a glimpse of what life is like in another culture
· The process of watching this movie or TV show should provide you with a unique cultural experience.
· Watch the movie or TV show that you selected, and use your reactions as part of your response to the following topic:
· Define ethnocentrism. Discuss how ethnocentrism affects individuals and societies.
Write a paper of 2–3 pages addressing the following:
· Provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of ethnocentrism.
· Use your cultural experience of watching the selected movie or TV show to discuss the effect of ethnocentrism on individuals and societies.
· Use any personal experiences that you may have had visiting different countries around the world as part of this paper; however, do not let your personal experiences with other cultures be the focal point of this paper.
· The focal point of the paper is your cultural experience watching the selected movie or TV show and your comprehensive overview of the concept of ethnocentrism.
· Please note that this paper is not intended to be a summary of the movie or TV show.
· This paper is not a book review or overview of the movie or TV show you selected.
· Focus on the cultural observations that you are able to make based on this experience and your discussion of the concept of ethnocentrism.
Please submit your assignment.
The following rubric will be used for grading:
Grading Rubric
Submission addresses content requirements
30%
Evidenced critical thinking and connection to real-world and assignment scenario applicability
40%
Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, Web sites, and other references or personal experience
20%
Adherence to assignment deadlines, length requirement, correct spelling and proper grammar, and properly formatted per APA style
10%
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following multimedia course material(s):
· Unit 2: Social Interaction (Watch It)
· Unit 2: Social Interaction and Group Functioning
· Unit 2: Social Interaction (Answer It)
· Unit 2: Concepts in Sociology
· Unit 2: Social Groups and Organizations
Instructions
You and your teammates are working for a company as members of their management team.
Write a 1,300- to 1,500-word management plan that includes the following:
•Discuss the best methods that the management team can use to problem solve areas under consideration.
•Discuss how judgment is included in these processes.
•Provide an example in your plan.
Sources should include the course text and at least 1 peer-reviewed journal article.
Papers should adhere to APA style.
Problem Solving and Judgment
Everyday we’re faced with making a decision or decisions, some are life changing, and others may be derived from a policy or procedure that has little or no input from the individual that requires a judgment t.
· Identify the stakeholders and how they were affected by Heene.docxLynellBull52
· Identify the stakeholders and how they were affected by Heene's actions?
· 2. What stage of moral reasoning is exhibited by Richard Heene's actions? Do you believe the punishment fit the crime? Why or why not?
· 3. Explain how the cognitive-developmental approach influences one's ability to make ethical judgments.
4. How do you assess at what stage of moral development in Kohlberg's model you reason at in making decisions? Are you satisfied with that stage? Do you believe there are factors or forces preventing you from reasoning at a higher level? If so, what are they?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
A presentation for the DEFA 2015 conference regarding ethics and accountability in design. In particular we (Jason Hobbs and Terence Fenn) look at ethical challenges in human centered design.
Importance of a sustainable values framework for organizations and project ma...Fundação Getúlio Vargas
IMPORTANCE OF A VALUES FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE AND SOCIALLY
RESPONSIBLE NEW WAYS OF WORKING (by Armando Kokitsu); ISO 26000; Another new trend that has been observed that reinforces what is been said here is the adoption of sustainability in project management.
1 P a g e A System Approach to Implementing Business.docxhoney725342
1 | P a g e
A System Approach to Implementing Business Ethics in
the Corporate Workplace
Clifton Clarke Department
of Finance and Business Management, Brooklyn College, City University of New York
[email protected]
Abstract
The current vitriolic discourse over the financial scandals implicating Wall Street and its satellite institutions
dictates a fresh look at strategies intended to eradicate or prevent unethical practices in business activities.
The spate of recently published unethical behavior among business executives in the United States confirms,
unequivocally, that past and current strategies have failed. This paper reviews and evaluates the impact of
some of these strategies. It found that the strategies focus on legislation, written corporate codes of ethics and
assorted activities in business schools. It found that these strategies are largely isolated and missed the fact
that unethical business conduct is systemic, reflecting the ethical lapses of two systems: a public system
(consisting of governmental bodies, business schools, and the general citizenry) and a corporate system
(consisting of boards of directors, executives, managers and employees). It found that there is a significant
gap between the rhetoric of corporate executives and their attention to unethical conduct in the workplace. It
concludes that isolated legislative actions, apathetic business schools’ policies, complacent and complicit
corporate boards, contribute to the failure. It also concludes that, the implementation of business ethics in the
workplace requires a transformation of attitude within and between these systems and posits that a system
approach is the only strategy that can successfully transform these systems and that business schools are
uniquely capable of leading this transformation.
Keywords
Ethics, corporate workplace, transformation, culture, business schools, legislations
Introduction
Hearings held by a subcommittee of the Banking and Finance Committee of the United States Senate on
certain practices of financial institutions, particularly those practices that might have contributed to the
economic collapse in 2008, revealed the disconnect between the public’s and corporations’ perceptions of
ethical conduct (Hauser 2010). Several of the questions posed to the Chief Executive Officer, and the
Executive Director of Structure Products Group Trading of Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., focused on the
company’s ethics. For example, the senators wanted to know whether it was ethical for the company to sell
investments that its own trading team knew were “worthless”. In their defense, this and other questionable
practices were an integral part of their company’s business model. Similarly, Morganton (2011), of the New
York Times reported t ...
In an organization, the managers and the executives are encountered with hundreds of situations where they need to make prudence decisions which are morally and ethically justifiable. In a company there are set rules, need for hierarchical sanctions, department pressures, the need for cost cutting and enchanting profit, maintaining the reputation of the company and considering the interests of all pressure groups and stakeholders. Though there is no fixed outline for making ethical decisions, there are some factors that would influence one’s decision can be understood. However, based on the different case studies, research findings, we can conceptualize a framework for understanding ethical decision making in business.
2An Evaluation of UPSAn Evaluation of UPSs Approa.docxjesusamckone
2
An Evaluation of UPS
An Evaluation of UPS's Approach toward Sustainability
An Evaluation of UPS's Approach toward Sustainability
The ethical dilemma witnessed in UPS provides an essential point of focus in determining the application of strategies in tackling different stakeholder's interests to achieve the objectives of the company. The dealing with the needs of the company must put the interests of stakeholders at stake to ensure that each group is satisfied with the operations of the organization. In the analysis of UPS, it is possible to explain the emerging issues by focusing on various forms of ethics to handle. Examples of ethical factors relevant in this discussion include the utilitarian, virtue, Kantian, and rights approaches (Herschel & Miori, 2017; Kalokairinou, 2018). Solving the ethical dilemma at UPS is possible by an emphasis on identification of the problem, balance sheet approach, engaging people, and the application of ethical reasoning to accomplish the misunderstanding.
Internal and external stakeholders have divergent views regarding the support of sustainable activities to society and the environment. Internal stakeholders include shareholders, the management, the chief financial officer, and other employees while the external stakeholders include the government, environmental agencies, suppliers, and competitors, among others. The major challenge regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) lies in the use of resources that may not have the required returns from the perspective of the shareholders (Kolk, 2016). The internal environment of the business is likely going to focus on the financial aspects of the firm and the benefits of the shareholders to an extent of suspending sustainability activities as evident in the case study where other workers do not understand the CFO's commitment to CSR. The existence of different ideas regarding the problem in the company makes it necessary to apply approaches that help solve ethical dilemmas.
The four aspects applicable in UPS include debating the moral choice, using the balance sheet approach, engaging individuals at different levels in the organization, and integrating the final resolution into the strategic activities of the management (Herschel & Miori, 2017). It is essential to note that the application of these steps must use provisions of various ethical theories and approaches such as utilitarian, virtue, or Kantianism, depending on the factor that is affecting the organization. According to Kalokairinou (2018), CSR mostly applies the ideals of virtue and utilitarianism because the business enterprise such as UPS must engage in activities that are beneficial to a large number of people to make such an engagement a right. The public, therefore, is an example of the beneficiaries of environmental initiatives that ensure conservation and sustainability.
In the case study, the CFO should debate the moral choices of providing benefits t.
Corporate Social Responsibilities and Managerial EthicsMasum Hussain
Ethical theories and principles bring significant characteristics to the decision-making process. Although all of the ethical theories attempt to follow the ethical principles in order to be applicable and valid by themselves, each theory falls short with complex flaws and failings. However, these ethical theories can be used in combination in order to obtain the most ethically correct answer possible for each scenario. For example, a utilitarian may use the casuistic theory and compare similar situations to his real life situation in order to determine the choice that will benefit the most people. The deontologist and the rule the rights ethical theory when deciding whether or not to speed to make it to the meeting on time. Instead of speeding, they would slow down because the law in the rights theory is given the highest priority, even if it means that the most people may not benefit from the decision to drive the speed limit. By using ethical theories in combination, one is able to use a variety of ways to analyze a situation in order to reach the most ethically correct decision possible. We are fortunate to have a variety of ethical theories that provide a substantial framework when trying to make ethically correct answers. Each ethical theory attempts to adhere to the ethical principles that lead to success when trying to reach the best decision. When one understands each individual theory, including its strengths and weaknesses, one can make the most informed decision when trying to achieve an ethically correct answer to a dilemma.
RUNNING HEAD: Christian Worldview 6
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Name
Course
Date
Christian Worldview and Operations Management
Biblical or Christian world view is the way of life that is based on the teachings and preaching of Bible. If a person considers teachings of Bible as the standard to be followed in life and he tends to decide what to do or say according to them, then he is apparently following Biblical worldview. God selected to let those rules oversee God's creation, moderately than God requiring altering the course of those heavenly laws.
Accordingly, wonders do not occur and God is "Wholly Other", comprehensive superior from mortality, with unconditionally no nearness among persons. One conceivable logical importance of deism is that since God doesn't have to be complicated in humanoid businesses, then we actually don't essential God at all. Disbelief can quickly be acceptable from a technical, logical and even intelligently religious viewpoint.
Another offshoot of modernization is fundamentalism, which first increased importance in the early 20th century. On the outward, while deism and fundamentalism seem to be conflicting excesses, they portion many conventions. Most apparent is the ethical and psychic potentials originate within humanity that reflects the personality of God.
The foundations of Christian theology are expressed in ecumenical creeds. These professions of faith state that Jesus grieved, expired, were suppressed, and were resuscitated from the dead in order to grant everlasting life to those who have faith in in him and faith in him for the reduction of their immoralities.
The faiths further uphold that Jesus physically rose into paradise, where he reigns with God the Father. Most Christian coinages teach that Jesus will return to judge everybody, living and dead, and to grant eternal life to his supporters. He is reflected the model of a righteous life. His ministry, execution, and renaissance are often mentioned to as the "gospel", meaning "good news”.
Biblical View influences me when I try resolving ethical dilemmas which I confront in my personal or professional life. I try to define my moral values according to the basics elucidated in Bible.
This leads me support and feeling that I am doing the right thing. I do not follow practical ethical values in resolving ethical dilemmas because they are mostly derived from convenience and ease of application rather than following the right path. Bible influences me to a great extent for knowing between the right and wrong and also between the two rights and thus I always arrive at a best possible solution.
The Macdonald’s case
Strict liability allows the injured party to seek reimbursement from whoever was accountable for the product being faulty. Contrasting negligence, the injured individual does not need to determine who precisely failed to do ...
A Research Aimed at Determining Employees' Ethical Climate Perceptions in Acc...inventionjournals
Ethical climate, is one of the most important factors influencing behavior and relationships with in the organization which is considered to be common perception in dealing with the ethics problems and what are the ethically right and wrong behaviors of employees. The main objective of this research is to expose the ethical climate perceptions of employees in the accommodation establishments. And also is to determine ethical climate perception of the employees whether is indicating a significant difference with demographic characteristics who participated in the research. For this purpose, it was carried out a survey to 102 employes who work in accommodation establishments in Hatay province. According to research results; employes stated that they most act in the helpfulness behavior. Additionally there is no significant difference between the dimensions of ethical climate and gender, marital status, age variable. However there is significant difference between egotistic dimension of ethical climate and education status variable.
Similar to Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command (20)
· · · Must be a foreign film with subtitles· Provide you wit.docxLynellBull52
·
·
· Must be a foreign film with subtitles
· Provide you with a glimpse of what life is like in another culture
· The process of watching this movie or TV show should provide you with a unique cultural experience.
· Watch the movie or TV show that you selected, and use your reactions as part of your response to the following topic:
· Define ethnocentrism. Discuss how ethnocentrism affects individuals and societies.
Write a paper of 2–3 pages addressing the following:
· Provide a comprehensive overview of the concept of ethnocentrism.
· Use your cultural experience of watching the selected movie or TV show to discuss the effect of ethnocentrism on individuals and societies.
· Use any personal experiences that you may have had visiting different countries around the world as part of this paper; however, do not let your personal experiences with other cultures be the focal point of this paper.
· The focal point of the paper is your cultural experience watching the selected movie or TV show and your comprehensive overview of the concept of ethnocentrism.
· Please note that this paper is not intended to be a summary of the movie or TV show.
· This paper is not a book review or overview of the movie or TV show you selected.
· Focus on the cultural observations that you are able to make based on this experience and your discussion of the concept of ethnocentrism.
Please submit your assignment.
The following rubric will be used for grading:
Grading Rubric
Submission addresses content requirements
30%
Evidenced critical thinking and connection to real-world and assignment scenario applicability
40%
Justified ideas and responses by using appropriate examples and references from texts, Web sites, and other references or personal experience
20%
Adherence to assignment deadlines, length requirement, correct spelling and proper grammar, and properly formatted per APA style
10%
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following multimedia course material(s):
· Unit 2: Social Interaction (Watch It)
· Unit 2: Social Interaction and Group Functioning
· Unit 2: Social Interaction (Answer It)
· Unit 2: Concepts in Sociology
· Unit 2: Social Groups and Organizations
Instructions
You and your teammates are working for a company as members of their management team.
Write a 1,300- to 1,500-word management plan that includes the following:
•Discuss the best methods that the management team can use to problem solve areas under consideration.
•Discuss how judgment is included in these processes.
•Provide an example in your plan.
Sources should include the course text and at least 1 peer-reviewed journal article.
Papers should adhere to APA style.
Problem Solving and Judgment
Everyday we’re faced with making a decision or decisions, some are life changing, and others may be derived from a policy or procedure that has little or no input from the individual that requires a judgment t.
· Identify the stakeholders and how they were affected by Heene.docxLynellBull52
· Identify the stakeholders and how they were affected by Heene's actions?
· 2. What stage of moral reasoning is exhibited by Richard Heene's actions? Do you believe the punishment fit the crime? Why or why not?
· 3. Explain how the cognitive-developmental approach influences one's ability to make ethical judgments.
4. How do you assess at what stage of moral development in Kohlberg's model you reason at in making decisions? Are you satisfied with that stage? Do you believe there are factors or forces preventing you from reasoning at a higher level? If so, what are they?
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· · Re WEEK ONE - DISCUSSION QUESTION # 2posted by DONALD DEN.docxLynellBull52
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· Re: WEEK ONE - DISCUSSION QUESTION # 2
posted by DONALD DENNIS
Aug 19, 2014, 8:31 AM
Financial statements are crucial documents with details of what the company earns, how they earn, as well as what and how the company spends its money.
