Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing the software development process, including:
1) Developing a solution strategy and selecting a software life cycle model to provide a framework for the project.
2) Common software life cycle activities like planning, development, testing, and maintenance.
3) Using milestones, documents, and reviews to improve project visibility and management.
4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
Real Time Systems,Issues of real time system,Notations, state oriented Petrinets,Milestones, Walkthroughs, Inspections, Test plans,Functional test,Performance test,Stress test,Structural test
The waterfall model segments the software development process into sequential phases: planning, requirements definition, design, implementation, system testing, and maintenance. Each phase has defined inputs, processes, and outputs. The planning phase involves understanding the problem, feasibility studies, and developing a solution. Requirements definition produces a specification describing the required software functions and constraints. Design identifies software components and their relationships. Implementation translates the design into code. System testing integrates and accepts the software. Maintenance modifies the software after release. While the phases are linear, the development process is not always perfectly sequential.
The document discusses various aspects of planning and managing the software development process, including:
1) Developing a solution strategy and selecting a software life cycle model to provide a framework for the project.
2) Common software life cycle activities like planning, development, testing, and maintenance.
3) Using milestones, documents, and reviews to improve project visibility and management.
4) Organizing development tasks and teams using different structures like project, functional, and matrix formats.
This document discusses various design notations that can be used at different levels of software design, including:
- Data flow diagrams, structure charts, HIPO diagrams, pseudo code, and structured flowcharts, which can be used for external, architectural, and detailed design specifications.
- Data flow diagrams use nodes and arcs to represent processing activities and data flow. Structure charts show hierarchical structure and interconnections. HIPO diagrams use a tree structure.
- Other notations discussed include procedure templates for interface specifications, pseudo code for algorithms and logic, and decision tables for complex decision logic.
Language and Processors for Requirements Specificationkirupasuchi1996
This document discusses several languages and processors that have been developed for requirements specification in software development. It describes Problem Statement Language (PSL) and its processor, the Problem Statement Analyzer (PSA), which were developed to allow concise statement and automated analysis of requirements. It also discusses the Requirements Statement Language (RSL) and Requirements Engineering Validation System (REVS). Finally, it provides a brief overview of Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), including its data and activity diagram components.
This document discusses 15 factors that influence quality and productivity in software development processes: individual ability, team communication, product complexity, appropriate notations, systematic approaches, change control, level of technology, level of reliability, problem understanding, available time, required skills, facilities and resources, adequacy of training, management skills, and appropriate goals. Each factor is described in 1-3 paragraphs on how it can impact quality and productivity.
This document discusses major factors that influence software cost estimation. It identifies programmer ability, product complexity, product size, available time, required reliability, and level of technology as key factors. It provides details on how each factor affects software cost, including equations to estimate programming time and effort based on variables like source lines of code and developer months. Program complexity is broken into three levels: application, utility, and system software. The document also discusses how underestimating code size and inability to compress development schedules can impact cost estimates.
This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
Unit testing is often automated but it can also be done manually. Debugging is a process of line by line execution of the code/ script with the intent of finding errors/ fixing the defects.
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
Software maintenance involves modifying software after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. It aims to enhance understandability and modifiability. Key activities that improve maintainability are establishing standards, high-quality design and documentation, and configuration management to track changes. Successful maintenance requires managerial processes like change control boards to review requests and quality assurance to validate changes.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
Maintenance involves keeping software or assets in working condition. There are four main types of maintenance: corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective. Maintenance is needed to fix problems, adapt to new environments, prevent issues, and improve performance. While necessary, maintenance is costly due to the work required to modify existing software. Efforts like designing for change and documentation can help reduce these costs. Overall, maintenance plays a critical role in maximizing the usefulness of software over its lifetime.
This document discusses software maintenance. It defines software maintenance as the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. Approximately 40-70% of software costs are for maintenance over the 5-10 year lifespan of a product. Maintenance includes correcting errors, enhancing capabilities, removing obsolete features, and optimizing performance. The goals of maintenance are to fix bugs, enhance functionality, update the software, and adapt it to environmental changes. The majority of maintenance work is perfective and adaptive in nature. The document outlines best practices for development and management to improve maintainability.
