Somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical issues. They include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. Symptoms are not under conscious control and can include pain, gastrointestinal issues, sexual problems, and pseudoneurological signs. Treatment may involve antidepressants, relaxation techniques, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
A functional disorder causes physical discomfort which makes everyday life difficult. It can be seen as a disorder where the mind and the body for various reasons are not functioning properly
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
chronic health issues are common, they are also a substantial risk factor for poor mental health and reduced quality of life.
poor mental health can increase the risk of disability, poor treatment compliance, and mortality.
A functional disorder causes physical discomfort which makes everyday life difficult. It can be seen as a disorder where the mind and the body for various reasons are not functioning properly
This powerpoint presentation represents definition of the Somatoform disorder, its subtypes, etiology in perspective of theories along differential diagnosis in an attempt to shed light on the disorder adequately
chronic health issues are common, they are also a substantial risk factor for poor mental health and reduced quality of life.
poor mental health can increase the risk of disability, poor treatment compliance, and mortality.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. INTRODUCTION
• IN THE EARLY 1800S, THE MEDICAL field began
to consider the various social and psychologic
factors that influence illness. The term
psychosomatic began to be used to convey
the connection between the mind (psyche)
and the body (soma) in states of health and
illness.
4. CON…
• Essentially, the mind can cause the body to
create physical symptoms or to worsen
physical illnesses.
5. • Somatoform disorders can be characterized
as the presence of physical symptoms that
suggest a medical condition without a
demonstrable organic basis to account fully for
them.
6. • The three central features of somatoform
disorders are as follows:
• Physical complaints suggest major medical
illness but have no demonstrable organic basis.
• Psychologic factors and conflicts seem
important in initiating, exacerbating, and
maintaining the symptoms.
7. CON…
• Symptoms or magnified health concerns are
not under the client’s conscious control
8. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Somatization disorder, conversion disorder,
and pain disorder are more common in women
than in men; hypochondriasis and body
dysmorphic disorder are distributed equally by
gender. Somatization disorder occurs in 0.2%
to 2% of the general population.
9. • Genetic.
• Biochemical:
• Decreased levels of serotonin and endorphins
may play a role in the etiology of pain
disorder.
• The deficiency of endorphins seems to
correlate with an increase of incoming sensory
(pain) stimuli
10. Con…
• Psychodynamic
• Some psychodynamicists view
hypochondriasis as an ego defense mechanism.
Physical complaints are the expression of low
self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness,
because it is easier to feel something is wrong
with the body than to feel something is wrong
with the self.
11. Con. ..
• Family Dynamics:
• Some families have difficulty expressing
emotions openly and resolving conflicts
verbally. When this occurs, the child may
become ill, and a shift in focus is made from
the open conflict to the child’s illness, leaving
unresolved the underlying issues that the
family cannot confront openly.
12. 1. Somatization.
2. Conversion disorder.
3. Pain disorder.
4. Hypochondriasis.
5. Body dysmorphic.
6. Factitious disorder
7. Malingering
The specific somatoform disorders
are as follows:
13. • Somatization disorder is characterized by
multiple physical symptoms. It begins by 30
years of age, extends over several years, and
includes a combination of pain and
gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurologic
symptoms.
14. • Pain symptoms:
• Complaints of headache.
• Pain in the abdomen, head, joints, back, chest,
rectum.
• Pain during urination, menstruation, or sexual
intercourse
15. CON…
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: nausea,
bloating (distention), vomiting (other than
during pregnancy), diarrhea, or intolerance of
several foods.
16. CON…..
• Sexual symptoms:
• sexual indifference, erectile or ejaculatory
dysfunction, irregular menses, excessive
menstrual bleeding, vomiting throughout
pregnancy.
17. CON…
• Pseudoneurologic symptoms:
• conversion symptoms such as impaired
coordination or balance.
• paralysis or localized weakness.
• difficulty swallowing or lump in throat.
• aphonia,
• urinary retention,
18. CON…
• hallucinations,
• loss of touch or pain sensation,
• double vision,
• blindness, deafness,
• seizures;
• dissociative symptoms such as amnesia; or
loss of consciousness other than fainting
19. FACTS
• Anxiety and depression are frequently
manifested, and suicidal threats and attempts
are not uncommon.
• Clients often receive medical care from several
physicians.