The income statement shows figures of profitability of that given company over a period of time. The statements usually include detailed sections of revenue, gains in addition to their expenses and losses. If revenue and gains are greater than expenses and losses, the income statement will show a profit for the company
The balance sheet provides information about the company's financial situation over a period of time. This information is used to make certain business decisions for future projects, plans or general business operations. The balance sheet includes more information than that of the income statement. This information included the company's assets, liabilities, in addition to the stockholders' equity (their investment). The assets should always equal liabilities, plus the stockholders investment(s).
· Comment on Aug 19, 2014, 6:52 PM
Re: WEEK ONE - DISCUSSION QUESTION # 2
posted by Linda Moore
Aug 19, 2014, 6:52 PM
Good! The income statement tells us what we've earned, our sales and expenses, and in the balance sheet we see our assets and liabilities, and owner's equity. The equity will also increase if we have net income and other investments from our owners. Our income statement tells us a lot especially when we compare months over time - we can see trends of expenses and revenues; and analyze what has changed.
Class: Any questions?
· Comment on Aug 20, 2014, 9:13 AM
2 Other Statements
posted by DONALD DENNIS
Aug 20, 2014, 9:13 AM
Other than the income and balance sheets, there are two other documents that are just as important. More about these will be mentioned in this week and class.
Owners equity statement - This shows and explains changes in the retained earnings. Retained earnings are on the balance sheet and will change due to incomes or dividends.
Cash flow statement - A company could be successful, yet lack cash to pay its bills. This will show sources of cash and where cash is being used.
· Comment on Aug 20, 2014, 11:36 AM
Re: 2 Other Statements
posted by Mark Pollack
Aug 20, 2014, 11:36 AM
Donald,
You bring up a great point about the cash flow statement. I was a small business owner in a retail strip center. I cant tell you how many conversations I had with fellow business owners that were struggling to pay there bills; however they showed a profit. The company used the money in various ways other than appropriately such as product that did not sell, decorations, "write-offs" for their home. I do believe that many small businesses fail because they are underfunded and do not use simple accounting principles to determine its health.
Mark
· Comment on Aug 21, 2014, 10:09 AM
Re: 2 Other Statements
posted by DONALD DENNIS
Aug 21, 2014, 10:09 AM
I curre.
· Week 3 AssignmentGovernment and Not-For-Profit AccountingVal.docxLynellBull52
· Week 3 Assignment
Government and Not-For-Profit Accounting
Value of Donated Assets
Which is the proper value to be assigned to certain donated assets? (This is a question for which answers cannot be found in either GASB pronouncements or the text), research is necessary.
A city’s road maintenance department received “donations” of two type of assets:
1. From the county in which the city is located it received earthmoving equipment. The equipment had cost the county $800,000 when it was acquired five years earlier. Accounted for in a county proprietary fund, its book value, net of accumulated depreciation at the time of donation, was $500,000. Its fair market value was $530,000.
2. From the city’s own utility fund (a proprietary fund) it received motor vehicles that had cost the city $400,000 when acquired three years earlier. At the time of transfer, the vehicles were recorded on the utility’s books at $180,000, net of accumulated depreciation. Their fair market value was #225,000.
Write a 1000 word, APA you answer style paper where the following:
1. At what value should the city record in its government-wide financial statements for: (1) the earth-moving equipment, and (2) the motor vehicles?
1. Briefly justify your response, commenting on any apparent inconsistencies in the values assigned to each of the two types of assets.
1. Comment on the significance of the resultant book values for decisions or assessments to be made by statement users.
Myth Clash Paper #1
Zheng Hui
The present paper will discuss how different ancient poets describe the myths. It will compare and Contrast the two versions of the myth of the Cyclops Polyphemus in the Archaic Greek poet Homer’s Odyssey (EH 298-314) and in the Hellenistic poet Theocritus' poem (Idyll 11) (ACM 399-401). It will also elaborate how Roman poet Ovid combine elements from each of these earlier poets’ versions to make his own version of the myth in his poem, the Metamorphoses (OM 374-381). In general, the paper will discuss and analyze the differences and similarities among several versions from different aspects including characters, features, techniques and others.
According to ancient Greek myth, there were three separate tribes of the mythical, one eyed giants known as Cyclops, or Cyclopes. One of them is the Ouranian Cyclopes, who was the offspring of Gaea and Ouranos. Besides, there is also another Cyclops called the mason-Cyclopes, who represents workers in Hephaestus’s forge. The third one is the shepherd-like Cyclopes, who was neighbors of the island-dwelling Polyphemus, who was a son of Poseidon (Weinstock, 2013). Based on the description of the Cyclopes in the ancient Greek myth, one feature that is present in all these Cyclopes is that they had one unique anatomy. In addition, they all had a single round eye in the middle of their foreheads. In fact, the eye, according to the Greek poet Hesiod, is the source of their name.
In Greek, Cyclops means “circle-eye.” These giants .
· Week 10 Assignment 2 Submission
Students, please view the "Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment" in the Student Center.
Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center.
Click the link above to submit your assignment.
Assignment 2: Critical Thinking
Topic: "People have become overly dependent on technology"
Your paper should present a reasoned, convincing argument for a position on a selected topic.
Write a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:
1. Follow the five (5) steps of persuasion: establishing credibility, acknowledging the audience’s position, constructing a rationale, transplanting root elements, and asking for a response.
2. Clearly define your position and supporting evidence.
3. Include all the necessary “evidence” for the reader to reach the expected conclusion in each argument in the paper (whether the overriding argument or one contained in an individual paragraph)
4. Ensure that each argument in the paper (whether the overriding argument or one contained in an individual paragraph) is valid and free from both formal and informal fallacies.
5. Include at least four (4) references (sources). At least one (1) of your sources must be obtained from the collection of databases accessible from the Learning Resources Center Web page.
The paper should follow guidelines for clear and effectively organized writing:
• The paper is well-organized, and every explanation is both complete and easy to understand.
• Include an introductory paragraph and concluding paragraph for the paper.
• Main ideas should be addressed in body paragraphs with a topic sentence and supporting sentences.
• Adhere to standard rules of English grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.
• The paper should be checked for spelling and grammatical errors.
Your assignment must:
• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
• Create written work utilizing the concepts of critical thinking.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in critical thinking skills and informal logic.
• Write clearly and concisely about issues in critical thinking using proper writing mechanics.
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· Write in paragraph format (no lists, bullets, or numbers).· .docxLynellBull52
· Write in paragraph format (no lists, bullets, or numbers).
· Do not re-write the question(s) from the assignment list.
· Ensure that you have a minimum of three (3) paragraphs.
· Each paragraph should be six (6) to eight (8) sentences each.
· Include at least one in-text citation per paragraph that corresponds to the References.
· You need to use and cite at least two (2) references for each submitted assignment, including DBs.
Remember we are in a college-level course. As such, you need to clearly and thoroughly answer every question asked in each project. This will rarely be accomplished with one or two sentences. In addition to providing a basic answer for each question, a quality response will explain:
a. “How” you arrived at your answer(s)
b. “What” facts and sources you reviewed and considered
c.“Why” your response is the best one from all the alternatives
SPE 352N Module 3 Lecture Instructional Strategies for Teaching Students With MR
When thinking about how to instruct students with mental retardation, educators must consider the fact that instructional organization and effective instructional delivery are the keys to success. Instruction is not just done in some sort of haphazard, discovery-learning manner without any particular goals in mind; rather, teachers should be thinking about their students' particular disability and their associated learning characteristics from start to finish.
Three Assumptions To Guide Instructional Delivery
Assumptions in science have to do with laying out ground rules or basic agreements about how something is to be interpreted, discussed, or studied by interested parties; it is much like setting the rules for playing a game. Similarly, teachers need basic assumptions to govern the science and practice of teaching. The first assumption teachers should come to agreement about is that due to the unique learning characteristics of students with mental retardation, instructional procedures that work well for typically developing students may not work as well with this population (Taylor, Richards, & Brady, 2005). The learning characteristics of students with mental retardation will ultimately affect what actual skills will be learned and what educational goals can realistically be attained. So while typically developing students will benefit from the global general education curriculum, the educational goals and specific skills students with mental retardation will focus on will depend heavily on the decisions of an individualized education plan (IEP) team as they consider the unique educational needs and monitor instructional progress over time (Miner & Bates, 1997).
The second assumption teachers of students with mental retardation should adhere to is that instructional progress can only be obtained if that instruction is direct and explicit. The idea that typically developing students do not need precise instruction to make academic gains is losing ground in America because s.
· WEEK 1 Databases and SecurityLesson· Databases and Security.docxLynellBull52
· WEEK 1: Databases and SecurityLesson
· Databases and Security
Databases are in just about everything we use today. When you are performing any task, think to yourself, Does this involve a database in some way?
As a daily process, communication occurs between people by many mediums, but there is no other medium more utilized than the large internetwork of computer systems we know as the Internet. When we look at some of the transactions that are performed on a daily basis, it is highly likely that there is a database involved. For example, if you open a web page to www.google.com and type a keyword in the textbox to search for, this process starts a series of searches through multiple databases. Another example is when searching for a book in the APUS library, this search is conducted using a database of books known as a catalog. so databases play an integral part in our daily lives; they store millions of pieces of data and more is collected each day (Basta, 2012).
In recent years, we find that technology has expanded to the reaches of utilities and production environments. Many of the utilities we come to rely on so heavily, such as gas, oil and electric, have been tied into the networks we use today. This interconnection allows for many new innovations in keeping everything in working order, but at the same time it also presents some very real threats to security. In reality, an intruder could take down an entire electrical grid which would remove power to millions of customers. An article in CIO Insight gives a great perspective on this and other issues in security where databases play such an important role (CIOInsight, 2011).
With the importance of securing the database infrastructure, we need to look at a multilayered approach to security. As can be seen in many security programs, multiple layers allow for strong security because it adds another roadblock that an intruder has to bypass to get to these systems. This same approach leads us to begin with the foundation of security; the CIA Triad. It all begins with the most basic approach, computer security and moves forward from that point on. Below is a detailed description of the components of the CIA Triad from (Basta, 2012):
· Confidentiality: For a system to provide confidentiality, it needs to do two things: ensure that information maintains its privacy by limiting authorized access to resources; block unauthorized access to resources.
· Integrity: This refers to the efforts taken through policy, procedure, and design in order to create and maintain reliable, consistent, and complete information and systems.
· Availability: This refers to the efforts taken through policy, procedures, and design to maintain the accessibility of resources on a network or within a database. These resources include, but are not limited to, data, applications, other databases, computers, servers, applications, files, drives, shares, and network access.
Database Structure, Models and Management
A databa.
· Unit 4 Citizen RightsINTRODUCTIONIn George Orwells Animal.docxLynellBull52
· Unit 4 Citizen Rights
INTRODUCTION
In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the assertion that "all animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others" signals the breakdown of any semblance of a fair society. We have probably all experienced it: a situation where someone who was better connected, more influential, or in a position of power could advance far beyond the position or actions of the common person. On a typical day, this happens in travel, restaurant seating, the selection of a church pew, and the line at the grocery store.
It should not, however, happen in our public services. As citizens, we all have rights, and we all have the same rights. That is the beauty of the United States's democratic government structure, and perhaps one of the most cherished aspects of it. Economic and social diversity aside, when we interact with the government, we expect to receive the same treatment, whether we are a Rockefeller or a plumber. The reality is that this balance of citizen rights is difficult to achieve, because in many cases, those wielding power and influence attempt to trump equity.
TOGGLE DRAWERHIDE FULL INTRODUCTION
Inherent in the concept of citizenship is the exchange wherein citizens give allegiance to a nation and receive protection offered by that nation. Citizens therefore have certain privileges in the eyes of the nation, such as the right to vote, to pay taxes, and to refuse certain actions, such as reciting the Pledge of Allegiance because it refers to God. There are benefits and entitlements that the citizen can demand from the government. These rights are balanced by responsibilities, such as upholding the law, participating in government, and engaging in the same privileges previously mentioned.
In this unit, issues of the middle class, the welfare state, and what constitutes citizenship will be examined based on the concept of citizen rights.
Reference
Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace & Company.
SANDRA CISNEROS
Woman Hollering Creek
The day Don Serafín gave Juan Pedro Martínez Sánchez permission to take CleófilasEnriquetaDeLeón Hernández as his bride, across her father’s threshold, over several miles of dirt road and several miles of paved, over one border and beyond to a town en el otrolado—on the other side—already did he divine the morning his daughter would raise her hand over her eyes, look south, and dream of returning to the chores that never ended, six good-for-nothing brothers, and one old man’s complaints.
He had said, after all, in the hubbub of parting: I am your father, I will never abandon you. He had said that, hadn’t he, when he hugged and then let her go. But at the moment Cleófilas was busy looking for Chela, her maid of honor, to fulfill their bouquet conspiracy. She would not remember her father’s parting words until later. I am your father, I will never abandon you.
Only now as a mother did she remember. Now, when she and Juan Pedrito sat by the creek’s edge..
· Unit Interface-User Interaction· Assignment Objectives Em.docxLynellBull52
· Unit: Interface-User Interaction
· Assignment Objectives: Employ appropriate tools and methods for simple, functional, and effective interfaces.
· Deliverable Length: Screenshot or functional application, and a Word document of 1-2 pages
Building on your initial user interface (UI) design mock-up of the organization’s program UI, the interface now needs to present more information to the user. Complete the following for this assignment:
· The interface should present information visually with icons or graphics and text regarding critical issues related to the system, such as the following:
· New orders
· Change in employee status
· Updated pictures
· New products or services offered
· You must add at least 5 critical issue UI design items to your interface. Remember to ensure that these are easily understood by users.
· Submit a screenshot in Word or another functional application.
· Describe the items that you added to your interface design. Be specific with your descriptions, and identify the particular design features along with an explanation of why they are added in the way that they were.
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· The Victims’ Rights MovementWrite a 2 page paper. Address the.docxLynellBull52
· The Victims’ Rights Movement
Write a 2 page paper. Address the following in your paper:
· Explain how has the victims’ rights movement has affected the criminal justice system and the rights of offenders?
Include a title page and 3-5 references. Only one reference may be from the internet (not Wikipedia).
Paper 2
· Victim Selection
Write a 2 page paper. Address the following in your paper:
· Is the victim selection process different between team serial killers and those who work alone?
· Discuss any differences and or similarities as it relates to motives, methods, and offender history.
· Support your argument. Be sure to cite your resource(s), use APA style formatting.
Include a title page and 3-5 references. Only one reference may be from the internet (not Wikipedia
Paper 3
· Credit Card Crime
In a two to three page paper, please discuss the following: Assume a person accidentally picks up a credit card that is not theirs and uses the card in several instances.
Can the person be charged with multiple violations of a state statute that makes it a crime to "knowingly obtain, possess, use, or transfer a means of identification or financial information of another?" Why or why not? See State vs. Leyda, 138 P.3d 610 (Wash. 2006).
Make sure you format your paper and cite all sources used in this paper appropriately according to APA style guidelines.
.
· Question 1· · How does internal environmental analy.docxLynellBull52
· Question 1
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How does internal environmental analysis help health care organizations sustain competitive advantage? As a health care leader, what are some of the key aspects that you will assess in conducting your own internal environmental analysis?
Question 2
· How does the “value chain” relate to health care organizations? What is the role of the value chain in the strategic planning process?
Question 3
· How can the value chain be used to identify organizational strengths and weaknesses in health care organizations?