This document discusses milestones, walkthroughs, and inspections during the software development process. It explains that these activities provide visibility into the evolving product and allow teams to establish milestones, conduct reviews to find and fix errors, improve communication, and ensure the design satisfies requirements. The document focuses on the two major milestones: Preliminary Design Review (PDR) near the end of architectural design, and Critical Design Review (CDR) at the end of detailed design before implementation. These milestones can be formal or informal meetings and aim to demonstrate that expected characteristics and structure will satisfy customer needs at PDR, and provide a final decision point to proceed with building the system at CDR.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
Walkthroughs involve a reviewee and 3-5 reviewers meeting to discuss a project document. The goal is to discover problem areas in the early stages when they are easiest to fix. Members may include project leaders, quality assurance, technical writers, and users for analysis and design. The reviewee is responsible for addressing issues identified, with optional help from reviewers. Conducting regular walkthroughs improves communication and allows personnel to learn from each other.
This document discusses software maintenance and metrics used to measure software complexity. It notes that maintenance makes up 70% of a software's lifecycle costs. Common maintenance activities include enhancements, adaptations, and corrections. Two important source code metrics discussed are Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure properties of source code like tokens and control flow to evaluate complexity. Maintaining complexity metrics is important during software evolution and maintenance.
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This document discusses various techniques for estimating software costs:
1. Expert judgment relies on experienced people's assessments but can be unreliable due to biases. The Delphi technique improves expert judgment by anonymously aggregating estimates over multiple rounds.
2. Work breakdown structures break projects down into components to estimate costs bottom-up. The COCOMO model also estimates bottom-up using algorithmic formulas adjusted by multipliers for attributes.
3. COCOMO is demonstrated through an example estimating effort of 191 person-months and a 13 month schedule for a 30,000 line embedded software project with high reliability requirements.
This document discusses several software cost estimation techniques:
1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches - Top-down estimates system-level costs while bottom-up estimates costs of each module and combines them.
2. Expert judgment - Widely used technique where experts estimate costs based on past similar projects. It utilizes experience but can be biased.
3. Delphi estimation - Estimators anonymously provide estimates in rounds to reach consensus without group dynamics influencing individuals.
4. Work breakdown structure - Hierarchical breakdown of either the product components or work activities to aid bottom-up estimation.
This document discusses several software design techniques: stepwise refinement, levels of abstraction, structured design, integrated top-down development, and Jackson structured programming. Stepwise refinement is a top-down technique that decomposes a system into more elementary levels. Levels of abstraction designs systems as layers with each level performing services for the next higher level. Structured design converts data flow diagrams into structure charts using design heuristics. Integrated top-down development integrates design, implementation, and testing with a hierarchical structure. Jackson structured programming maps a problem's input/output structures and operations into a program structure to solve the problem.
Unit testing is often automated but it can also be done manually. Debugging is a process of line by line execution of the code/ script with the intent of finding errors/ fixing the defects.
The document discusses staffing level estimation over the course of a software development project. It describes how the number of personnel needed varies at different stages: a small group is needed for planning and analysis, a larger group for architectural design, and the largest number for implementation and system testing. It also references models like the Rayleigh curve and Putnam's interpretation that estimate personnel levels over time. Tables show estimates for the distribution of effort, schedule, and personnel across activities for different project sizes. The key idea is that staffing requirements fluctuate throughout the software life cycle, with peaks during implementation and testing phases.
The document discusses factors related to software project size and effort. It provides the following key points:
1) Software development and maintenance can account for a significant portion of economic activity, with estimates that it will account for 12.5% of the US GDP by 1990.
2) Most effort is spent on maintenance rather than development, with estimates that maintenance accounts for 60-90% of total effort.
3) Software project size is categorized based on factors like number of programmers, duration, lines of code, and interactions/complexity. These range from trivial single-programmer projects to extremely large projects involving thousands of programmers over 5-10 years.
4) A 1964 study found that programmers only spent
The document discusses software development lifecycles and strategies. It describes:
1) Common lifecycle activities like planning, development, testing and maintenance. Different models can be used depending on the product.
2) Solution strategies are developed to determine the nature of possible solutions and provide a framework for design and implementation. The best strategies are developed by trained groups using techniques like brainstorming.
3) The phased lifecycle model involves a series of defined activities with inputs, processes, and outputs at each phase. Resources are required to complete each defined phase.
