Software Engineering-Unit 2 "Requirement Engineering" by Adi.ppt

1. Requirement Engineering
DR. K. ADISESHA

2. Software Engineering
Unit-2 Introduction
Requirement Engineering
Types of Requirement
Software Requirements
SRS Document
2
Requirement Engineering
Dr. K. Adisesha

3. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
3
Requirement Engineering:
Requirement engineering is the disciplined application of proven principles, methods,
tools, and notation to describe a proposed system's intended behavior and its associated
constraints.

4. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirements:
Requirements are descriptions of the services that a software system must provide and
the constraints under which it must operate.
➢ Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements of services or system
constraints to detailed mathematical functional specifications.
➢ Types of requirement
❖ User requirements: – Statements in natural language
plus diagrams of the services the system provides and its
operational constraints. Written for customers.
❖ System requirements: – A structured document setting
out detailed descriptions of the system’s functions,
services and operational constraints.

5. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Types of Requirement:
Requirements written as document descriptions of the services that a software system
must provide and the constraints under which it must operate.
➢ User requirements: Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services that
the systems provides and its operational constraints.
❖ Written for customers
➢ System requirements: A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the
system services.
❖ Written as a contract between client and contractor.
➢ Software specification: A detailed software description which can serve as a basis for a design
or implementation.
❖ Written for developers

6. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Requirements Engineering:
Requirements engineering (RE) refers to the process of defining, documenting, and
maintaining requirements in the engineering design process.
➢ Requirements engineering is the process of identifying, eliciting, analyzing, specifying,
validating, and managing the needs and expectations of stakeholders for a software
system.
➢ Requirement Engineering Process:
❖ Feasibility Study
❖ Requirement Elicitation and Analysis
❖ Software Requirement Specification
❖ Software Requirement Validation
❖ Software Requirement Management.

7. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Feasibility Study:
The objective behind the feasibility study is to create the reasons for developing the
software that is acceptable to users, flexible to change and conformable to established
standards.
➢ Types of Feasibility:
❖ Technical Feasibility - Technical feasibility evaluates the current technologies,
which are needed to accomplish customer requirements within the time and budget.
❖ Operational Feasibility - Operational feasibility assesses the range in which the
required software performs a series of levels to solve business problems and
customer requirements.
❖ Economic Feasibility - Economic feasibility decides whether the necessary
software can generate financial profits for an organization..

8. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Requirement Elicitation and Analysis:
This is also known as the gathering of requirements. Here, requirements are identified
with the help of customers and existing systems processes, if available.
➢ The requirements are analyzed to identify inconsistencies, defects, omission, etc.
➢ Problems of Elicitation and Analysis
❖ Getting all, and only, the right people involved.
❖ Stakeholders often don't know what they want
❖ Stakeholders express requirements in their terms.
❖ Stakeholders may have conflicting requirements.
❖ Requirement change during the analysis process.
❖ Organizational and political factors may influence system requirements.

9. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirement Specification:
Software requirement specification is a kind of document which is created by a
software analyst after the requirements collected from the various sources.
➢ The models used at this stage include ER diagrams, data flow diagrams (DFDs),
function decomposition diagrams (FDDs), data dictionaries, etc.
➢ Data Flow Diagrams: Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are used widely for modeling the
requirements. DFD shows the flow of data through a system.
➢ Data Dictionaries: Data Dictionaries are simply repositories to store information
about all data items defined in DFDs..
➢ Entity-Relationship Diagrams: Entity-relationship diagram, often called an "E-R
diagram." It is a detailed logical representation of the data for the organization.

10. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirement Specification:
Software requirement specification is a kind of document which is created by a
software analyst after the requirements collected from the various sources.
➢ No team should enter the development
process without software specification.
It’s a roadmap for stakeholders,
developers, designers.
➢ Here's our full guide on how to make an
SRS document.

11. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirement Validation:
After requirement specifications developed, the requirements discussed in this
document are validated. The user might demand illegal, impossible solution or experts
may misinterpret the needs.
➢ Requirements Validation Techniques
❖ Requirements reviews/inspections: systematic manual analysis of the requirements.
❖ Prototyping: Using an executable model of the system to check requirements.
❖ Test-case generation: Developing tests for requirements to check testability.
❖ Automated consistency analysis: checking for the consistency of structured
requirements descriptions.

12. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Requirements Verification and Validation:
Verification: It refers to the set of tasks that ensures that the software correctly
implements a specific function.
Validation: It refers to a different set of tasks that ensures that the software that has
been built is traceable to customer requirements.
➢ If requirements are not validated, errors in the requirement definitions would
propagate to the successive stages resulting in a lot of modification and rework.
➢ The main steps for this process include:
❖ The requirements should be consistent with all the other requirements.
❖ The requirements should be complete in every sense.
❖ The requirements should be practically achievable.

13. Introduction
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirement Management:
Requirement management is the process of managing changing requirements during
the requirements engineering process and system development.
➢ New requirements emerge during the process as business needs a change, and a better
understanding of the system is developed.
➢ The priority of requirements from different viewpoints changes during development process.
➢ The business and technical environment of the system changes during the development.
➢ A complete Software Requirement Specifications should be:
❖ Clear
❖ Correct
❖ Consistent
❖ Coherent
❖ Modifiable
❖ Verifiable
❖ Prioritized
❖ Unambiguous
❖ Traceable

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Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirements:
Largely software requirements must be categorized into two categories.
➢ Functional Requirements: The functional requirements are describing the behavior of
the system as it correlates to the system's functionality.
❖ Statements of services that the system should provide, how the system should react to
particular inputs and how the system should behave in particular situations.
➢ Non-functional Requirements: This can be the necessities that specify the criteria that
can be used to decide the operation instead of specific behaviors of the system.
❖ Constraints on the services or functions offered by the system such as timing
constraints, constraints on the development process, standards, etc.,

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Functional Requirements:
Describe functionality or system services, depend on the type of software, expected
users and the type of system where the software is used.
➢ Functional user requirements may be high-level statements of what the system should
do, functional system requirements should describe the system services in detail.
➢ Examples
❖ The user shall be able to search either all of the initial set of databases or select a
subset from it/
❖ The system shall provide appropriate viewers for the user to read documents in the
document store.
❖ Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier which the user shall be able to
copy to the account’s permanent storage area.

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Functional Requirements:
Describe functionality or system services, depend on the type of software, expected
users and the type of system where the software is used.
➢ Functional Requirements includes:

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Non-functional requirements:
Non-functional requirements in software engineering refer to the characteristics of a
software system that are not related to specific functionality or behavior..
➢ They describe how the system should perform, rather than what it should do.
➢ Non-Functional Requirements are the constraints or the requirements imposed on the
system. They specify the quality attribute of the software.
➢ Every order shall be allocated a unique identifier which the user shall be able to copy
to the account’s permanent storage area.
➢ Non-Functional Requirements deal with issues like: Scalability, Maintainability,
Performance, Portability, Security, Reliability, etc.,

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Non-functional requirements:
Non-functional requirements in software engineering refer to the characteristics of a
software system that are not related to specific functionality or behavior..
➢ Non-functional requirements include:
❖ Performance: This includes requirements related to the speed, scalability, and
responsiveness of the system.
❖ Security: This includes requirements related to the protection of the system and its
data from unauthorized access, as well as the ability to detect and recover from
security breaches.
❖ Usability: This includes requirements related to the ease of use and
understandability of the system for the end-users.

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Non-functional requirements:
Non-functional requirements in software engineering refer to the characteristics of a
software system that are not related to specific functionality or behavior.
➢ Non-functional requirements include:
❖ Reliability: This includes requirements related to the system’s ability to function
correctly and consistently under normal and abnormal conditions.
❖ Maintainability: This includes requirements related to the ease of maintaining the
system, including testing, debugging, and modifying the system.
❖ Portability: This includes requirements related to the ability of the system to be
easily transferred to different hardware or software environments.
❖ Compliance: This includes requirements related to adherence to laws, regulations,
industry standards, or company policies.

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Non-functional requirements:
Non-functional requirements in software engineering refer to the characteristics of a
software system that are not related to specific functionality or behavior.
➢ Non-functional requirements include:

21. Software Requirements
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Non-functional requirements:
Non-functional requirements in software engineering refer to the characteristics of a
software system that are not related to specific functionality or behavior.
➢ Non-functional requirements include:
❖ Product requirements: – Requirements which specify that the delivered product must behave
in a particular way,
o Example: execution speed, reliability etc.
❖ Organisational requirements: – Requirements which are a consequence of organisational
policies and procedures,
o Example: process standards used, implementation requirements etc.
❖ External requirements: – Requirements which arise from factors which are external to the
system and its development process,
o Example: interoperability requirements, legislative requirements etc,.