· Question 4
·
Read the Perspective 4-3–LEAN Six Sigma on page 140 in your textbook Discuss the Ottawa Ankle Rules as an example of Six Sigma utilization. How was Six Sigma beneficial in this case example? Think about your own health care organization or one which you hope to lead. How might Six Sigma be utilized in your own facility, as our colleagues in Ottawa did a few years ago?
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Clarence_Eder_Biography_(Jan_2015) (1).pdf
BIOGRAPHY: CLARENCE L. EDER (January 2015)
Clarence Eder is a retired United States Air Force officer and is currently working as Principal Acquisition
Associate and Senior Systems Engineer for Quantech Services, Inc. in El Segundo, California. He leads a team
of systems engineers and acquisition professionals in the development of strategies and documents to start the
new Air Force Weather Systems Follow-On (WSF) program. Clarence has over 18 years of acquisitions,
engineering, and operational experience in space, intelligence, missile defense, and aircraft programs.
Clarence was raised in Honolulu, Hawaii. He graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree from the
University of Hawaii and was commissioned into the Air Force in 1996. As a second lieutenant, he was
assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. He worked to improve Air Force flying training
systems, and then became a project manager to improve T-37 aircraft engines and A-10 aircraft engines.
In 1999, he was assigned to Space and Missiles Systems Center in Los Angeles, California. He worked as an
Acquisition Support manager to implement Department of Defense (DoD) processes and policies to major space
programs. As a captain, he became a Mission Integration Manager for launch vehicles. He led teams to
integrate Global Positioning System (GPS), weather, and intelligence satellites into the newly acquired $18.8B
Air Force rockets. He also worked Ground systems integration issues.
In 2003, he was assigned to the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) in Reston, Virginia to be Chief
of Tactical Imagery Dissemination. He led a team to develop, test, and deploy a $17M imagery system. He
trained Navy Seals and Special Forces deployed worldwide to use the system. As a major, he became a
Contacting Officer Technical Representative (COTR) for the $2B Geoscout program, NG.
· Question 1Question 192 out of 2 pointsWhat file in the.docxLynellBull52
· Question 1Question 19
2 out of 2 points
What file in the etc/ directory contains user’s hashed password?
Selected Answer:
etc/shadow file
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
[None Given]
· Question 20
1 out of 2 points
What file and file-field are read by the finger command?
Selected Answer:
Passwd file, it reads user id info like user name phone number and so on
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
gecos field
· Question 21
0 out of 2 points
When a parent process dies, what happens to any child processes that are still running?
Selected Answer:
They Child Processes keep running
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
process becomes child of init
· Question 22
1 out of 2 points
What is the effect of the command: $ killall root (Where root is the root account of the system)
Selected Answer:
It canceles all the Processes that the user
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
shutdown
· Question 23
2 out of 2 points
List 4 shortcomings of root accounts.
Selected Answer:
1- Single Point of failure if compromised
2-The security model is not strong enough for a network
3-High security environments enforce rules that cannot be implemented with traditional UNIX
4- Since some rules are implemented in command code, modification requires rewrite and recompilation
5- Minimal support for auditing
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
[None Given]
· Question 24
1 out of 2 points
Write a BASH command that would force the OS into single-user mode.
Selected Answer:
Root should run the init command to change the run level using the letter s or the number 1 for example
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
telinit 1
· Question 25
0 out of 2 points
Explain when it would be necessary to use the non-rewinding interface file of any backup device.
Selected Answer:
To implement permanent changes to the backup device
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
Only if multiple dumps were being made to the same tape drive. Failure to use the non-rewind would cause successive dumps to overwrite each other.
· Question 26
2 out of 2 points
What BASH shell command can send any signal level to a running process?
Selected Answer:
Kill Command
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
[None Given]
· Question 27
2 out of 2 points
Which two inter-process signals cannot be caught or blocked?
Selected Answer:
Kill process
Stop Process
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
[None Given]
· Question 28
2 out of 2 points
What BASH shell utility allows you to monitor CPU and memory usage?
Selected Answer:
Network Monitoring: Netstat, nethogs, iptraf, iftop
Disk I/O: iotop
CPU/ memory: top, Ps, htop, atop
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
[None Given]
· Question 29
0 out of 2 points
In the file permission listing drwxr-xr-x, what is the file type?
Selected Answer:
.sh
Correct Answer:
[None]
Response Feedback:
directory
· .
· Question 15 out of 5 pointsWhen psychologists discuss .docxLynellBull52
· Question 1
5 out of 5 points
When psychologists discuss fear, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, disgust, and contempt, they are usually describing the:
Answer
Selected Answer:
b.
primary emotions
· Question 2
5 out of 5 points
Studies on sex differences in emotion have found that men are more likely to ruminate about _____________ thoughts whereas women are more likely to ruminate about ____________.
Answer
Selected Answer:
a.
anger; depression
· Question 3
5 out of 5 points
Positive emotions evoke more electrical activity in the __________, and negative emotions evoke more activity in the __________.
Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
left hemisphere; right hemisphere
· Question 4
5 out of 5 points
What limbic structure is a center for fear responses?
Answer
Selected Answer:
b.
amygdala
· Question 5
5 out of 5 points
Imagine that you have just discovered a space craft that landed in a remote field near your home. Fortunately, the aliens aboard the space craft share your language, but they do not know anything about how to interact appropriately within the cultural norms of North America. Using your knowledge of emotions and emotional expression, create a list of 5 important points to remember when expressing emotion in this culture.
Answer
Selected Answer:
Smiling Frequently is ok
Dont kiss other male friends if male (european countries)
shake hands before hugging
Arms length of space between people, it can be seen as hostile or uncomfortable otherwise
Public displays of affection are often more acceptable then in other cultures
· Question 6
0 out of 5 points
Cindy used to study with her friend Amanda but found that she had to quit studying with her because Amanda was always so hyper and anxious before taking tests. Cindy often felt anxious after the study sessions and was worried that this might have a negative influence on her test performance. Cindy was probably experiencing:
Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
catharsis.
· Question 7
5 out of 5 points
Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express emotions are referred to as:
Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
display rules
· Question 8
5 out of 5 points
Why are polygraph tests considered invalid or unreliable?
Answer
Selected Answer:
d.
There is no pattern of physical arousal that is specific to lying and distinct from other types of arousal
· Question 9
5 out of 5 points
This term is the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed.
Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
facial feedback
· Question 10
5 out of 5 points
___________, or how we explain events or behavior, affect our emotional responses.
Answer
Selected Answer:
a.
Attributions
· Question 11
0 out of 5 points
In one study, infants were put on a modified version of a visual cliff that is only moderately frightening because the cliff did not dr.
· Question 1 2 out of 2 pointsWhich of the following i.docxLynellBull52
· Question 1
2 out of 2 points
Which of the following is not considered a union unfair labor practice?
Answer
Selected Answer:
under a valid union-shop agreement, demanding the discharge of an employee who fails to pay union dues
· Question 2
2 out of 2 points
In recent years,
Answer
Selected Answer:
all of the above
· Question 3
0 out of 2 points
The first U.S. President ever to grant official recognition to federal government employees to bargain collectively was President
Answer
Selected Answer:
Nixon
· Question 4
0 out of 2 points
Recent media campaign ads by the Automobile Workers have contained the message
Answer
Selected Answer:
"America works best when we say, 'Union, Yes!' "
· Question 5
0 out of 2 points
Most of the local union's time is devoted to
Answer
Selected Answer:
negotiating labor agreements.
· Question 6
0 out of 2 points
Most members of the National Education Association
Answer
Selected Answer:
support right-to-work laws
· Question 7
0 out of 2 points
About 85 percent of the UAW's spending goes to
Answer
Selected Answer:
strike funds.
· Question 8
0 out of 2 points
As compared to the Teachers, many of the building trades are much
Answer
Selected Answer:
less active in research efforts.
· Question 9
0 out of 2 points
In 1970, an unprecedented federal sector eight-day strile was carried on by the employees of the
Answer
Selected Answer:
State Department
· Question 10
2 out of 2 points
The American Federation of Labor was originally entitled the
Answer
Selected Answer:
Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions
· Question 11
0 out of 2 points
Under Taft-Hartley, if management or labor wishes to terminate or modify an existing labor contract, it must give a
Answer
Selected Answer:
thrity-day notice to the other party.
· Question 12
0 out of 2 points
At present, the unionized percentage of all United States workers is approximately
Answer
Selected Answer:
33.4
· Question 13
0 out of 2 points
In 1993, the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union merged with the
Answer
Selected Answer:
Service Employees International Union.
· Question 14
0 out of 2 points
By 1917 some thrity states had introduced
Answer
Selected Answer:
antitrust laws for unions.
· Question 15
0 out of 2 points
Investigation of union misconduct under the Landrum-Griffin is the responsibility of the
Answer
Selected Answer:
Senate Subcommittee on Ethics.
· Question 16
0 out of 2 points
COPE is a part of the
Answer
Selected Answer:
Furriers.
· Question 17
0 out of 2 points
When it has found that employees have been unlawfully discharged for union activities, the NLRB has most frequently required
Answer
Selected Answer:
automatic union certification.
· Question 18
2 out of 2 points
Employ.
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 901 PM CST · ID 488406360 · Word .docxLynellBull52
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 9:01 PM CST
· ID: 488406360
· Word Count: 1969
Similarity Index
47%
Similarity by Source
Internet Sources:
46%
Publications:
2%
Student Papers:
N/A
sources:
1
30% match (Internet from 27-Mar-2009)
http://www.isaca.org/Content/ContentGroups/Journal1/20023/The_IS_Audit_Process.htm
2
13% match (Internet from 29-Mar-2011)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36655995/Chapter-1-the-Information-System-Audit-Process
3
2% match (publications)
Athula Ginige. "Web site auditing", Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering - SEKE 02 SEKE 02, 2002
4
1% match (Internet from 26-Feb-2012)
http://www.dc.fi.udc.es/~parapar/files/ai/The_IS_Audit_Process_isaca_sayana.pdf
5
1% match (Internet from 01-Apr-2009)
http://www.idkk.gov.tr/web/guest/it_audit_manual_isaca
paper text:
Running head: AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS Auditing information systems process Student’s Name University Affiliation Auditing information systems 2process Information systems are the livelihood of any huge business. As in past years, computer systems do not simply record transactions of business, but essentially drive the main business procedures of the enterprise. In such a situation, superior management and business managers do have worries concerning information systems. Auditing is a methodical process by which a proficient, independent person impartially obtains and assesses evidence concerning assertions about a financial entity or occasion for the reason of outlining an outlook about and reporting on the extent to which the contention matches to an acknowledged set of standards. Auditing of information systems is the administration controls assessment inside the communications of Information Technology. The obtained proof valuation is used to decide if systems of information are defensive assets, maintenance reliability of data, and also if they are efficiently operating in order to attain organization’s goals or objectives (Hoelzer, 2009). Auditing of Information Systems has become an essential part of business organization in both large and small business environments. This paper examines the preliminary points for carrying out and Information system audit and some of the, techniques, tools, guidelines and standards that can be employed to build, manage, and examine the review function. The Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) qualifications is recognized worldwide as a standard of accomplishment for those who assess, monitor, control and audit the information technology of an organization and business systems. Information Systems experts with a concern in information systems security, control and audit. At least five years of specialized information systems security, auditing and control work practice is necessary for certification. An audit contract should be present to evidently state the responsibility of the management, 2objectives for, and designation of authority to Information .
· Strengths Public Recognition of OrganizationOverall Positive P.docxLynellBull52
· Strengths Public Recognition of Organization
Overall Positive Perception of Organization
Established Integrity and Longevity of the Organizations
Continued success in saving lives and always willing to lend a helping hand
Weaknesses
Lack of Congruency of public and internal views
Commitment to service to the public overlooks the work environment of the employees that make these endeavors possible daily
Opportunities
Disaster relief is always a turning point for anyone’s perception of the organization especially when it hits close to home
Threats
Possibility of not being able to help someone due to lack in financial or physical resources
Understanding that it’s impossible to please everyone, there could be some bad experiences that are communicated to many tarnishing the positive perception of the brand
Strengths with Opportunities
Increasing amount of volunteers and assistance of employees on a continual basis in order to secure definite support in the face of a disaster
Weaknesses with Threats
Increase and expand awareness of employees concerns through surveys and group discussions in order to increase the morale of the organization.
Strengths with Threats
With understanding the necessity of all aspects of the organization needing to be congruent, implementing and ensuring that public and employees all hold the same values to be true simultaneously through continued efforts of the organization increasing the involvement of the employees in minor decision making abilities in order to feel as if the organization is less of a dictatorship and slightly reflective of a democracy
Weaknesses with Opportunities
Increasing awareness of the severity of a need for this organization in the country due to the lack of ability by the country alone
.
· Part I Key Case SummaryThis case discusses the Union Carbid.docxLynellBull52
· Part I: Key
Case Summary
This case discusses the Union Carbide gas leak that occurred in Bhopal, India in 1984. Over five thousand people were killed and hundreds of thousands were injured after water inadvertently mixed with methyl isocyanate (MIC) causing the release of a deadly gas. The plant in Bhopal was a pesticide production facility that served the increasing demand of India’s thriving farming industry. However, uncontrolled zoning allowed the plant to be built within close proximity to a densely populated region. While the plant was initially profitable, market changes negatively impacted revenue forcing budget cuts that led to the decay of maintenance and safety practices. There are several theories as to why the incident occurred such as a disgruntled employee’s maliciousness or an accidental contamination. Over several years, Union Carbide paid out hundreds of millions of dollars to the survivors and ultimately ceased to exist, while the community continues to struggle with the aftermath of the disaster.
Main Critical Issues (the list):
· India’s officials adopted careless zoning practices and allowed the construction of the plant near dense population.
· The proper safety procedures were not followed and the equipment was not being properly utilized as designed. UCIL managers placed a higher weight on cost cutting than on safety, resulting in the reduction of maintenance and safety practices.
· Union Carbide Corp. did not require frequent reporting from its subsidiary in India (UCIL), which allowed malpractices and unsafe systems in the Bhopal plant to go unnoticed.
· Union Carbide Corporation and UCIL had an ethical obligation to warn the surrounding community of potential dangers of living close to the pesticide plant
· If the case, the disgruntled employees action to sabotage the plant to take vengeance
· Employees and supervisors in the Bhopal plant did not follow numerous policies and routines that could have prevented the tragedy (e.g. acting upon the alarming increase in the tank pressure, instead of postponing it to after the tea break).
· The residents were not informed of what actions to take in the event of a toxic leak or accident.
· The employees did not use the emergency buses to evacuate surrounding residents.
·
Part II: Key
Stakeholders:
The following are the stakeholders in the case: The Union Carbide’s Corporation Stockholders, The Bhopal’s population, The Indian Government, The Bombay Stock Exchange, The Union Carbide’s workers from de Indian subsidiary “UCIL”. The workers from Union Carbide headquarter in Connecticut, The Board of Directors of Union Carbide Headquarter, and The Board of Directors from Union Carbide’s Indian subsidiary. The American and Indian lawyers. UCIL’s Executives. Carbides’ Scientifics. Indian Scientists and engineers. Indian Court Systems. Insurance company. Indian Public. Corrupts Physicians. Corrupts Court Officials. Bhopal Congress. Chemical Industry. Dow Chemical. The Activis.