This document discusses criteria for modularization in software design. It defines modules as named entities that contain instructions, logic, and data structures. Good modularization aims to decompose a system into functional units with minimal coupling between modules. Modules should be designed for high cohesion (related elements) and low coupling (dependencies). The types of coupling from strongest to weakest are content, common, control, stamp, and data coupling. The document also discusses different types of cohesion within modules from weakest to strongest. The goal is functional cohesion with minimal coupling between modules.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a software requirements specification (SRS). It discusses 12 common sections of an SRS, including an overview, development environments, external interfaces, functional requirements, performance requirements, exception handling, implementation priorities, foreseeable changes, acceptance criteria, design guidance, a cross-reference index, and a glossary. Key sections describe functional requirements using relational or state-oriented notation, performance characteristics like response times, and exception handling categories. The SRS should have properties like being correct, complete, consistent, unambiguous, functional, and verifiable.
The document discusses different structures for programming teams:
- Democratic structure where all members participate in decisions and leadership rotates.
- Chief programmer structure with one lead programmer who designs work and manages others.
- Hierarchical structure that combines aspects of the democratic and chief programmer models with levels like project leader, senior programmers, and junior programmers.
The structures vary in things like communication paths, decision making, and suitability for different types and sizes of projects.
Software maintenance involves modifying software after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. It aims to enhance understandability and modifiability. Key activities that improve maintainability are establishing standards, high-quality design and documentation, and configuration management to track changes. Successful maintenance requires managerial processes like change control boards to review requests and quality assurance to validate changes.
Software maintenance typically requires 40-60% of the total lifecycle effort for a software product, with some cases requiring as much as 90%. A widely used rule of thumb is that maintenance activities are distributed as 60% for enhancements, 20% for adaptations, and 20% for corrections. Studies show the typical level of effort devoted to software maintenance is around 50% of the total lifecycle effort. Boehm suggests measuring maintenance effort using an activity ratio that considers the number of instructions added or modified over the total instructions. The effort required can then be estimated using programmer months based on the activity ratio and an effort adjustment factor. Emphasis on reliability during development can reduce future maintenance effort.
The document discusses several software development life cycle models:
- The phased model segments development into phases like analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance.
- The cost model views the life cycle in terms of costs incurred in each phase and modifying previous work.
- Prototyping involves building initial versions to explore technical issues and illustrate requirements for the customer.
- Successive versions refines an initial product skeleton through multiple iterations.
Planning the development process involves choosing a life cycle model and defining documents, milestones and reviews. This provides structure and visibility needed for control and quality.
This document provides an overview of software maintenance. It discusses that software maintenance is an important phase of the software life cycle that accounts for 40-70% of total costs. Maintenance includes error correction, enhancements, deletions of obsolete capabilities, and optimizations. The document categorizes maintenance into corrective, adaptive, perfective and preventive types. It also discusses the need for maintenance to adapt to changing user requirements and environments. The document describes approaches to software maintenance including program understanding, generating maintenance proposals, accounting for ripple effects, and modified program testing. It discusses challenges like lack of documentation and high staff turnover. The document also introduces concepts of reengineering and reverse engineering to make legacy systems more maintainable.
Maintenance involves keeping software or assets in working condition. There are four main types of maintenance: corrective, adaptive, preventive, and perfective. Maintenance is needed to fix problems, adapt to new environments, prevent issues, and improve performance. While necessary, maintenance is costly due to the work required to modify existing software. Efforts like designing for change and documentation can help reduce these costs. Overall, maintenance plays a critical role in maximizing the usefulness of software over its lifetime.
This document discusses software maintenance. It defines software maintenance as the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, improve performance, or adapt to changes. Approximately 40-70% of software costs are for maintenance over the 5-10 year lifespan of a product. Maintenance includes correcting errors, enhancing capabilities, removing obsolete features, and optimizing performance. The goals of maintenance are to fix bugs, enhance functionality, update the software, and adapt it to environmental changes. The majority of maintenance work is perfective and adaptive in nature. The document outlines best practices for development and management to improve maintainability.
This document discusses milestones, walkthroughs, and inspections during the software development process. It explains that these activities provide visibility into the evolving product and allow teams to establish milestones, conduct reviews to find and fix errors, improve communication, and ensure the design satisfies requirements. The document focuses on the two major milestones: Preliminary Design Review (PDR) near the end of architectural design, and Critical Design Review (CDR) at the end of detailed design before implementation. These milestones can be formal or informal meetings and aim to demonstrate that expected characteristics and structure will satisfy customer needs at PDR, and provide a final decision point to proceed with building the system at CDR.
Defining the Problem - Goals and requirementsStephennancy
This document discusses goals and requirements in software engineering projects. It makes the following key points:
- Goals define targets for both the development process and final work products, and can be qualitative or quantitative. Examples of each type are given.
