presentation on solar energy and acid rain combined.. both the presentations are independent from each other....so you can delete the slides you don't want...hope you like it... (y)

3. Solar energy is the most readily available
source of energy. It does not belong to
anybody and is, therefore, free. It is also
the most important of the non-conventional
sources of energy because it is non-polluting
and, therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.

4. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from
the sun, has been harnessed by humans
since ancient times using a range of ever-
evolving technologies. Solar energy
technologies include solar heating, solar
photovoltaic, solar thermal electricity and
solar architecture, which can make
considerable contributions to solving some of
the most urgent problems the world now
faces.

5. Solar technologies are broadly characterized
as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert
and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic
panels and solar thermal collectors to
harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

6. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said
that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible
and clean solar energy technologies will have huge
longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’
energy security through reliance on an indigenous,
inexhaustible and mostly import-independent
resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution,
lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and
keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These
advantages are global. Hence the additional costs
of the incentives for early deployment should be
considered learning investments; they must be
wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

8. Solar energy has been used by humans for thousands
of years. For example, ancient cultures used energy
from the sun to keep warm by starting fires with it.
They also kept their homes warm through passive
solar energy designs. Buildings were designed so that
walls and floors collected solar heat during the day
that was released at night to keep them warm. If
you have ever stood in the sun to get warm then you
too have utilized solar thermal energy.

9. The discovery of photovoltaic happened in
1839 when the French physicist Edmond
Becquerel first showed photovoltaic activity.
Edmond had found that electrical current in
certain materials could be increased when
exposed to light. 66 years later, in 1905,
we gained an understanding of Edmonds'
work when the famous physicist Albert
Einstein clearly described the photoelectric
effect, the principle on which photovoltaic
are based. In 1921 Einstein received the
Nobel Prize for his theories on the
photoelectric effect.

11. The word solar stems from the Roman word for the god of the
sun, Sol. Therefore, the word solar refers to the Sun and
“solar power” is power from the Sun.
When we say something is
solar powered, we mean that
the energy it uses for power
came directly from solar
energy or sunlight energy.
The sun provides Earth with 2
major forms of energy, heat
and light. Some solar powered
systems utilize the heat
energy for heating while
others transform the light
energy into electrical energy
(electricity).

13. A solar panel (also solar module, photovoltaic
module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged,
connected assembly of solar cells, also known as
photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as
a component of a larger photovoltaic system to
generate and supply electricity in commercial and
residential applications.
Because a single solar panel can produce only a
limited amount of power, many installations contain
several panels. A photovoltaic system typically
includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and
sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.

15. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic
cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid
state electrical device that
converts the energy of light
directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect.
What are Solar
Cells?

16. Assemblies of solar cells are used to make solar
modules which are used to capture energy from
sunlight. When multiple modules are assembled
together (such as prior to installation on a pole-
mounted tracker system), the resulting integrated
group of modules all oriented in one plane is referred
to in the solar industry as a solar panel. The general
public and some casual writers often refer to solar
modules incorrectly as solar panels; technically this is
not the correct usage of terminology. The distinction
between a module and a panel is that a module cannot
be disassembled into smaller re-usable components in
the field, whereas a solar panel is assembled from,
and can be disassembled back into a stack of solar
modules.

18. The above
diagram shows
the working of
solar panels

19. To understand how solar panels work and provide electricity I
have broken down its working and processes in to steps for
better understanding. These steps are mentioned with the in
the order as it happens in given solar plant. The steps are:-
•Sun light
•Earth surface
•Photovoltaic Cells
•Weather Station
•DC switch
•Inverter
•Transformer
•AC switch
•Electric meter.

20. These are four steps which are must to be
taken place for any solar panel to work. These
may include:-
•Electric meter
•Weather station device
•DC switch disconnection module
•Transformer
•AC switch disconnection module
•Data acquisition module
•Electricity distribution panel module.

21. These electric meters are used for the
same purpose as our normal electric meters
are used for. They keep the record of
energy being consumed which is produced by
solar panels. Normally electric energy is
measured in watts or kilowatts. Most of
solar panels come with electric meters
especially when panels are designed to
produce energy on large scale.

22. Weather station is another useful add-on for solar panels.
As name suggests it keeps the record of weather
conditions. Weathers conditions are very crucial as far as
the performance or solar panels are concern, therefore
keeping weather conditions as record is important. These
modules are normally located near photovoltaic cells or
arrays. Weather station normally have anemometer to keep
the record for wind speed, pyranometer keeps record for
solar energy falling on solar panel arrays and of course
thermometer to measure temperature. All these inputs are
then send to data acquisition module for further
processing.

23. This module helps professional solar panel
electricians to disconnection solar panel
from the rest of its system. When DC
switch is off, electricians can do
maintenance task on the rest of solar
panel components.

24. Transformer is an important
component for any electric system;
it makes sure that electricity
coming from inverter is compatible
with electric voltage of house,
building office etc.

25. This module allows electricians to
disconnect electric supply of house or
building from photovoltaic system. With
AC switch turned off maintenance of
solar photovoltaic system can be
performed.

26. Data acquisition module is important
module which receives inputs from
weather station module and electric
meter. It is normally designed in such a
way that it gathers important information
to calculate weather conditions and
output of solar panels.

27. This module is designed to receive energy
from solar panels which is then combined with
other electricity supply company. From here
this energy is passed on electric wiring all over
the building, house office etc to run electric
appliances.