· Perceptual process is a process through manager receive organize.docxLynellBull52
· Perceptual process is a process through manager receive organize and interpret information. According to this case, after Andrea decided quit this job, Sam chose Grant for the manager position from three candidates, even he is not very suitable for this position, because Sam strongly believes the manager have to be a full time based on previous customer experience(He believed that you can’t be a part time manager and that his customers would think Vibe was not a serious company if he appointed a part time manager for marketing and public relations-Sam Nguyen) Moreover Sam thought Grant could Increase himself-awareness to achieve demonstrate good relationship with customer.
· Job satisfaction is a collection of positive or negative felling that an individual holds toward their job. In this case, Andrea is a good example of having a negative felling of her job. ( Sam’s only criticism of her was that she seemed to live to work). Because Sam does not care about the employee satisfaction, Andrea can not get more spiritual benefit even get good salary. People may have different level of the job satisfaction. In this case, Andrea work long hours, she may feel very stressful, she is happy with cognitive job satisfaction, but not with the affective job satisfaction.
LIBRARY USE
lllillllllllllllll LA TROBE UNIVERSITY
3 2934 02374381 0
SEMESTER TWO EXAMINATION PERIOD
2010
student ID: Seat Number:
Unit Code: LST2LBA
Unit Name:
Paper Name:
Reading Time:
Writing Time:
Paper No: 1
Law of Business Association
Final
30 minutes
3 hours
No. of Pages (including cover sheet): 9
OFFICE USE ONLY (FACULTY/SCHOOL STAFF):
CAMPUS AW BE BU MI SH
Number
102
92
ALLOWABLE MATERIALS
Description
Open book, including electronic dictionary
Students may make notes during reading time (not on script books or multiple
choice answer sheets)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. This examination Is in three parts:
i. Part A: This Is a set of 20 multiple choice questions, worth 1 mark each. You may tear off the
answer sheet at the back of the examination paper. Write your student number on the answer
sheet. Circle the appropriate letter for each question.
li. Part B: This comprises three questions worth 10 marks each. Answer all questions.
III. Part C: Answer ONE of the two questions In Part C. It Is worth 20 marks.
2. This examination is worth 70 marks, being 70% of the marks for the course.
This paper MUST NOT BE REMOVED from the examination venue
Part A
This Part of the examination consists of twenty (20) multiple choice questions, each worth
one (1) marlc. The suggested time for completion is fifty minutes; that is, two minutes and
thirty seconds for each question. Be very careftal not to spend too much time on this section.
Students should circle the most appropriate answer to each question in Part A on the Part A
answer sheet provided at the end of this examination paper. Y o u may tear the answer shee.
· Performance Critique Assignment· During the first month of.docxLynellBull52
· Performance Critique Assignment
· During the first month of class, you are required to attend a theatrical production and to respond to it in the form of a performance critique (due February 29). A performance critique is a short essay in which you describe and offer your perspective on the specific choices that were made in a production. For this particular assignment, you are asked to develop an argument about how the production choices reflected (or failed to clearly reflect) the play’s central message.
· This piece of writing is uniquely tied to your own experience as a spectator in the theatre. Your critique should engage with the production as performance. This is different from doing a simple literary analysis of the main themes in the play. You should explore how these ideas are communicated through specific scenic choices – acting, directing, design, use of space, etc. – and make an argument about how these choices contributed to the production as a whole. Did they further the audience’s understanding of the message it was trying to convey? Did they make sense within the world they were trying to create? Was the text more alive because of them?
·
· *If there is a director’s note in the program, this will be particularly useful in ascertaining what the director’s intentions were or why he/she chose to stage this play in particular.
·
· A Performance Critique Looks Like:
·
· Format: 4 pages, 12-point font, double-spaced, 1” margins. Consulting other sources is not recommended (and you should definitely NOT consult other reviews of the performance), but if there is a secondary source that you feel provides important supporting information for your argument, you may use it if you include proper MLA citation.
·
· Ticket: Staple your ticket stub to the back page of your paper.
·
· Description: Give the audience a sense of the play. Include information about the name of the production, location, notable cast members, etc. Also include a very brief description of the main action, and/or the driving character relationships, and/or the genre (period piece, musical, etc.). When describing the action of the play, use the present tense.
·
· Argument: You should move far beyond saying simply whether you liked or disliked the play. Be sure to develop a clear thesis about what you think the production company was attempting to accomplish and whether they were successful.
·
· Specific Examples: Remember to provide specific examples to back up your argument. Your critique should help readers "visualize" the play. Provide relevant and evocative details. You will likely want to address several of the following elements: Acting (were the characters believable? Were they supposed to be?), Directing (Did there seem to be a unifying concept behind the production? How was that concept realized? Did the different elements of the production fit together?), Costume/Set/Lighting/Sound Design (H.
· Please read the following article excerpt, and view the video cl.docxLynellBull52
· Please read the following article excerpt, and view the video clips below. Listen carefully in order to understand as much of the Spanish as you can, using the images and contextual clues to help you get a sense of the gist of the video content.
· Next, write a 200-word response in English to the issues raised. Make sure to address the following questions:
1. What is syncretism and how does it differ from the concept of the melting pot?
2. How is Latin America’s (specifically Brazil and Cuba) experience with racial and cultural mixture different from that of the U.S.?
3. Can you give a couple of examples of syncretism in your own culture or in the U.S.?
Article
SYNCRETISM AND ITS SYNONYMS: REFLECTIONS ON CULTURAL MIXTURE by CHARLES STEWART
(If you would like to read the article from which this excerpt was taken, you can find it in Doc Sharing.)
The subject matter of anthropology has gradually changed over the last twenty years. Nowadays ethnographers rarely search for a stable or original form of cultures; they are usually more concerned with revealing how local communities respond to historical change and global influences. The burgeoning literature on transnational flows of ideas, global institutions, and cultural mixture reflects this shift of attention. This increased awareness of cultural penetration has, furthermore, been instrumental in the critique of earlier conceptions of “culture” that cast it as too stable: bounded, and homogeneous to be useful in a world characterized by migrations (voluntary or forced), cheap travel, international marketing, and telecommunications… In this body of literature the word syncretism has begun to reappear alongside such related concepts as hybridization and creolization as a means of portraying the dynamics of global social developments.
My purpose in considering the history of syncretism up to the present is not to enforce a standard usage conformed to the domain of religion; nor is it my goal to promote syncretism to a position of primus inter pares in the company of all other terms for mixture. I see my approach instead as an attempt to illustrate historically that syncretism has an objectionable but nevertheless instructive past…
Current Discussions of Mixture
Cultures, if we still wish to retain this term (and I do), are porous; they are open to intermixture with other, different cultures and they are subject to historical change precisely on account of these influences. This has no doubt always been the case…
Cultural borrowing and interpenetration are today seen as part of the very nature of cultures… To phrase it more accurately, syncretism describes the process by which cultures constitute themselves at any given point in time. Today's hybridization will simply give way to tomorrow's hybridization, the form of which will be dictated by historical-political events and contingencies… As [Edward] Said expresses it: all cultures are involved in one another, none is simple and pure, all.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine Command
1. Compare and Contrast Between Duty Ethics and Divine
Command
Duty Ethics is the ethical theory that was began with the
teaching of Immanuel Kant, who was a German philosopher that
lived from 1724 to 1804. He believed that a sense of duty
should be the main concept of a person’s beliefs. Basically,
Kant believed that a person should be guided by principles that
they would like everyone else to live by.1 In the theory of duty
ethics, a person is to act in a certain way, because it is the
correct way to act. Duty ethics define the good as treating
others in a respectful humane manner, since that is how you
would want to be treated. A weakness of the Duty Ethics theory
is that not every person has the same understanding or belief of
what is right or wrong.
Divine Command is that ethical theory that believes what is
good is good because it was commanded by God.2 As it
explains in a conversation someone had with Jesus, in Matthew
19:17. “Why do you ask me about what is good? He said to him.
“There is only one who is good. If you want to enter life, keep
the commandments.”3 This theory teaches that people cannot
live a moral life, unless they follow the moral teachings of
God.4 A weakness that I think the Divine Command theory has
is that if a person is not a believer, why would they follow the
instructions of the deity giving the commands? When God
created humankind, He gave us the freedom of choice. With this
choice He also instilled in us the basic understanding of what is
morally right or wrong.
2. Both theories teach us to do what is right, to treat other people,
how we would want to be treated, with kindness and respect.
Duty Ethics Theory teaches us to do the right thing no matter
what the outcome is. Divine Command Theory teaches to what
is right because it is what God commanded. Another difference
is where Duty Ethics can change with the morals of society,
Divine Command does not change because God’s commands do
not change.
The Divine Command Theory is a stronger ethical theory than
Duty Ethics Theory. It is the stronger theory, because it teaches
people to follow the commandments of God and the teachings of
the Bible. When a person follows the teaches of God and the
bible, they will have a stronger understanding of what is
morally right and wrong. With this understand they will make
better ethical choices and decisions. Through these teachings we
know that it is not right to cheat, steal, or commit murder, et
cetera. The commandments and the instructions of God and the
Bible are not open to change and cannot be change in order to
fit the circumstances. When a person follows these
commandments, they can live a life that is both morally ethical
and pleasing to God.
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Week 9 Lecture: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and
Environmental Sustainability
Task: View this topic
MGMT 670: Week 9 Lecture
Week 9: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and Environmental
3. Sustainability. The students examine the triple bottom line--
social, environmental, and financial performance
factors.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what corporate ethics is.
2. Discuss the theories of corporate responsibility and
environmental sustainability.
3. Examine the changing role of strategic human resources
management in international business
4. Analyze the triple bottom line to improve the performance
and success of a business.
Introduction
After numerous corporate scandals in the 1990s and 2000s,
firms began paying more attention to corporate ethics, social
responsibility, and environmental sustainability. This
commitment people, the planet, and economic value is
exemplified by three theories: corporate social responsibility,
the triple bottom line, and stakeholder theory (“Three
theories of corporate social responsibility,” 2012). Although
economic performance is certainly important to a firm’s
stakeholders, “increasingly though, it seems clear that
noneconomic accomplishments, such as reducing waste and
pollution, for example, are key indicators of performance as
well. … Increasingly, evidence is mounting that
attention to a triple bottom line is more than being
“responsible” but instead just good business” (Economic, social,
and environmental performance,” 2012).
Corporate social responsibility
Corporate social responsibility is “a general name for any
theory of the corporation that emphasizes both the
responsibility to make money and the responsibility to interact
4. ethically with the surrounding community. … Corporate social
responsibility is also a specific conception of that responsibility
to profit while playing a role in broader
questions of community welfare” (“Three theories of corporate
social responsibility,” 2012). The triple bottom line “is a form
of corporate social responsibility dictating that
corporate leaders tabulate bottom-line results not only in
economic terms (costs versus revenue) but also in terms of
company effects in the social realm, and with respect to
the environment” (“Three theories of corporate social
responsibility,” 2012). Stakeholder theory
is the mirror image of corporate social responsibility. Instead of
starting with a business and looking out into the world to see
what ethical obligations are there,
stakeholder theory starts in the world. It lists and describes
those individuals and groups who will be affected by (or affect)
the company’s actions and asks, “What are
their legitimate claims on the business?” “What rights do they
have with respect to the company’s actions?” and “What kind of
responsibilities and obligations can they
justifiably impose on a particular business?” In a single
sentence, stakeholder theory affirms that those whose lives are
touched by a corporation hold a right and
obligation to participate in directing it. (“Three theories of
corporate social responsibility,” 2012)
Ethics
Business ethics is defined as knowing “what it right or wrong in
the workplace and doing what's right -- this is in regard to
effects of products/services and in relationships
with stakeholders” (McNamara, n.d.). “Organizational ethics
express the values of an organization to its employees and other
entities, irrespective of governmental and/or
regulatory laws” (“Ethical issues at an organizational level,”
5. 2016).
The ethics of effective and competitive business practices
include creating a shared sense of meaning, vision, and purpose
that connect the employees to the organization and
are underpinned by valuing the community without
subordinating the individual and seeing the community's
purpose as flowing from the individuals involved” (Waddock,
2008).
Organizations can encourage ethical behavior by use of
A written code of ethics and standards
Ethics training to executives, managers, and employees
Availability for advice on ethical situations (i.e., advice lines or
offices)
Systems for confidential reporting (“Ethical issues at an
organizational level,” 2016; McNamara, n.d.).
Some organizations also perform social responsibility audits, a
process of evaluating a corporation's social responsibility
performance (“Social responsibility audits,” 2016).
“Organizations with these types of ethically based approaches
also focus on development for both employees and the
organization as a whole, which means valuing
individuals as ends, not as means to ends (a key ethical
principle), and focusing on learning and growth” (Waddock,
2008).
Environmental sustainability
Environmental issues may be caused by nature or humans:
Changes in the climate, such as global warming
Natural disasters, such as hurricanes
The alteration of terrain or bodies of water by natural disasters
6. or development
Deterioration of either inside or outside air quality
The release of hazardous materials from activities such as oil
spills and the dumping of hazardous waste
The depletion or deterioration of natural resources, such as
farmland, water, trees, and minerals
The displacement of wildlife or depletion of their food sources
(Connaughton, 2015).
For a company to effectively practice environmental
sustainability, it needs to formally write its strategies into its
planning. “To be truly effective, all stakeholders — from top
management to employees — need to be committed to the
planning and execution of actions and decisions that contribute
to a sustainable society” (Connaughton, 2015).
Firms can actively engage in “practices that will result in a
positive impact on a sustainable society” or passively engage by
avoiding “practices that will result in a negative
impact on a sustainable society” (Connaughton, 2015). Active
practices include
Creating a formal, written environmental management plan that
details goals, actions, responsibilities, and timelines.
Using renewable resources, such as bamboo and treated pine
timber whenever possible.
Planting trees on company property and in the community.
Using recycled and biodegradable materials in product
development.
Designing products that are recyclable or biodegradable.
Passive practices include limiting building and development
that will alter the course of nature, such as rerouting rivers,
encroaching upon wetlands, or displacing wildlife
habitats (Connaughton, 2015).
The World Resources Institute (2012) has developed a guide to
7. help organizations assess their risks and opportunities for
environmental sustainability.
Conclusion
There are “definite benefits to the environment and local,
national, and global communities from incorporating sustainable
society factors into corporate management
strategies. In fact, measurement tools do exist for calculating
the benefits of a company's actions on society; the Center for
Sustainable Innovation
(http://www.sustainableinnovation.org) created a non-financial,
mathematical tool called the Social Footprint, which is both a
corporate sustainability measurement and a
reporting method” (Connaughton, 2015). But the company also
reaps benefits, by fostering a positive public image and
attracting employees, investors, and customers to a
"socially responsible" company.
References
From the UMGC library: (Note: You must search for these
articles in the UMGC library. In the case of video links in the
UMGC library, exact directions are given
on how to find the video.)
Connaughton, S. A. (2015). Strategic manage ment in a
sustainable society. Research Starters: Business (Online
Edition).
From Other webpages:
Economic, social, and environmental performance. (2012). In
Management principles. Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/management-principles-
v1.1/s05-05-economic-social-and-environmen.html
8. Ethical issues at an organizational level. (2016, May 26).
Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
business/chapter/business-ethics/
Leading an ethical organization: corporate governance,
corporate ethics, and social responsibility. (2012). In Strategic
management: evaluation and execution. Retrieved
from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/strategic-
management-evaluation-and-execution/s14-leading-an-ethical-
organizatio.html
McNamara, C. (n.d.). Business ethics and social responsibility.