- Requirements specify the capabilities needed to solve the problem, and include functional, performance, and interface requirements. They provide standards for the project and product.
- Both goals and requirements should be specified quantitatively when possible to avoid later misunderstandings, though this can be difficult in the planning phase. Methods for verification should also be defined.
- High-level goals can be translated into specific requirements related to quality attributes like reliability. Milestones can quantify goals
This document provides an introduction to compilers, including:
- What compilers are and their role in translating programs to machine code
- The main phases of compilation: lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, and optimization
- Key concepts like tokens, parsing, symbol tables, and intermediate representations
- Related software tools like preprocessors, assemblers, loaders, and linkers
Walkthroughs involve a reviewee and 3-5 reviewers meeting to discuss a project document. The goal is to discover problem areas in the early stages when they are easiest to fix. Members may include project leaders, quality assurance, technical writers, and users for analysis and design. The reviewee is responsible for addressing issues identified, with optional help from reviewers. Conducting regular walkthroughs improves communication and allows personnel to learn from each other.
This document discusses software maintenance and metrics used to measure software complexity. It notes that maintenance makes up 70% of a software's lifecycle costs. Common maintenance activities include enhancements, adaptations, and corrections. Two important source code metrics discussed are Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity, which measure properties of source code like tokens and control flow to evaluate complexity. Maintaining complexity metrics is important during software evolution and maintenance.
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Contact: sdccourses@gmail.com, http://www.socialdevelopment.club
The document discusses software engineering and software maintenance. It describes how software maintenance involves enhancing software products, adapting them to new environments, and fixing problems. It also discusses how development activities like requirements analysis, using standards and guidelines, design principles, coding practices, and documentation can enhance a software product's maintainability over its lifespan of 5-10 years of maintenance following 1-2 years of development.
The document discusses software maintenance and configuration management. It emphasizes tracking and controlling maintenance activities in response to change requests. It also discusses identifying configuration items, controlling releases and changes, and recording/reporting status. Configuration management aims to control changes by managing work products, versions, and imposed changes through activities like identification, control, implementation, and reporting of changes.
This document discusses software quality metrics that can be used to measure different aspects of software products and processes. It defines key terms like measurement, measure, and metric. It then describes different types of metrics including product metrics, process metrics, and project metrics. Specific metrics are provided to measure areas like software size, errors, defects, schedules, productivity, and customer support. Formulas are given for calculating various metrics like error density, severity, removal effectiveness, timetable observance, and productivity. Requirements for software quality metrics and ways to classify them are also outlined.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a process used by systems analysts to develop information systems. It describes the main phases of the SDLC as planning, requirements definition, design, development, integration and testing, operations and maintenance, and implementation and evaluation. Each phase is discussed in detail, with definitions and pictorial representations provided. The document also covers the merits and demerits of following the SDLC process.
The document discusses software maintenance and its relationship to software testing. It explains that software maintenance is less understood than development due to its different characteristics, including randomly occurring work requests and a focus on user services. It also discusses the importance of software maintenance for controlling system functions and modifications. The document then explains that software testing is important for software maintenance as regression testing verifies modifications do not cause unintended effects, but testing can be difficult to coordinate and schedule.
The document provides an introduction to software engineering. It defines software and discusses types of software. It then covers important software quality attributes like reliability, efficiency, usability, and maintainability. The document introduces the software development life cycle, including requirements, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. It discusses software development methodologies like waterfall model, V-model, and agile scrum.
This document provides a review of systematic quality software designing and development practices. It discusses software engineering processes, quality processes, design and development modeling approaches, and related works. The key points are:
1) Software engineering processes aim to ensure quality, meet deadlines, and manage expectations through defined stages and deliverables. Common models include waterfall, spiral, and agile.
2) Software quality processes evaluate and improve aspects like reliability, maintainability, and interoperability. Metrics and techniques are used to measure qualities.
3) Design and development involve life cycles, methods, and notations to systematically model requirements, architecture, and implementation. Waterfall and rapid prototyping are example models.
Computer Network tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of Data Communication & Networks (DCN). Our Computer Networking Tutorial is designed for beginners and professionals.
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What is Computer Network?
A computer network is a set of devices connected through links. A node can be computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending or receiving the data. The links connecting the nodes are known as communication channels.
Computer Network uses distributed processing in which task is divided among several computers. Instead, a single computer handles an entire task, each separate computer handles a subset.
Following are the advantages of Distributed processing:
Security: It provides limited interaction that a user can have with the entire system. For example, a bank allows the users to access their own accounts through an ATM without allowing them to access the bank's entire database.