• Sometimes concurrently, leading to the
possibility of dangerous combinations of
treatments.
20. CON…
• They have a tendency to seek relief through
overmedicating with prescribed analgesics or
antianxiety agents.
• Drug abuse and dependence are common
complications.
• Some overlapping of personality
characteristics and features associated with
histrionic personality disorder.
21. • Is severe and prolonged pain that causes
clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas
of functioning .
22. CON…
• Characteristic behaviors include:
• Frequent visits to physicians in an effort to
obtain relief.
• Excessive use of analgesics, and requests for
surgery.
23. • (1) appearance of the pain enables the client to
avoid some unpleasant activity [primary
gain].
• (2) the pain promotes emotional support or
attention that the client might not otherwise
receive [secondary gain].
24. CON….
• Symptoms of depression are common.
• Dependence on addictive substances is a
common complication of pain disorder.
25. • Hypochondriasis may be defined as an
unrealistic or inaccurate interpretation of
physical symptoms or sensations, leading to
preoccupation and fear of having a serious
disease.
26. CON…
• The fear becomes disabling and persists
despite appropriate reassurance that no organic
pathology can be detected.
• Occasionally medical disease may be present,
but in the individual with hypochondriasis, the
symptoms are excessive in relation to the
degree of pathology.
27. Facts
• long history of “doctor shopping” and are
convinced that they are not receiving the
proper care.
• Anxiety and depression are common, and
obsessive–compulsive traits frequently
accompany the disorder.
• Social and occupational functioning may be
impaired because of the disorder.
28. • Conversion disorder is a loss of or change in
body function resulting from a psychological
conflict, the physical symptoms of which
cannot be explained in terms of any known
medical disorder or pathophysiological
mechanism.
29. • Clients are unaware of the psychological basis
and are therefore unable to control their
symptoms.
• Conversion symptoms affect voluntary motor
or sensory functioning suggestive of
neurological disease and are therefore
sometimes called “pseudoneurological”
30. CON…
• Presence of primary or secondary gain.
• Primary gain, the conversion symptoms
enable the individual to avoid difficult
situations or unpleasant activities about which
he or she is anxious.
31. CON…
• Conversion symptoms promote secondary
gain for the individual as a way to obtain
attention or support that might not otherwise
be forthcoming.
• The symptom usually occurs after a situation
that produces extreme psychological stress for
the individual.
32. CON…
• The symptom appears suddenly.
• la belle indifference.
• Most symptoms of conversion disorder resolve
spontaneously within a few weeks.
• About 20 to 25 percent of clients will
experience a recurrence of symptoms within 1
year of the first episode.
34. CON…
• Urinary retention.
• Blindness, deafness, double vision,
• Loss of pain sensation, and hallucinations.
• Pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) is a conversion
symptom and may represent a strong desire to
be pregnant.
35. • Formerly called dysmorphophobia, is
characterized by the exaggerated belief that the
body is deformed or defective in some specific
way.
36. • The most common complaints involve :
• Imagined or slight flaws of the face or head,
such as thinning hair, acne, wrinkles, scars,
vascular markings, facial swelling or
asymmetry, or excessive facial hair .
37. CON..
• Other complaints may have to do with some
aspect of the nose, ears, eyes, mouth, lips, or
teeth.
• The significance of the defect is unrealistically
exaggerated, however, and the person’s
concern is grossly excessive.
38. • Symptoms of depression and characteristics
associated with obsessive–compulsive
personality are common.
• Social and occupational impairment may occur
because of the excessive anxiety experienced
by the individual in relation to the imagined
defect.
39. CON….
• Numerous visits to plastic surgeons and
dermatologists in an unrelenting drive to
correct the imagined defect.
• He or she may undergo unnecessary surgical
procedures toward this effort.
• Associated with delusional thinking.
40. • Factitious disorder occurs when a person
intentionally produces or feigns (create)
physical or psychologic symptoms just to gain
attention.
• People with factitious disorder may even
inflict injury on themselves to receive
attention.
41. • is the intentional production of false or
grossly exaggerated physical or psychologic
symptoms; it is motivated by external
incentives such as avoiding work, evading
criminal prosecution, obtaining financial
compensation, or obtaining drugs.
42. • Antidepressants help in some cases.
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as
fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and
paroxetine (Paxil) are used most commonly.
• Relaxation.
• CBT.