Free Management Library. Retrieved from
http://managementhelp.org/businessethics/#anchor4194
Metzger, E., Putt Del Pino, S., Prowitt, S., Goodward, J., &
Perera, A. (2012, December). sSWOT: a sustainability SWOT:
user’s guide. Washington, DC: World
Resources Institute. Retrieved from
http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/pdf/sustainability_swot_u
ser_guide.pdf
Social responsibility audits. (2012). In Ethics in business.
Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
management/chapter/corporate-social-
responsibility/
Three theories of corporate social responsibility. (2012). In
Strategic management: evaluation and execution. Retrieved
from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/business-ethics/s17-02-
three-theories-of-corporate-so.html
Waddock, S. (2008). Ethical role of the manager. In R. W. Kolb
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of business ethics and society (Vol. 5, pp.
9. 786-790). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE
Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781412956260 .n303. Retrieved
from
http://sk.sagepub.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/reference/ethics/n303.
xml
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Week 8 Lecture: Interna!onal Business
Task: View this topic
MGMT 670: Week 8 Lecture
Week 8: International Business: This week, the students will
study international business. Why does a company decide to
compete internationally? How does the business’
global strategy affect the company? They will learn how
businesses enter foreign markets and use international
operations to improve overall competitiveness.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand why companies choose to compete
internationally.
2. Understand the five general modes of entry into foreign
markets.
3. Analyze why and how differing market conditions across
countries influence a company’s strategy choices.
4. Understand how multinational companies are able to use
international operations to improve overall competitiveness.
Introduction
Every company has to decide whether to compete
internationally as part of its strategic plan. If a company does
decide to expand internationally, it then has to decide how to
compete.
Why do companies decide to expand internationally? “Some of
the reasons include 1) faster growth, 2) access to cheaper inputs
(raw materials and labor), 3) new market
opportunities from a vastly bigger customer base, and 4)
11. diversification—less vulnerability to changes or events in
specific regions when the company is dealing with a
number of regions of the world” (Conner, 2012). Many
companies decide to expand for economies of scale, “reduction
in unit costs associated with producing large volumes
of a product” (Moskowitz, 2009).
There are some potential risks to global expansion: “1)
increased costs, 2) the need to meet Foreign regulations and
standards, 3) cash flow woes due to delayed methods of
payment and 4) operational complexity, and 5) failure to
understand local business norms and customs” (Conner, 2012).
Ways to Expand
There are five ways companies enter international markets:
Source: Carpenter & Dunung, 2012b.
Exporting
Exporting is the “sale of products and services in foreign
countries that are sourced from the home country” (Carpenter &
Dunung, 2012b). Using domestic plants as a
production base for exporting goods to foreign markets is an
excellent initial strategy to test the international waters. The
amount of capital is usually minimal, and existing
production may be sufficient to make goods for export. A
manufacturer’s can limit its involvement in foreign markets by
contracting with foreign wholesalers experienced in
importing.
An export strategy is not the best choice when (1)
manufacturing costs in the home country are substantially
higher, (2) the costs of shipping goods overseas is high, or (3)
adverse shifts in currency rates occur.
12. Licensing
Licensing is “granting of permission by the licenser to the
licensee to use intellectual property rights, such as trademarks,
patents, brand names, or technology, under defined
conditions” (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012a). Licensing is an
effective strategy when the firm has valuable technical know -
how or a patent but does not have the organizational
capability or resources to enter a foreign market. Licensing can
also be a good choice in markets that are unfamiliar, politically
volatile, economically unstable, or otherwise
risky. The big disadvantage of licensing is providing
technological know-how to foreign companies and losing some
control over its use. In addition, monitoring licensees and
safeguarding the company’s intellectual property can prove
time-consuming and difficult.
Franchising
Franchising is when a “multinational firm grants rights on its
intangible property, like technology or a brand name, to a
foreign company for a specified period of time and
receives a royalty in return.” (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012a).
Franchising is often best for service and retail businesses.
Franchising has many of the same benefits as licensing.
The franchisee bears the costs of establishing a foreign location;
the franchisor is responsible for recruiting, training, supporting,
and monitoring the franchise. A big challenge
with franchising is maintaini ng quality control, especially when
the local culture does not stress quality or when local sources
do not meet quality standards. An opportunity or
challenge can be whether to allow franchisees to modify the
product to better serve the local population.
Partnering, Joint Ventures, and Strategic Alliance
13. Partnering, joint ventures, and strategic alliances are
cooperative agreements with foreign companies to gain mutual
benefit (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012b). Companies in
industrialized nations have long partnered to have their products
imported and sold by companies in emerging nations. In
addition to gaining access to new markets, such
cooperative arrangements have been made to take advantage of
economies of scale in production and marketing. By partnering
with another firm, companies can realize cost
savings that they can’t achieve with their own small volumes.
Other motivations include
to gain access to expertise or knowledge of local markets
to share distribution facilities or dealer networks
to work together to outsell rivals, instead of spending energy
competing against one another
to establish working relationships with key officials in the host
country’s government
to gain agreement on technical standards.
Partnering, joint ventures, and strategic alliances allow each
company to maintain its independence and save capital (that
would be spent in an acquisition or merger). These
sorts also are easier to disengage from once their purpose has
been served.
Potential pitfalls of these sorts of arrangements include
overcoming language and cultural barriers, trust-building,
conflicting objectives and strategies, differences in ethics
and values, and becoming overly dependent on the expertise of
the foreign partner.
Acquisition
Acquisitions are when one firm acquires control over another
14. firm Carpenter & Dunung, 2012b). These transactions can be
made using cash, stocks, or a combination (“Types
of transactions,” 2016). Acquisitions are used to give a
company quick access to a new market and are often used when
the industry is consolidating. Downsides of this
strategy to expand globally include high costs and limits on
ownership by foreign firms in some countries. Acquisitions also
don’t always increase the company’s value
(“Mergers and acquisitions,” 2016). An important question to
ask when considering a merger or acquisition is “Can [the] firm
achieve lower average costs or higher average
prices by including multiple business units in same firm?”
(“Mergers and acquisitions,” 2016).
Greenfield Venture
A wholly owned subsidiary is called a “greenfield venture”
(Carpenter & Dunung, 2012a). Such ventures are complex and
can be costly, but they provide the firm with the
maximum amount of control and have the most potential to
provide above-average returns. To be successful, the firm may
have to acquire knowledge of the existing market
by hiring either host-country nationals—possibly from
competitive firms—or costly consultants. An advantage is that
the firm retains control of all its operations. Potential
disadvantages include corruption or red tape in the host country
and cultural and language barriers.
Strategies for Global Expansion
There are two strategies a company can use to expand globally:
multi-domestic (think globally, act locally) or global (think
globally, act globally) (“Global strategic
management,” 2010).
Multi-domestic
15. In this strategy, there is local decision making and the product
is customized for the local market. This strategy allows for
local market conditions while reaping the benefits of
corporate standardization. In this approach, the company uses
the same competitive strategy (low-cost, focused, or
differentiation) but allows local managers to make country-
specific variations in product, production methods, or
distribution to satisfy the local market and take advantage of
local market conditions. This strategy can result in high
costs because of the many variations across countries. Time to
market can be slow because national approval is required for
introduction of new products.
Global
In this strategy, the product is the same in all countries and
control is centralized; there is little decision-making authority
on the local level. Advantages of this strategy are
lower costs, quicker introduction of new products, and
coordinated activities. This strategy works best when there are
few cultural and market differences in the countries in
which the company is operating.
Improving Overall Competitiveness
There are two important ways in which a company can improve
its overall competitiveness by expanding globally:
1. Use location to lower costs or improve product
differentiation
2. Use cross-border coordination in ways a domestic competitor
can’t.
Using Location
16. When a company decides to expand globally, it must analyze its
value chain to decide whether to make any changes. Should
certain elements of the value chain be
concentrated in one or a few countries? Which countries are the
best for each element of the value chain? In making those
decisions, companies should consider:
Whether the costs of any activity (e.g., manufacturing) are
lower in some countries.
Whether there are economies of scale that occur because of the
expansion.
What the learning curve is in performing an activity.
Whether certain locations offer access to superior resour ces or
other advantages.
Cross-Border Coordination
Resources accessed because of the expansion should be
carefully examined for how they can add to the firm’s
competitive advantage. More efficient manufacturing and
transportation, underutilized capacity, and knowledge gained in
a new market can all be used to enhance competitive advantage
and increase market share in competition with
domestic-only firms.
Conclusion
There are many ways in which a company can choose to expand
global. Each has potential rewards—and potential risks. A
company considering global expansion must
consider all the factors before deciding whether and how to
expand.
References
Carpenter, M. A., & Dunung, S. P. (2012a). Exporting,
17. importing, and global sourcing. In Challenges and opportunities
in international business. Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/challenges-and-
opportunities-in-international-business/s13-exporting-
importing-and-global.html
Carpenter, M. A., & Dunung, S. P. (2012b). International-
expansion entry modes. In Challenges and opportunities in
international business. Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/challenges-and-
opportunities-in-international-business/s12-03-international-
expansion-entry-.html
Conner, C. (2012, Aug 14). Ready to go global? Six tips to help
you decide. Forbes. Retrieved from
http://www.forbes.com/sites/cherylsnappconner/2012/08/14/read
y-to-go-
global-six-tips-to-help-you-decide/#3f45e69280a1
Global strategic management. (2010). In QuickMBA. Retrieved
from http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/global/
Mergers and acquisitions. (2016, May 26). In Boundless
business. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
business/chapter/corporate-growth/
Moskowitz, S. (2009). Economies of scale. In C. Wankel (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of business in today's world (pp. 568-569).
Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:
10.4135/9781412964289.n326. Retrieved from
http://sk.sagepub.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/reference/businesstoda
y/n326.xml
Types of transactions. (2016, May 26). In Boundless finance.
Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
18. finance/chapter/types-of-transactions/
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Week 7 Lecture: Generic and Corporate Strategies
Task: View this topic
MGMT 670: Week 7 Lecture
Week 7: Generic and Corporate Strategies. Learn the three
generic strategies used for building competitive advantage and
19. delivering value to customers. Learn why and how
companies diversify and how diversification can deliver
competitive advantage.
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what distinguishes each of the three generic
strategies and why some of these strategies work better in
certain industries and competitive conditions.
2. Identify the ways to achieve competitive advantage based on
lower costs.
3. Identify ways to develop competitive advantage based on
differentiation.
4. Identify ways to develop competitive advantage based on
focus.
5. Understand when and how diversifying into multiple
businesses can enhance shareholder value.
6. Understand how related diversification strategies can produce
competitive advantage.
Introduction
A company’s competitive strategy is management’s plan for
competing successfully. The chances are remote that any two
companies—even those in the same industry—will
employ the exact same competitive strategy. However, Michael
Porter developed three generic competitive strategies, which
can be used singly or in combination, that consist
of whether a company’s target market is broad or narrow and
whether the company is pursuing a competitive advantage
related to lower costs or differentiation (Porter, 1996).
“Porter states that the strategies are generic because they are
applicable to a large variety of situations and contexts.... The
generic strategies provide direction for firms in
designing incentive systems, control procedures, and
organizational arrangements” (“Generic competitive strategies,”
20. 2009).
According to Porter, “To position itself against its rivals, a firm
must decide whether to perform activities differently or perform
different activities. ... A firm’s business-level
strategy is a deliberate choice in regard to how it will perform
the value chain’s primary and support activities in ways that
create unique value” (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012).
The strategies are (1) cost leadership; (2) differentiation; and
(3) focus on a particular market niche.
Cost Leadership
In a cost leadership strategy, a company tries to become and
remain the lowest-cost producer and/or distributor in the
industry. “The strategy is especially important for firms
selling unbranded commodities such as beef or steel” (“Generic
competitive strategies,” 2009).
Companies using this strategy strive for lower costs than their
rivals, but not necessarily the lowest cost. The products/services
being sold must include features that buyers
consider essential. It’s possible to be too “low frills” and risk
being seen as offering little value. There are other potential
downfalls to this strategy: “Two or more firms
competing for cost leadership may engage in price wars that
drive profits to very low levels. Ideally, a firm using a cost
leader strategy will develop an advantage that is not
easily copied by others. Cost leaders also must maintain their
investment in state-of-the-art equipment or face the possible
entry of more cost-effective competitors” (“Generic
competitive strategies,” 2009).
Remember from our examination of Internal Factors that Porter
identified 10 cost drivers in a company’s value chain:
21. Source: “Porter's value chain: understanding how value is
created within organizations,” n.d.
The goal of the value chain activities is to offer customers value
that exceeds the cost of activities, resulting in profit (“The
value chain,” 2010).
There are two major ways of achieving low-cost leadership: (1)
Performing essential value chain activities more cost-effectively
than rivals, and (2) changing the value chain
to bypass or eliminate cost-producing activities. “Firms achieve
cost leadership by building large-scale operations that help
them reduce the cost of each unit by eliminating
extra features in their products or services, by reducing their
marketing costs, by finding low-cost sources or materials or
labor, and so forth” (“Generic competitive
strategies,” 2009).
Differentiation
Differentiation is creating something that is perceived as unique
in the industry “through advanced technology, high-quality
ingredients or components, product features, [or]
superior delivery time” (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012). Customers
must be at least somewhat insensitive to price for this strategy
to be effective. “Adding product features
means that the production or distribution costs of a
differentiated product may be somewhat higher than the price of
a generic, non-differentiated product. Customers must be
willing to pay more than the marginal cost of adding the
differentiating feature if a differentiation strategy is to succeed
(“Generic competitive strategies,” 2009). However,
“differentiation does not allow a firm to ignore costs; it makes a
firm's products less susceptible to cost pressures from
22. competitors because customers see the product as
unique and are willing to pay extra to have the product with the
desirable features” (“Generic competitive strategies,” 2009).
Focus
What sets a focused strategy apart from cost leadership or
differentiation is its “concentration on a particular customer,
product line, geographical area, channel of distribution,
stage in the production process, or market niche” (“Generic
competitive strategies,” 2009). With a focus strategy, the idea is
that they firm is better able to serve a limited
segment more efficiently than its competitors can serve a wide
range of customers.
Firms using a focus strategy simply apply a cost leader or
differentiation strategy to a segment of the larger market. Firms
may thus be able to differentiate themselves based
on meeting customer needs, or they may be able to achieve
lower costs within limited markets. Focus strategies are most
effective when customers have distinctive
preferences or specialized needs. (“Generic competitive
strategies,” 2009)
Combined strategies
It is also possible to combine these strategies, and firms that
combine strategies often do better than firms that pursue one
strategy. “An integrated cost-leadership and
differentiation strategy is a combination of the cost leadership
and the differentiation strategies. … To succeed with this
strategy, firms invest in the activities that create the
unique value but look for ways to reduce cost in nonval ue
activities” (Carpenter & Dunung, 2012).
Diversification
23. Diversification is when a firm enters an entirely new industry,
moving into new value chains ("Selecting corporate-level
strategies," 2012). Diversification is a growth strategy.
Many firms accomplish diversification through a merger or an
acquisition, whereas others expand into new industries without
the involvement of another firm. When
considering whether to diversify, a firm must ask how attractive
the industry is, how much it will cost to enter the industry, and
whether the new firm will be better off.
Diversification can be either related or unrelated.