Faster problem solving: Multiple computers can solve the problem faster than a single machine working alone.
Security through redundancy: Multiple computers running the same program at the same time can
The document discusses the key phases in the software development process:
1) Requirement analysis involves understanding the problem and specifying requirements.
2) Design plans the solution and produces blueprints through system and detailed design.
3) Coding translates the design into code.
4) Testing detects errors through unit, integration, acceptance and regression testing.
5) Maintenance fixes defects and adapts the software after delivery. Proper documentation and defined processes are needed for large, long-term software projects involving many people.
This document discusses configuration management and source code metrics for software maintenance. It defines configuration management as tracking and controlling multiple versions of software products. Configuration management requires a plan and tools like configuration management databases and version control libraries. Configuration management databases store information on product structure, versions, status, and change history. Version control libraries manage source code and document files with version numbers and change histories. The document also describes two common source code metrics: Halstead's effort equation and McCabe's cyclomatic complexity measure, which are used to analyze properties of source code like complexity.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which defines the stages involved in developing software. It describes the typical phases as requirement gathering, design, implementation/coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The SDLC helps make the development process more systematic and efficient by defining these stages and guiding the software from requirements to maintenance. It also improves estimates of budgets, resources, and time required. Common SDLC models mentioned are waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, and agile.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and provides details on its key phases and models. It begins with defining SDLC as a process used in the software industry to design, develop, and test high-quality software. It then describes the common phases of the SDLC as planning and analysis, design, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Finally, it discusses different SDLC models including the waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, and Rapid Application Development (RAD) model. It provides advantages and disadvantages of each model.
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The document discusses software testing fundamentals and principles. It defines software testing as evaluating a product to determine if it contains any defects and satisfies requirements. Testing is important to prevent errors and ensure quality, security, efficiency and flexibility. The key goals of testing are to find defects, verify that specifications are properly implemented, and ensure customer expectations are met.
Chapter 11 Metrics for process and projects.pptssuser3f82c9
This document discusses software process and project metrics. It describes two types of metrics - process metrics and project metrics. Process metrics are collected across projects over long periods of time to enable long-term process improvement. Project metrics enable project managers to assess project status, track risks, uncover problems, adjust work, and evaluate team ability. Measurement data is collected by projects and converted to process metrics for software improvement.
The document discusses the key components of an effective programming workflow, including requirements gathering, design and planning, implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance, version control and collaboration. It explains that a programming workflow refers to the systematic process software developers follow to create, test and maintain applications. Following a structured workflow is important for successful project execution, high code quality and effective team collaboration.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC). It describes the various phases of SDLC like requirements gathering, analysis, design, coding, testing, and deployment. It then explains the stages of STLC in more detail - requirements analysis, test planning, test case development, environment setup, test execution, and test closure. Finally, it provides definitions related to the bug life cycle and its flow chart.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
2. SYNOPISIS:
Introduction
Enhancing Maintainability during
development
Managerial aspects of Software Maintenance
Configuration management
source-code metrics
Other maintenance tools & techniques
3. Introduction:
The term ”software maintenance” is used to
describe the software engineering activities that
occur following delivery of a software product to
the customer
The development cycle for a software product
span 1 or 2 years , while the maintenance phase
span 5 to 10 years
Maintenance activities involve making
enhancement to software product , adapting
products to new environment and correcting
problem
4. It is well established that maintenance
activities consume a large potion of the total
life cycle budget(LIE80)
It is not uncommon for software maintenance
to account for 70 % of total software life cycle
cost
Analysis activities during software
maintenance involve understanding the
scope and effort of a desire changes as well as
the constraints on making the change
5. Enhancing Maintainability
during development
Many activities performed during software
development enhance the maintenance
ability of a software products
Analysis activity:
Architectural design activities
Detailed design activities
Implementation activities
Supporting document
6. Analysis activities:
Develop standard and guidelines
Set milestone for the supporting document
Specify quality assurance procedures
Identify likely product enhancements
Determine resource required for
maintenance
Estimate maintenance costs
7. Architectural design
activities:
Emphasize clarity and modularity as design
criteria
Design to ease likely enhancement
Use standardized notation to document data
flow
Function ,structure , and interconnection
Observe the principles of information hiding ,
data abstraction and top-down hierarchical
decomposition
8. Detailed design activities:
Use standardized notation to specify
algorithms
data structure and procedure interface
specifications specify side effects and
exception handling for each routine
Provide cross-reference directories
9. Implementation activities:
Use single entry, single exit constructs
Use standard indentation of constructs
Use simple , clear coding style
Use symbolic constants to parameterize
routine
Follow standard internal commenting
guidelines
10. Supporting document:
There are two particular important
supporting document that should be
prepared during the software development
cycle in order to ease maintenance activities
Develop a maintenance guide
Develop a test suite
Provide test suite documentation
11. Managerial aspects of
Software Maintenance
One of the most important aspect of
software maintenance involves tracking and
control of maintenance activities
Maintenance activity for a software product
usually occur in response to a change request
filed by a user of the product
13. Change control board
The change control board reviews and
approves all change request.