29. Today , Solar Energy is used in many ways.
Some of them are given below:-
•Residential Usage
•Commercial Usage
•Industrial Usage
•Remote Application Usage

30. The number of PV installations on buildings connected to
the electricity grid has grown in recent years. Government
subsidy programs (particularly in Germany and Japan) and
green pricing policies of utilities or electricity service
providers have stimulated demand. Demand is also driven
by the desire of individuals or companies to obtain their
electricity from a clean, non-polluting, renewable source.
These consumers are usually willing to pay only a small
premium for renewable energy. Increasingly, the incentive
is an attractive financial return on the investment through
the sale of solar electricity at premium feed-in tariff
rates.

31. In solar systems connected to the
electricity grid, the PV system supplies
electricity to the building, and any daytime
excess may be exported to the grid.
Batteries are not required because the grid
supplies any extra demand. However, to be
independent of the grid supply, battery
storage is needed to provide power at night.

32. Holiday or vacation homes without access to the
electricity grid can use solar systems more cost-
effectively than if the grid was extended to reach
the location. Remote homes in sunny locations can
obtain reliable electricity to meet basic needs with a
simple system comprising of a PV panel, a
rechargeable battery to store the energy captured
during daylight hours, a regulator (or charge
controller), and the necessary wiring and switches.
Such systems are often called solar home systems
(SHS).

33. On an office building, roof areas can be covered
with glass PV modules, which can be semi-
transparent to provide shaded light. On a factory
or warehouse, large roof areas are the best
location for solar modules. If the roof is flat,
then arrays can be mounted using techniques that
do not breach the weatherproofed roof membrane.
Also, skylights can be partially covered with PV.

34. The vertical walls of office buildings provide
several opportunities for PV incorporation, as
well as sunshades or balconies incorporating a
PV system. Sunshades may have the PV system
mounted externally to the building, or have PV
cells specially mounted between glass sheets
comprising the window.

35. For many years, solar energy has been the
power supply choice for industrial applications,
especially where power is required at remote
locations. Because solar systems are highly
reliable and require little maintenance, they
are ideal in distant or isolated places.

36. Solar energy is also frequently used for
transportation signaling, such as offshore navigation
buoys, lighthouses, aircraft warning light structures,
and increasingly in road traffic warning signals. Solar
is used to power environmental monitoring equipment
and corrosion protection systems for pipelines, well-
heads, bridges, and other structures. For larger
electrical loads, it can be cost-effective to configure
a hybrid power system that links the PV with a small
diesel generator.

37. Remote buildings, such as schools, community
halls, and clinics, can benefit from solar
energy. In developing regions, central power
plants can provide electricity to homes via a
local wired network, or act as a battery
charging station where members of the
community can bring batteries to be
recharged.

38. PV systems can be used to pump water in
remote areas as part of a portable water
supply system. Specialized solar water pumps
are designed for submersible use or to float on
open water. Large-scale desalination plants can
also be PV powered using an array of PV
modules with battery storage.

40. 1. Solar energy is renewable. We never have
to worry about running out of sunlight or
using it all up. The sun is a consistent power
source meaning it's always going to be there
every day.
2. Solar energy is environmentally friendly.
Compared to fossil fuels which release
greenhouses gases, carcinogens and carbon
dioxide, solar cells don't release anything
into the air.
4. Solar cells make no noise while collecting
energy. There are no other renewable energy
sources that are completely silent.

42. According to a report, by 2050 almost one fourth of
the world is expected to use the solar energy. Out of
the total supply, 11 percent of the solar energy is
predicted to be used through the solar panel for the
domestic purposes, offices and so on and the other 11
percent will be used by central solar power station to
provide electricity in the populated areas.

43. According to a report, solar power currently is
only using 0.5 percent of total electricity supply,
but solar power should be used in generating the
electricity to cut down the carbon emissions. It is
said that the future of solar energy largely
depends on its cost. The value of the solar energy
is more than the value of power energy today, but
after a decade the value of the solar energy would
become equivalent to other powers of energy.

44. But several other sources say that by 2040, 50
percent of the world’s energy will come from solar
energy. Since this is a renewable energy, there is no
risk of this energy resource getting depleted, and
the usage will increase by a high margin as people will
shift towards non exhaustible resources of energy.
So it is necessary to change to solar energy and build
a solar dwelling. Also do what you can do for the
environment and develop the future use of solar
energy.

48. Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen
ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals,
and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with
the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments
have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide
into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be
produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide is produced
by volcanic eruptions. The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to
peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone
statues..

50. The above picture
shows how acid
rain is formed......

53. Acid rain causes acidification of lakes
and streams and contributes to the
damage of trees at high elevations (for
example, red spruce trees above 2,000
feet) and many sensitive forest soils. In
addition, acid rain accelerates the decay
of building materials and paints,
including irreplaceable buildings,
statues, and sculptures that are part of
our nation's cultural heritage. Prior to
falling to the earth, sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxide (NOx) gases and
their particulate matter derivatives—
sulfates and nitrates—contribute to
visibility degradation and harm public
health.

55. Acid rain can be prevented by reducing emissions that come
from the mining industries, burning of fuels for electrical
power generation, oil operations, and reducing fuel
emissions from cars and trucks. Reduce our use of products
that produce chlorofluorocarbons that are released into the
atmosphere by actively conserving the use of your air
conditioning. Become energy wise by conserving energy
through the use of fluorescent lights, closing off rooms you
do not use, and use washers, dryers, and dishwashers only
when full. Last but not lease please recycles packaging and
other disposable products.
How to Prevent Acid Rain?

56. It is our humble request that please do not use cheap house cleaning products that
contain harmful chemicals, please walk or use a bicycle to travel to nearby places
instead of using a motorbike and please use public buses to travel instead of using a
car but still if you want to use a car please use a eco-friendly pollution free and
fuel efficient cars .