Related Diversification
Related diversification is when a firm moves into a new
industry that has important similarities with the firm’s existing
industry or industries ("Selecting corporate-level
strategies," 2012). Often, the goal of firms that engage in
related diversification is to develop and exploit a core
competency to become more successful. The goal is often
synergy, "the ability of two or more parts of an organization to
achieve greater total effectiveness together than would be
experienced if the efforts of the independent parts
were summed" ("Diversification strategy," 2009).
Unrelated Diversification
Unrelated diversification is when a firm enters an industry that
lacks any important similarities with the firm’s existing
industry or industries. The primary goal of unrelated
diversification is improved profitability for the acquiring firm
("Diversification strategy," 2009). Often, the opportunities for
growth in the firm's current industry is limited.
So, diversifying into a new industry may offer improved profits.
However, operating unrelated businesses will result in increased
administrative costs for the acquiring firm.
24. Grow or Buy?
When deciding to diversify, a firm must consider whether it's
better to diversify internally (e.g., by creating a new company
or division within the current company) or to
expand externally (e.g., by merger or acquisition)
("Diversification strategy," 2009).
If a firm decides to diversify internally, it could, for example,
broaden its geographical market, sell to new users, market new
products in existing markets, or market new
products to new customers in new markets.
If a firm decides to externally diversify, the most common ways
are through merger or acquisition. In a merger, the firm gets
access to management, technology, and processes
and both firms retain their identities. In an acquisition, the firm
being acquired loses its identity. Acquisitions can be either
friendly or hostile.
Conclusion
Firms must choose which of the generic strategies they will
pursue and then whether to diversify. These decisions are
essential to how a firm will achieve competitive
advantage.
References
From the UMGC library: (Note: You must search for these
articles in the UMGC library. In the case of video links in the
UMGC library, exact directions are given
on how to find the video.)
Diversification strategy. (2009). In Encyclopedia of
25. management (6th ed., pp. 194-197). Detroit: Gale.
Generic competitive strategies. (2009). In Encyclopedia of
management (6th ed., pp. 337-341). Detroit: Gale.
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business
Review, 74(6), 61-78.
From other webpages:
Carpenter, M. A., & Dunung, S. P. (2012). Generic strategies.
In Challenges and opportunities in international business.
Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/challenges-and-
opportunities-in-international-business/s14-02-generic-
strategies.html
Porter's value chain: understanding how value is created within
organizations. (n.d.). Mind Tools. Retrieved from
https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_66.htm
Selecting corporate-level strategies. (2012). In Strategic
management: evaluation and execution. Retrieved from
http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/strategic-
management-evaluation-and-execution/s12-selecting-corporate-
level-stra.html
The value chain. 2010. NetMBA. Retrieved from
http://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/
Table of Contents WEEKLY COURSE CONTENT Week 7:
Generic and Corporate Strategies (Discussion Ques!on 5%)
Week 7 Lecture: Generic and Corporate Strategies
Ac!vity Details
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Table of Contents
Starbucks’ market
development strategy
has allowed fans to buy
its beans in grocery
stores.
Image courtesy of Claire
Gribbin,
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/File:Starbucks_coff
ee_beans.jpg.
Chapter 8
Selecting Corporate-Level Strategies
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and
articulate answers to the
28. following questions:
1. Why might a firm concentrate on a single industry?
2. What is vertical integration and what benefits can it provide?
3. What are the two types of diversification and when should
they be used?
4. Why and how might a firm retrench or restructure?
5. What is portfolio planning and why is it useful?
What’s the Big Picture at Disney?
Walt Disney remains a
worldwide icon five
decades after his death.
Image courtesy of
Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/File:Walt_Disney_
Snow_white_1937_traile
r_screenshot_(13).jpg.
The animated film Cars 2 was released by Pixar Animation
Studios in late June 2011. This sequel to
29. the smash hit Cars made $66 million at the box office on its
opening weekend and appeared likely
to be yet another commercial success for Pixar’s parent
corporation, The Walt Disney Company. By
the second weekend after its release, Cars 2 had raked in $109
million.
Although Walt Disney was a visionary, even he would have
struggled to imagine such enormous
numbers when his company was created. In 1923, Disney
Brothers Cartoon Studio was started by
Walt and his brother Roy in their uncle’s garage. The fledgling
company gained momentum in 1928
when a character was invented that still plays a central role for
Disney today—Mickey Mouse.
Disney expanded beyond short cartoons to make its first feature
film, Snow White and the Seven
Dwarves, in 1937.
Following a string of legendary films such as Pinocchio (1940),
Fantasia (1940), Bambi (1942), and
Cinderella (1950), Walt Disney began to diversify his empire.
His company developed a television
series for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in 1954
and opened the Disneyland theme
park in 1955. Shortly before its opening, the theme park was
30. featured on the television show to
expose the American public to Walt’s innovative ideas. One of
the hosts of that episode was Ronald
Reagan, who twenty-five years later became president of the
United States. A larger theme park,
Walt Disney World, was opened in Orlando in 1971. Roy
Disney died just two months after Disney
World opened; his brother Walt had passed in 1966 while
planning the creation of the Orlando
facility.
The Walt Disney Company began a series of acquisitions in
1993 with the purchase of movie studio
Miramax Pictures. ABC was acquired in 1996, along with its
very successful sports broadcasting
company, ESPN. Two other important acquisitions were made
during the following decade. Pixar
Studios was purchased in 2006 for $7.4 billion. This strategic
move brought a very creative and
successful animation company under Disney’s control. Three
years later, Marvel Entertainment
was acquired for $4.24 billion. Marvel was attractive because of
its vast roster of popular
characters, including Iron Man, the X-Men, the Incredible Hulk,
the Fantastic Four, and Captain
31. America. In addition to featuring these characters in movies,
Disney could build attractions around
them within its theme parks.
With annual revenues in excess of $38 billion, The Walt Disney
Company was the largest media
conglomerate in the world by 2010. It was active in four key
industries. Disney’s theme parks
included not only its American locations but also joint ventures
in France and Hong Kong. A park
in Shanghai, China, is slated to open by 2016. The theme park
business accounted for 28 percent of
Disney’s revenues.
Disney’s presence in the television industry, including ABC,
ESPN, Disney Channel, and ten
television stations, accounted for 45 percent of revenues.
Disney’s original business, filmed
entertainment, accounted for 18 percent of revenue.
Merchandise licensing was responsible for 7
percent of revenue. This segment of the business included
children’s books, video games, and 350
stores spread across North American, Europe, and Japan. The
remaining 2 percent of revenues
were derived from interactive online technologies. Much of this
32. revenue was derived from
Playdom, an online gaming company that Disney acquired in
2010.Standard & Poor’s stock report
on The Walt Disney Company.
By mid-2011, questions arose about how Disney was managing
one of its most visible subsidiaries.
Pixar’s enormous success had been built on creativity and risk
taking. Pixar executives were
justifiably proud that they made successful movies that most
studios would view as quirky and too
off-the-wall. A good example is 2009’s Up!, which made $730
million despite having unusual main
characters: a grouchy widower, a misfit “Wilderness Explorer”
in search of a merit badge for
helping the elderly, and a talking dog. Disney executives,
however, seemed to be adopting a much
different approach to moviemaking. In a February 2011 speech,
Disney’s chief financial officer
noted that Disney intended to emphasize movie franchises such
as Toy Story and Cars that can
support sequels and sell merchandise.
When the reviews of Pixar’s Cars 2 came out in June, it seemed
that Disney’s preferences were the
33. driving force behind the movie. The film was making money,
but it lacked Pixar’s trademark
artistry. One movie critic noted, “With Cars 2, Pixar goes
somewhere new: the ditch.” Another
suggested that “this frenzied sequel seldom gets beyond
mediocrity.” A stock analyst that follows
Disney perhaps summed up the situation best when he suggested
that Cars 2 was “the worst-case
scenario.…A movie created solely to drive merchandise. It feels
cynical. Parents may feel they’re
watching a two-hour commercial.”Stewart, J. B. 2011, June 1. A
collision of creativity and cash.
New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/02/business/02stewart.html
Looking to the future, Pixar executives had to wonder whether
their studio could excel as part of a
huge firm. Would Disney’s financial emphasis destroy the
creativity that made Pixar worth more
than $7 billion in the first place? The big picture was definitely
unclear.
Will John Lassiter, Pixar’s chief creative officer, be prevented
from making more quirky films like Up! by
parent company Disney?
Image courtesy of Nicolas Genin,
34. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/John_Lass
eter-Up-66th_Mostra.jpg.
When dealing with corporate-level strategy, executives seek
answers to a key question: In what
industry or industries should our firm compete? The executives
in charge of a firm such as The
Walt Disney Company must decide whether to remain within
their present domains or venture into
new ones. In Disney’s case, the firm has expanded from its
original business (films) and into
television, theme parks, and several others. In contrast, many
firms never expand beyond their
initial choice of industry.
8.1 Concentration Strategies
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Name and understand the three concentration strategies.
2. Be able to explain horizontal integration and two reasons why
it often fails.
For many firms, concentration strategies are very sensible.
These strategies involve trying to
compete successfully only within a single industry.
McDonald’s, Starbucks, and Subway are three firms
36. Nike, for example, features famous athletes in print and
television ads designed to take market share
within the athletic shoes business from Adidas and other rivals.
McDonald’s has pursued market
penetration in recent years by using Latino themes within some
of its advertising. The firm also
maintains a Spanish-language website at
http://www.meencanta.com; the website’s name is the
Spanish translation of McDonald’s slogan “I’m lovin’ it.”
McDonald’s hopes to gain more Latino
customers through initiatives such as this website.
Nike relies in part on a market penetration strategy within the
athletic shoe business.
Image courtesy of Jean-Louis Zimmermann,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeanlouis_zimmermann/51756471
57/sizes/o/in/photostream.
Market Development
Market development involves taking existing products and
trying to sell them within new markets.
One way to reach a new market is to enter a new retail channel.
Starbucks, for example, has stepped
beyond selling coffee beans only in its stores and now sells
beans in grocery stores. This enables
37. Starbucks to reach consumers that do not visit its coffeehouses.
Entering new geographic areas is another way to pursue market
development. Philadelphia-based Tasty Baking Company has
sold its
Tastykake snack cakes since 1914 within Pennsylvania and
adjoining states.
The firm’s products have become something of a cult hit among
customers,
who view the products as much tastier than the snack cakes
offered by rivals
such as Hostess and Little Debbie. In April 2011, Tastykake was
purchased
by Flowers Foods, a bakery firm based in Georgia. When it
made this
acquisition, Flower Foods announced its intention to begin
extensively
distributing Tastykake’s products within the southeastern
United States.
Displaced Pennsylvanians in the south rejoiced.
Product Development
Product development involves creating new products to serve
existing
38. markets. In the 1940s, for example, Disney expanded its
offerings within
the film business by going beyond cartoons and creating movies
featuring
real actors. More recently, McDonald’s has gradually moved
more and more
of its menu toward healthy items to appeal to customers who are
concerned
about nutrition.
In 2009, Starbucks introduced VIA, an instant coffee variety
that executives hoped would appeal to
their customers when they do not have easy access to a
Starbucks store or a coffeepot. The soft drink
industry is a frequent location of product development efforts.
Coca-Cola and Pepsi regularly introduce
new varieties—such as Coke Zero and Pepsi Cherry Vanilla—in
an attempt to take market share from
each other and from their smaller rivals.
Product development is a popular strategy in the soft-drink
industry, but not all developments pay off. Coca-
Cola Black (a blending of cola and coffee flavors) was launched
in 2006 but discontinued in 2008.
Image courtesy of Barry,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/buglugs/1536568227/sizes/o/in/ph
40. their presence in an industry by
acquiring or merging with one of their rivals. This strategic
move is known as horizontal integration
(Figure 8.2 "Horizontal Integration"). An acquisition takes
place when one company purchases
another company. Generally, the acquired company is smaller
than the firm that purchases it. A
merger joins two companies into one. Mergers typically involve
similarly sized companies. Disney was
much bigger than Miramax and Pixar when it joined with these
firms in 1993 and 2006, respectively,
thus these two horizontal integration moves are considered to be
acquisitions.
Horizontal integration can be attractive for several reasons. In
many cases, horizontal integration is
aimed at lowering costs by achieving greater economies of
scale. This was the reasoning behind several
mergers of large oil companies, including BP and Amoco in
1998, Exxon and Mobil in 1999, and
Chevron and Texaco in 2001. Oil exploration and refining is
expensive. Executives in charge of each of
these six corporations believed that greater efficiency could be
achieved by combining forces with a
former rival. Considering horizontal integration alongside
41. Porter’s five forces model highlights that
such moves also reduce the intensity of rivalry in an industry
and thereby make the industry more
profitable.
Some purchased firms are attractive because they own strategic
resources such as valuable brand
names. Acquiring Tasty Baking was appealing to Flowers
Foods, for example, because the name
Tastykake is well known for quality in heavily populated areas
of the northeastern United States. Some
purchased firms have market share that is attractive. Part of the
motivation behind Southwest Airlines’
purchase of AirTran was that AirTran had a significant share of
the airline business in cities—especially
Atlanta, home of the world’s busiest airport—that Southwest
had not yet entered. Rather than build a
presence from nothing in Atlanta, Southwest executives
believed that buying a position was prudent.
Horizontal integration can also provide access to new
distribution channels. Some observers were
puzzled when Zuffa, the parent company of the Ultimate
Fighting Championship (UFC), purchased
rival mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion Strikeforce. UFC
had such a dominant position within MMA
42. that Strikeforce seemed to add very little for Zuffa. Unlike
UFC, Strikeforce had gained exposure on
network television through broadcasts on CBS and its partner
Showtime. Thus acquiring Strikeforce
might help Zuffa gain mainstream exposure of its
product.Wagenheim, J. 2011, March 12. UFC buys out
Strikeforce in another step toward global domination. SI.com.
Retrieved from
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/jeff_wagenheim/03
/12/strikeforce-
purchased/index.html
The combination of UFC and Strikeforce into one company may
accelerate the growing popularity of mixed
martial arts.
Image courtesy of hydropeek,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hydropeek/4533084943/sizes/o/in/
photostream.
Despite the potential benefits of mergers and acquisitions, their
financial results often are very
disappointing. One study found that more than 60 percent of
mergers and acquisitions erode
shareholder wealth while fewer than one in six increases
shareholder wealth.Henry, D. 2002, October
43. 14. Mergers: Why most big deals don’t pay off. Business Week,
60–70. Some of these moves struggle
because the cultures of the two companies cannot be meshed.
This chapter’s opening vignette suggests
that Disney and Pixar may be experiencing this problem. Other
acquisitions fail because the buyer pays
more for a target company than that company is worth and the
buyer never earns back the premium it
paid.
In the end, between 30 percent and 45 percent of mergers and
acquisitions are undone, often at huge
losses.Hitt, M. A., Harrison, J. S., & Ireland, R. D. 2001.
Mergers and acquisitions: A guide to creating
value for stakeholders. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press. For example, Mattel purchased The
Learning Company in 1999 for $3.6 billion and sold it a year
later for $430 million—12 percent of the
original purchase price. Similarly, Daimler-Benz bought
Chrysler in 1998 for $37 billion. When the
acquisition was undone in 2007, Daimler recouped only $1.5
billion worth of value—a mere 4 percent of
what it paid. Thus executives need to be cautious when
considering using horizontal integration.
44. K E Y TA K E AWAY S
A concentration strategy involves trying to compete
successfully within a single industry.