The board may deny a request , recommend
a modified version of the change or approve
the change as submitted.
Important aspect of this structure are the
shielding of maintenance programmer from
continual interruption by users and the
guidance provided to the programmer and
analytics by the change control board .
14. Quality assurance activities
In many organization , the quality assurance
group monitor change request , prepares change
request summaries , perform regression testing
of software modification , provides configuration
management
Retrains and protest the physical media for
software products.
The quality assurance group should be
represented on change control board and should
have sign-off authority for new releases.
15. Organizing maintenance
programmer
Software maintenance can be performed by
development team or by member of a
separate organization ;there are advantages
and disadvantages to both approaches
Organizing maintenance programming is to
periodically rotate programmer between
development and maintenance
The primary disadvantages of this approach
is overhead cost incurred in rotating
personnel among different task.
16. Configuration management
It is concerned with tracking and controlling of
the work products that constitute a software
products.
Five laws of program evolution :
o CONTINUING CHANGE
o INCREASING COMPLEXITY
o FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF PROGRAM
EVOLUTION
o CONVERVATION OF ORGANIZATION
STABILITY
o CONVERVATION OF FAMILIARITY
17. Configuration management
data base
Software tools to support configuration
management include configuration
management data base and version control
library system
A configuration management data base can
provide information concerning product each
product structure , current revision number,
current status and change request history for
each product version
18. Version control libraries
A version control library may be part of a
configuration management data base or it
may be used as a stand- alone tool.
A configuration management data base
provide a macro view of a product family,
while a version control library controls the
various files that constitute the various
version of software products
19. Source – code metrics
During the past few years , a great deal of
effort has been expended on developing
metrics to measure the complexity of source
code.
Properties of source code , such as the
number of operation and operands , the
complexity of the control flow graphs , the
number of parameter and global variables in
routines
20. Two main source code metrics
Halsted’s effort equation
Mc Cabe’s cyclomatic complexity measure
21. Halsted’s effort equation:
Halsted developed a number of metrics that
are computed from easily obtained properties
of the source code
These properties including the total number
of operation in a program , N1; the total
number of operand , N2 ; the number of
unique operator ,n1 ; and the number of
unique operand ,n2
FORTRAN routine & associated values of
N1,N2,n1,and n2
22. Halsted defines several quantities using these
number. For example , program length N is
defined as N1+N2;(N1+N2=50)
Halsted’s estimator of program length is :
N=n1 log2 n1 + n2 log2 n2
For example :
N= 10(3.2) + 7(2.8)=52.9
Program volume is define as
V= (N1+ N2) log2 (n1+n2)
23. And language level ( the level of language
abstraction ) is
L=(2*n2)/(n1+N2)
Program effort is defined asVL:
E=(n1*N2*(N1+N2)*log2(n1+n2))/(2*n2)
24. Mc Cabe’s cyclomatic metric:
Mc Cabe has observed that the difficulty of
understanding a program is largely
determined by the complexity of the control
flow graph for that program
The cyclomatic numberV of a connected
graph G is the number of linearly independent
path in graph .
V(G) is computed as follow:
25. V(G) =E-n+2p
Where E is the number of edges
n is the number of nodes
p is the number of connected
components
V(G) is 5 for e.g. , the dashed line connecting
output node f to input node a is added to
produce a connected graph
26. Mc Cabe observes that for a structured
program with every single entry l single exit
construct ,V equals the number of predicate
plus one
Also provided G is planar ,V is equal to the
number of region inG.
27. Other maintenance tools &
techniques
Software maintenance is a microcosm of
software development, the activities that a
software maintainer may become involved in
span the entire spectrum of software
engineering
Automated tools for software maintenance:
text editor
Debugging aids
cross reference generator
linkage editor
comparator etc.,.