Market penetration, market development, and product
development are three methods to
grow within an industry. Mergers and acquisitions are popular
moves for executing a
concentration strategy, but executives need to be cautious about
horizontal integration
because the results are often poor.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Suppose the president of your college or university decided
to merge with or acquire
another school. What schools would be good candidates for this
horizontal integration
move? Would the move be a success?
2. Given that so many mergers and acquisitions fail, why do you
think that executives keep
making horizontal integration moves?
3. Can you identify a struggling company that could benefit
from market penetration, market
development, or product development? What might you advise
this company’s executives
45. to do differently?
8.2 Vertical Integration Strategies
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Understand what backward vertical integration is.
2. Understand what forward vertical integration is.
3. Be able to provide examples of backward and forward
vertical integration.
When pursuing a vertical integration strategy, a firm gets
involved in new portions of the value
chain (Figure 8.3 "Vertical Integration at American Apparel").
This approach can be very attractive
when a firm’s suppliers or buyers have too much power over the
firm and are becoming increasingly
profitable at the firm’s expense. By entering the domain of a
supplier or a buyer, executives can reduce
or eliminate the leverage that the supplier or buyer has over the
firm. Considering vertical integration
alongside Porter’s five forces model highlights that such moves
can create greater profit potential.
Firms can pursue vertical integration on their own, such as
when Apple opened stores bearing its
brand, or through a merger or acquisition, such as when eBay
46. purchased PayPal.
In the late 1800s, Carnegie Steel Company was a pioneer in the
use of vertical integration. The firm
controlled the iron mines that provided the key ingredient in
steel, the coal mines that provided the fuel
for steelmaking, the railroads that transported raw material to
steel mills, and the steel mills
themselves. Having control over all elements of the production
process ensured the stability and quality
of key inputs. By using vertical integration, Carnegie Steel
achieved levels of efficiency never before
seen in the steel industry.
Figure 8.3 Vertical Integration at American Apparel
Images courtesy of alossix,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alossix/2588175535/ (top
middle),
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alossix/2588242383/ (top left),
http://www.flickr.com/photos/alossix/2589149772/ (bottom
left); Dov Charney,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dovcharney/2885342063/ (top
right); Nicolas Nova,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nnova/3399896671/ (background);
vmiramontes,
47. http://www.flickr.com/photos/vmiramontes/4376957889/
(bottom right).
Today, oil companies are among the most vertically integrated
firms. Firms such as ExxonMobil and
ConocoPhillips can be involved in all stages of the value chain,
including crude oil exploration, drilling
for oil, shipping oil to refineries, refining crude oi l into
products such as gasoline, distributing fuel to
gas stations, and operating gas stations.
The risk of not being vertically integrated is illustrated by the
2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the
Gulf of Mexico. Although the US government held BP
responsible for the disaster, BP cast at least some
of the blame on drilling rig owner Transocean and two other
suppliers: Halliburton Energy Services
(which created the cement casing for the rig on the ocean floor)
and Cameron International
Corporation (which had sold Transocean blowout prevention
equipment that failed to prevent the
disaster). In April 2011, BP sued these three firms for what it
viewed as their roles in the oil spill.
The 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig cost
eleven lives and released nearly five million barrels
of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico.
48. Image courtesy of US Coast Guard,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepwater_Horizon_offshore_
drilling_unit_on_fire_2010.jpg.
Vertical integration also creates risks. Venturing into new
portions of the value chain can take a firm
into very different businesses. A lumberyard that started
building houses, for example, would find that
the skills it developed in the lumber business have very limited
value to home construction. Such a firm
would be better off selling lumber to contractors.
Vertical integration can also create complacency. Consider, for
example, a situation in which an
aluminum company is purchased by a can company. People
within the aluminum company may believe
that they do not need to worry about doing a good job because
the can company is guaranteed to use
their products. Some companies try to avoid this problem by
forcing their subsidiary to compete with
outside suppliers, but this undermines the reason for purchasing
the subsidiary in the first place.
Backward Vertical Integration
A backward vertical integration strategy involves a firm moving
back along the value chain and
49. entering a supplier’s business. Some firms use this strategy
when executives are concerned that a
supplier has too much power over their firms. In the early days
of the automobile business, Ford Motor
Company created subsidiaries that provided key inputs to
vehicles such as rubber, glass, and metal.
This approach ensured that Ford would not be hurt by suppliers
holding out for higher prices or
providing materials of inferior quality.
To ensure high quality, Ford relied heavily on backward vertical
integration in the early days of the
automobile industry.
Image courtesy of Ford Corporation,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_1939.jpg.
Although backward vertical integration is usually discussed
within the context of manufacturing
businesses, such as steelmaking and the auto industry, this
strategy is also available to firms such as
Disney that compete within the entertainment sector. ESPN is a
key element of Disney’s operations
within the television business. Rather than depend on outside
production companies to provide talk
shows and movies centered on sports, ESPN created its own
50. production company. ESPN Films is a
subsidiary of ESPN that was created in 2001. ESPN Films has
created many of ESPN’s best-known
programs, including Around the Horn and Pardon the
Interruption. By owning its own production
company, ESPN can ensure that it has a steady flow of programs
that meet its needs.
Forward Vertical Integration
A forward vertical integration strategy involves a firm moving
further down the value chain to
enter a buyer’s business. Disney has pursued forward verti cal
integration by operating more than three
hundred retail stores that sell merchandise based on Disney’s
characters and movies. This allows
Disney to capture profits that would otherwise be enjoyed by
another store. Each time a Hannah
Montana book bag is sold through a Disney store, the firm
makes a little more profit than it would if the
same book bag were sold by a retailer such as Target.
Forward vertical integration also can be useful for neutralizing
the effect of powerful buyers. Rental car
agencies are able to insist on low prices for the vehicles they
buy from automakers because they
51. purchase thousands of cars. If one automaker stubbornly tries to
charge high prices, a rental car agency
can simply buy cars from a more accommodating automaker. It
is perhaps not surprising that Ford
purchased Hertz Corporation, the world’s biggest rental car
agency, in 1994. This ensured that Hertz
would not drive too hard of a bargain when buying Ford
vehicles. By 2005, selling vehicles to rental car
companies had become less important to Ford and Ford was
struggling financially. The firm then
reversed its forward vertical integration strategy by selling
Hertz.
eBay’s purchase of PayPal and Apple’s creation of Apple Stores
are two
recent examples of forward vertical integration. Despite its
enormous
success, one concern for eBay is that many individuals avoid
eBay because
they are nervous about buying and selling goods online with
strangers.
Previous Chapter Next Chapter Table of Contents
The massive number of
53. but companies may want
to avoid owning units
that are considered to be
dogs.
Photo courtesy of D.
Ketchen.
they are nervous about buying and selling goods online with
strangers.
PayPal addressed this problem by serving, in exchange for a
fee, as an
intermediary between online buyers and sellers. eBay’s
acquisition of
PayPal signaled to potential customers that their online
transactions were
completely safe—eBay was now not only the place where
business took
place but eBay also protected buyers and sellers from being
ripped off.
Apple’s ownership of its own branded stores set the firm apart
from
computer makers such as Hewlett-Packard, Acer, and Gateway
that only
54. distribute their products through retailers like Best Buy and
Office Depot.
Employees at Best Buy and Office Depot are likely to know just
a little bit
about each of the various brands their store carries.
In contrast, Apple’s stores are popular in part because store
employees are experts about Apple
products. They can therefore provide customers with accurate
and insightful advice about purchases
and repairs. This is an important advantage that has been
created through forward vertical integration.
K E Y TA K E AWAY
Vertical integration occurs when a firm gets involved in new
portions of the value chain. By
entering the domain of a supplier (backward vertical
integration) or a buyer (forward vertical
integration), executives can reduce or eliminate the leverage
that the supplier or buyer has
over the firm.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Identify a well-known company that does not use backward
or forward vertical integration.
Why do you believe that the firm’s executives have avoided
55. these strategies?
2. Some universities have used vertical integration by creating
their own publishing
companies. The Harvard Business Press is perhaps the best-
known example. Are there
other ways that a university might vertical integrate? If so, what
benefits might this create?
8.3 Diversification Strategies
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Explain the concept of diversification.
2. Be able to apply the three tests for diversification.
3. Distinguish related and unrelated diversification.
Firms using diversification strategies enter entirely new
industries. While vertical integration
involves a firm moving into a new part of a value chain that it is
already is within, diversification
requires moving into new value chains. Many firms accomplish
this through a merger or an acquisition,
while others expand into new industries without the
involvement of another firm.
Three Tests for Diversification
A proposed diversification move should pass three tests or it
56. should be rejected.Porter, M. E. 1987.
From competitive advantage to corporate strategy. Harvard
Business Review, 65(3), 102–121.
1. How attractive is the industry that a firm is considering
entering? Unless the industry has strong
profit potential, entering it may be very risky.
2. How much will it cost to enter the industry? Executives need
to be sure that their firm can recoup
the expenses that it absorbs in order to diversify. When Philip
Morris bought 7Up in the late 1970s,
it paid four times what 7Up was actually worth. Making up
these costs proved to be impossible and
7Up was sold in 1986.
3. Will the new unit and the firm be better off? Unless one side
or the other gains a competitive
advantage, diversification should be avoided. In the case of
Philip Morris and 7Up, for example,
neither side benefited significantly from joining together.
Related Diversification
Related diversification occurs when a firm moves into a new
industry that has important
similarities with the firm’s existing industry or industries
(Figure 8.4 "The Sweet Fragrance of Success:
57. The Brands That “Make Up” the Lauder Empire"). Because
films and television are both aspects of
entertainment, Disney’s purchase of ABC is an example of
related diversification. Some firms that
engage in related diversification aim to develop and exploit a
core competency to become more
successful. A core competency is a skill set that is difficult for
competitors to imitate, can be leveraged
in different businesses, and contributes to the benefits enjoyed
by customers within each
business.Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. 1990. The core
competencies of the corporation. Harvard
Business Review, 86(1), 79–91. For example, Newell
Rubbermaid is skilled at identifying
underperforming brands and integrating them into their three
business groups: (1) home and family,
(2) office products, and (3) tools, hardware, and commercial
products.
Figure 8.4 The Sweet Fragrance of Success: The Brands That
“Make Up” the Lauder Empire
Images courtesy of Betsy Weber,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/betsyweber/5915582379/ (fourth
row left);
ookikioo, http://www.flickr.com/photos/ookikioo/856924791/
58. (third row middle); Shotcuts Software,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/5303842500/
(second row right); Joanne Saige Lee,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/crystalliferous/3024189623/sizes/
m/in/photostream/,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/crystalliferous/3025018504/sizes/
m/in/photostream/ (third row left);
Jessica Sheridan,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/4043846042/
(first row middle);
daveynin, http://www.flickr.com/photos/daveynin/2726423708/
(second row left); Handmade Image,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/4643563760/
(fourth row right); Church Street
Marketplace,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/churchstreetmarketplace/4180164
459/ (third row right);
ookikioo,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ookikioo/314692747/sizes/m/in/p
hotostream/ (first row left);
Liane Chan,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/porcupiny/1926961411/si zes/o/in/
photostream/ (first row
right).
Honda Motor Company provides a good example of leveraging a
59. core competency through related
diversification. Although Honda is best known for its cars and
trucks, the company actually started out
in the motorcycle business. Through competing in this business,
Honda developed a unique ability to
build small and reliable engines. When executives decided to
diversify into the automobile industry,
Honda was successful in part because it leveraged this ability
within its new business. Honda also
applied its engine-building skills in the all-terrain vehicle, lawn
mower, and boat motor industries.
Honda’s related diversification strategy has taken the firm into
several businesses, including boat motors.
Image courtesy of Wikimedia,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Hondaoutboard.j
pg.
Sometimes the benefits of related diversification that executives
hope to enjoy are never achieved. Both
soft drinks and cigarettes are products that consumers do not
need. Companies must convince
consumers to buy these products through marketing activities
such as branding and advertising. Thus,
on the surface, the acquisition of 7Up by Philip Morris seemed
to offer the potential for Philip Morris to
61. both enjoy iconic brands, these strategic resources simply did
not transfer effectively to the bottled
water and furniture businesses.
Lighter firm Zippo is currently trying to avoid this scenario.
According to CEO Geoffrey Booth, the
Zippo is viewed by consumers as a “rugged, durable, made in
America, iconic”
brand.http://th2010.townhall.com/news/us/2011/03/20/zippos_b
urning_ambition_lies_in_
retail_expansion. This brand has fueled eighty years of success
for the firm. But the future of the lighter
business is bleak. Zippo executives expect to sell about 12
million lighters this year, which is a 50
percent decline from Zippo’s sales levels in the 1990s. This
downward trend is likely to continue as
smoking becomes less and less attractive in many countries. To
save their company, Zippo executives
want to diversify.
In particular, Zippo wants to follow a path blazed by Eddie
Bauer and
Victorinox Swiss Army Brands Inc. The rugged outdoors image
of Eddie
Bauer’s clothing brand has been used effectively to sell sport
62. utility vehicles
made by Ford. The high-quality image of Swiss Army knives
has been used
to sell Swiss Army–branded luggage and watches. As of March
2011, Zippo
was examining a wide variety of markets where their brand
could be
leveraged, including watches, clothing, wallets, pens, liquor
flasks, outdoor
hand warmers, playing cards, gas grills, and cologne. Trying to
figure out
which of these diversification options would be winners, such
as the Eddie
Bauer-edition Ford Explorer, and which would be losers, such
as Harley-
branded bottled water, was a key challenge facing Zippo
executives.
Strategy at the Movies
In Good Company
What do Techline cell phones, Sports America magazi ne, and
Crispity Crunch cereals have in
common? Not much, but that did not stop Globodyne from
buying each of these companies in its
63. quest for synergy in the 2004 movie In Good Company.
Executive Carter Duryea was excited when
his employer Globodyne purchased Waterman Publishing, the
owner of Sports America magazine.
The acquisition landed him a big promotion and increased his
salary to “Porsche-leasing” size.
Synergy is created when two or more businesses produce
benefits together that could not be
produced separately. While Duryea was confident that a cross-
promotional strategy between his
advertising division and the other units within the Globodyne
universe was a slam-dunk,
Waterman employee Dan Foreman saw little congruence
between advertisements in Sports
America on the one hand and cell phones and breakfast cereals
on the other. Despite his
considerable efforts, Duryea was unable to increase ad pages in
Sports America because the
unrelated nature of Globodyne’s other business units inhibited
his strategy of creating synergy.
Seeing little value in owning a failing publishing company,
Globodyne promptly sold the division to
another conglomerate. After the sale, the executives that had
been rewarded for the initial purchase
64. of Waterman Publishing, including Duryea, were fired.
Globodyne’s inability to successfully manage Waterman
Publishing illustrates the difficulties
associated with unrelated diversification. While buying
companies outside a parent company’s core
competencies can increase the size of the company and in turn
its executives’ bank accounts,
managing firms unfamiliar to management is generally a risky
and losing proposition. Decades of
research on strategic management suggest that when firms
diversify, it is best to “stick to the
knitting.” That is, stay with businesses executives are familiar
with and avoid moving into ventures
where little expertise exists.
In Good Company
starred Topher Grace as
ill-fated junior executive
Carter Duryea.
Image courtesy of David
Shankbone,
http://en.wikipedia.org/
65. wiki/File:Topher_Grace
_by_David_Shankbone.j
pg.
K E Y TA K E AWAY
Diversification strategies involve firmly stepping beyond its
existing industries and entering a
new value chain. Generally, related diversification (entering a
new industry that has
important similarities with a firm’s existing industries) is wiser
than unrelated diversification
(entering a new industry that lacks such similarities).
E X E R C I S E S
1. Studies have shown that executives’ pay increases when their
firms gets larger. What role, if
any, do you think executive pay plays in diversification
decisions?
2. Identify a firm that has recently engaged in diversification.
Search the firm’s website to
identify executives’ rationale for diversifying. Do you find the
reasoning to be convincing?
Why or why not?
8.4 Strategies for Getting Smaller
66. L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Understand why a firm would want to shrink or exit from a
business.
2. Be able to distinguish retrenchment and restructuring.
“In what industry or industries should our firm compete?” is the
central question addressed by
corporate-level strategy. In some cases, the answer that
executives arrive at involves exiting one or
more industries.
Retrenchment
In the early twentieth century, many military battles were
fought in series of parallel trenches. If an
attacking army advanced enough to force a defending army to
abandon a trench, the defenders would
move back to the next trench and try to refortify their position.
This small retreat was preferable to
losing the battle entirely. Trench warfare inspired the business
term retrenchment. Firms following a
retrenchment strategy shrink one or more of their business
units. Much like an army under attack,
firms using this strategy hope to make just a small retreat rather
than losing a battle for survival.
67. Retrenchment is often accomplished through laying off
employees. In July 2011, for example, South
African grocery store chain Pick n Pay announced plans to
release more than 3,000 of its estimated
36,000 workers. Just over a month earlier, South African
officials had approved Walmart’s acquisition
of a leading local retailer called Massmart. Rivalry in the South
African grocery business seemed likely
to become fiercer, and Pick n Pay executives needed to cut costs
for their firm to remain competitive.
A Pick n Pay executive explained the layoffs by noting that “the
decision was not taken lightly but was
required to ensure the viability of the retail business and its
employees into the future.”Chilwane, L.
2011, July 7. Pick n Pay to retrench. The New Age. Retrieved
from http://www.thenewage.co.za/22462-
1025-53-Pick_n_Pay_to_retrench This is a common rationale
for retrenchment—by shrinking the size
of a firm, executives hope that the firm can survive as a
profitable enterprise. Without becoming
smaller and more cost effective, Pick n Pay and other firms that
use retrenchment can risk total failure.
The term retrenchment has its origins in trench warfare, which
is shown in this World War I photo taken in
69. received 0.69893 shares of Delphi for
every share of stock they owned in GM. A stockholder who
owned 100 shares of GM received 69 shares
of the new company plus a small cash payment in lieu of a
fractional share.
Divestment also serves as a means to undo diversification
strategies. Divestment can be especially
appealing to executives in charge of firms that have engaged in
unrelated diversification. Investors
often struggle to understand the complexity of diversified firms,
and this can result in relatively poor
performance by the stocks of such firms. This is known as a
diversification discount. Executives
sometimes attempt to unlock hidden shareholder value by
breaking up diversified companies.
Fortune Brands provides a good example. Surprisingly, this
company does not own Fortune magazine,
but it has been involved in a diverse set of industries. As of
2010, the firm consisted of three businesses:
spirits (including Jim Beam and Maker’s Mark), household
goods (including Masterlock and Moen
Faucets), and golf equipment (including Titleist clubs and balls
as well as FootJoy shoes). In December
2010, Fortune Brand’s CEO announced a plan to separate the
70. three businesses to “maximize long-term
value for our shareholders and to create exciting opportunities
within our businesses.”Sauerhaft, R.
2011, May 20. Fortune Brands to sell Titleist and FootJoy to
Fila Korea. Golf.com. Retrieved from
http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,2073173,0
0.html#ixzz1MvXStp2b Fortune
Brands took the first step toward overcoming the diversification
discount in May 2011 when it reached
an agreement to sell its gold business to Fila. In June 2011,
plans to spin off the home products
business were announced.
Fortune Brands hopes to unlock hidden shareholder value by
divesting unrelated brands such as Masterlock.
Image courtesy of Thegreenj,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Masterpad
lock.jpg.
Executives are sometimes forced to admit that the operations
that they want to abandon have no value.
If selling off part of a business is not possible, the best option
may be liquidation. This involves simply
shutting down portions of a firm’s operations, often at a
tremendous financial loss. GM has done this by
scrapping its Geo, Saturn, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac brands. Ford
71. recently followed this approach by
shutting down its Mercury brand. Such moves are painful
because massive investments are written off,
but becoming “leaner and meaner” may save a company from
total ruin.
K E Y TA K E AWAY
Executives sometimes need to reduce the size of their firms to
maximize the chances of
success. This can involve fairly modest steps such as
retrenchment or more profound
restructuring strategies.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Should Disney consider using retrenchment or restructuring?
Why or why not?
2. Given how much information is readily available about
companies, why do you think
investors still struggle to analyze diversified companies?
8.5 Portfolio Planning and Corporate-Level Strategy
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Understand why a firm would want to use portfolio planning.
2. Be able to explain the limitations of portfolio planning.
72. Executives in charge of firms involved in many different
businesses must figure out how to manage
such portfolios. General Electric (GE), for example, competes
in a very wide variety of industries,
including financial services, insurance, television, theme parks,
electricity generation, lightbulbs,
robotics, medical equipment, railroad locomotives, and aircraft
jet engines. When leading a company
such as GE, executives must decide which units to grow, which
ones to shrink, and which ones to
abandon.
Portfolio planning can be a useful tool. Portfolio planning is a
process that helps executives assess
their firms’ prospects for success within each of its industries,
offers suggestions about what to do
within each industry, and provides ideas for how to allocate
resources across industries. Portfolio
planning first gained widespread attention in the 1970s, and it
remains a popular tool among executives
today.
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix is the best-known
approach to portfolio planning (Figure
73. 8.7 "The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix"). Using the
matrix requires a firm’s businesses to be
categorized as high or low along two dimensions: its share of
the market and the growth rate of its
industry. High market share units within slow-growing
industries are called cash cows. Because their
industries have bleak prospects, profits from cash cows should
not be invested back into cash cows but
rather diverted to more promising businesses. Low market share
units within slow-growing industries
are called dogs. These units are good candidates for divestment.
High market share units within fast-
growing industries are called stars. These units have bright
prospects and thus are good candidates for
growth. Finally, low-market-share units within fast-growing
industries are called question marks.
Executives must decide whether to build these units into stars or
to divest them.
The BCG matrix is just one portfolio planning technique. With
the help of a
leading consulting firm, GE developed the attractiveness-
strength matrix to
examine its diverse activities. This planning approach involves
rating each
75. that the profits that they help create
will be diverted to boost other areas of the firm. Third, portfolio
planning does not help identify new
opportunities. Because this tool only deals with existing
businesses, it cannot reveal what new
industries a firm should consider entering.
K E Y TA K E AWAY
Portfolio planning is a useful tool for analyzing a firm’s
operations, but this tool has
limitations. The BCG matrix is one of the most widely used
approaches to portfolio planning.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Is market share a good dimension to use when analyzing the
prospects of a business? Why
or why not?
2. What might executives do to keep employees within dog units
motivated and focused on
their jobs?
8.6 Conclusion
This chapter explains corporate-level strategy. Executives
grappling with corporate-level strategy must
decide in what industry or industries their firms will compete.
76. Many of the possible answers to this
question involve growth. Concentration strategies involve
competing within existing domains to expand
within those domains. This can take the form of market
penetration, market development, or product
development. Integration involves expanding into new stages of
the value chain. Backward integration
occurs when a firm enters a supplier’s business while forward
vertical integration occurs when a firm
enters a customer’s business. Diversification involves entering
entirely new industries; this can be an
industry that is related or unrelated to a firm’s existing
activities. Sometimes being smart about
corporate-level strategy requires shrinking the firm through
retrenchment or restructuring. Finally,
portfolio planning can be useful for analyzing firms that
participate in a wide variety of industries.
E X E R C I S E S
1. Divide your class into four or eight groups, depending on the
size of the class. Each group
should create a new portfolio planning technique by selecting
two dimensions along which
companies can be analyzed. Allow each group three to five
minutes to present its approach
77. to the class. Discuss which portfolio planning technique seems
to offer the best insights.
2. This chapter discussed Disney. Imagine that you were hired
as a consultant by General
Electric (GE), a firm that competes with Disney in the movie,
television, and theme park
industries. What actions would you recommend that GE take in
these three industries to
gain advantages over Disney?
Previous Chapter
This is “Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate
Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social Responsibility”,
chapter 10 from the
book Strategic Management: Evaluation and Execution (v. 1.0).
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Table of Contents
Picasso’s Garçon á la
pipe was one of the most
expensive works ever
sold at more than $100
million.
Image courtesy of
Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/File:Gar%C3%A7on
_%C3%A0_la_pipe.jpg.
Chick-fil-A encourages
education through their
79. program that has
provided more than $25
million in financial aid to
more than twenty-five
thousand employees
since 1973.
Image courtesy of
SanFranAnnie,
http://www.flickr.com/p
hotos/sanfranannie/247
2244829.
Chapter 10
Leading an Ethical Organization: Corporate
Governance, Corporate Ethics, and Social
Responsibility
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
After reading this chapter, you should be able to understand and
articulate answers to the
following questions:
80. 1. What are the key elements of effective corporate governance?
2. How do individuals and firms gauge ethical behavior?
3. What influences and biases might impact and impede decision
making?
TOMS Shoes: Doing Business with Soul
Under the business model used by TOMS Shoes, a pair of their
signature alpargata footwear is donated
for every pair sold.
Image courtesy of Parke Ladd,
http://www.flickr.com/photos/parke-ladd/5389801209.
In 2002, Blake Mycoskie competed with his sister Paige on The
Amazing Race—a reality show
where groups of two people with existing relationships engage
in a global race to win valuable
prizes, with the winner receiving a coveted grand prize.
Although Blake’s team finished third in the
second season of the show, the experience afforded him the
opportunity to visit Argentina, where
he returned in 2006 and developed the idea to build a company
around the alpargata—a popular
style of shoe in that region.
The premise of the company Blake started was a unique one.
For every shoe sold, a pair will be
81. given to someone in need. This simple business model was the
basis for TOMS Shoes, which has
now given away more than one million pairs of shoes to those in
need in more than twenty
countries worldwide.Oloffson, K. 2010, September 29. In Toms’
Shoes: Start-up copy “one-for-one”
model. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870411
6004575522251507063936.html
The rise of TOMS Shoes has inspired other companies that have
adopted the “buy-one-give-one”
philosophy. For example, the Good Little Company donates a
meal for every package
purchased.Nicolas, S. 2011, February. The great giveaway.
Director, 64, 37–39. This business
model has also been successfully applied to selling (and
donating) other items such as glasses and
books.
The social initiatives that drive TOMS Shoes stand in stark
contrast to the criticisms that plagued
Nike Corporation, where claims of human rights violations,
ranging from the use of sweatshops
and child labor to lack of compliance with minimum wage laws,
82. were rampant in the 1990s.McCall,
W. 1998. Nike battles backlash from overseas sweatshops.
Marketing News, 9, 14. While Nike
struggled to win back confidence in buyers that were concerned
with their business practices,
TOMS social initiatives are a source of excellent publicity in
pride in those who purchase their
products. As further testament to their popularity, TOMS has
engaged in partnerships with
Nordstrom, Disney, and Element Skateboards.
Although the idea of social entrepreneurship and the birth of
firms such as TOMS Shoes are
relatively new, a push toward social initiatives has been the
source of debate for executives for
decades. Issues that have sparked particularly fierce debate
include CEO pay and the role of today’s
modern corporation. More than a quarter of a century ago,
famed economist Milton Friedman
argued, “The social responsibility of business is to increase its
profits.” This notion is now being
challenged by firms such as TOMS and their entrepreneurial
CEO, who argue that serving other
stakeholders beyond the owners and shareholders can be a
powerful, inspiring, and successful
83. motivation for growing business.
This chapter discusses some of the key issues and decisions
relevant to understanding corporate
and business ethics. Issues include how to govern large
corporations in an effective and ethical
manner, what behaviors are considered best practices in regard
to corporate social performance,
and how different generational perspectives and biases may hold
a powerful influence on important
decisions. Understanding these issues may provide knowledge
that can encourage effective
organizational leadership like that of TOMS Shoes and
discourage the criticisms of many firms
associated with the corporate scandals of the late 1990s and
early 2000s.
10.1 Boards of Directors
L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S
1. Understand the key roles played by boards of directors.
2. Know how CEO pay and perks impact the landscape of
corporate governance.
3. Explain different terms associated with corporate takeovers.
The Many Roles of Boards of Directors
84. “You’re fired!” is a commonly used phrase most closely
associated with Donald Trump as he dismisses
candidates on his reality show, The Apprentice. But who would
have the power to utter these words to
today’s CEOs, whose paychecks are on par with many of the top
celebrities and athletes in the world?
This honor belongs to the board of directors—a group of
individuals that oversees the activities of an
organization or corporation.
Potentially firing or hiring a CEO is one of many roles played
by the board of directors in their charge to
provide effective corporate governance for the firm. An
effective board plays many roles, ranging
from the approval of financial objectives, advising on strategic
issues, making the firm aware of relevant
laws, and representing stakeholders who have an interest in the
long-term performance of the firm
(Figure 10.1 "Board Roles"). Effective boards may help bring
prestige and important resources to the
organization. For example, General Electric’s board often has
included the CEOs of other firms as well
as former senators and prestigious academics. Blake Mycoskie
of TOMS Shoes was touted as an ideal
85. candidate for an “all-star” board of directors because of his
ability to fulfill his company’s mission “to
show how together we can create a better tomorrow by taking
compassionate action today.”Bunting, C.
2011, February 23. Board of dreams: Fantasy board of directors.
Business News Daily. Retrieved from
http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/681-board-of-directors-
fantasy-picks-small-business.html
The key stakeholder of most corporations is generally agreed to
be the shareholders of the company’s
stock. Most large, publicly traded firms in the United States are
made up of thousands of shareholders.
While 5 percent ownership in many ventures may seem modest,
this amount is considerable in publicly
traded companies where such ownership is generally limited to
other companies, and ownership in this
amount could result in representation on the board of directors.
The possibility of conflicts of interest is considerable in public
corporations. On the one hand, CEOs
favor large salaries and job stability, and these desires are often
accompanied by a tendency to make
decisions that would benefit the firm (and their salaries) in the
short term at the expense of decisions
considered over a longer time horizon. In contrast, shareholders
86. prefer decisions that will grow the
value of their stock in the long term. This separation of interest
creates an agency problem wherein
the interests of the individuals that manage the company (agents
such as the CEO) may not align with
the interest of the owners (such as stockholders).
The composition of the board is critical because the dynamics
of the board play an important part in
resolving the agency problem. However, who exactly should be
on the board is an issue that has been
subject to fierce debate. CEOs often favor the use of board
insiders who often have intimate
knowledge of the firm’s business affairs. In contrast, many
institutional investors such as mutual
funds and pension funds that hold large blocks of stock in the
firm often prefer significant
representation by board outsiders that provide a fresh,
nonbiased perspective concerning a firm’s
actions.
One particularly controversial issue in regard to board
composition is the potential for CEO duality, a
situation in which the CEO is also the chairman of the board of
directors. This has also been known to