22. Software Requirements
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirements Document:
The software requirements document (called as software requirements specification or
SRS) is an official statement of what the system developers should implement..
➢ It may include both the user requirements for a system and a detailed specification of
the system requirements.
➢ Requirements documents are essential when systems are outsourced for development,
when different teams develop different parts of the system, and when a detailed
analysis of the requirements is mandatory.
➢ The requirements document has a diverse set of users, ranging from the senior
management of the organization that is paying for the system to the engineers
responsible for developing the software.

23. Software Requirements
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Software Requirements Document:
The software requirements document (called as software requirements specification or
SRS) is an official statement of what the system developers should implement.
➢ Figure shows possible users of the document and how they use it.

24. Software Requirements
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Characteristics of good SRS:
The SRS is a specification for a specific software product, program, or set of
applications that perform particular functions in a specific environment.
➢ Characteristics of good SRS:

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Characteristics of good SRS:
The SRS is a specification for a specific software product, program, or set of
applications that perform particular functions in a specific environment.
➢ Following are the characteristics of a good SRS document:
❖ Correctness: User review is used to ensure the correctness of requirements stated in the SRS.
❖ Completeness: Completeness of SRS indicates every sense of completion covering all the
functional and non-functional requirements properly.
❖ Consistency: Requirements in SRS are said to be consistent if there are no conflicts between
any set of requirements.
❖ Unambiguousness: A SRS is said to be unambiguous if all the requirements stated have only 1
interpretation.
❖ Modifiability: SRS should be made as modifiable as possible and should be capable of easily
accepting changes to the system to some extent.

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Characteristics of good SRS:
The SRS is a specification for a specific software product, program, or set of
applications that perform particular functions in a specific environment.
➢ Verifiability: A SRS is verifiable if there exists a specific technique to quantifiably measure the
extent to which every requirement is met by the system.
➢ Traceability: One should be able to trace a requirement to design component and then to code
segment in the program.
➢ Design Independence: There should be an option to choose from multiple design alternatives
for the final system.
➢ Testability: A SRS should be written in such a way that it is easy to generate test cases and test
plans from the document.
➢ Understandable by the customer: An end user maybe an expert in his/her specific domain but
might not be an expert in computer science.

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Properties of a good SRS document:
The SRS is a specification for a specific software product, the essential properties of a
good SRS document are the following.
➢ Concise: The SRS report should be concise and at the same time, unambiguous, consistent, and
complete.
➢ Structured: It should be well-structured. A well-structured document is simple to understand
and modify.
➢ Black-box view: SRS document should define the external behavior of the system and not
discuss the implementation issues.
➢ Conceptual integrity: It should show conceptual integrity so that the reader can merely
understand it. Response to undesired events.
➢ Verifiable: All requirements of the system, as documented in the SRS document, should be
correct.

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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used and should
be considered to form a structure of good Software Requirements Specification (SRS).
➢ These are below mentioned in the table of contents and are well explained below..
❖ Introduction
❖ General description
❖ Functional Requirements
❖ Interface Requirements
❖ Performance Requirements
❖ Design Constraints
❖ Non-Functional Attributes
❖ Preliminary Schedule and Budget
❖ Appendices

29. Software Requirements
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used and should
be considered to form a structure of good Software Requirements Specification (SRS).
➢ Introduction

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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used and should
be considered to form a structure of good Software Requirements Specification (SRS).
➢ Introduction
❖ Purpose of this Document – At first, main aim of why this document is necessary
and what’s purpose of document is explained and described.
❖ Scope of this document – In this, overall working and main objective of document
and what value it will provide to customer is described and explained. It also
includes a description of development cost and time required.
❖ Overview – In this, description of product is explained. It’s simply summary or
overall review of product.

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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used:
➢ General description: In this, general functions of product which includes objective of user, a
user characteristic, features, benefits, about why its importance is mentioned.
➢ Functional Requirements: In this, possible outcome of software system which includes effects
due to operation of program is fully explained. All functional requirements which may include
calculations, data processing, etc. are placed in a ranked order.
➢ Interface Requirements: In this, software interfaces which mean how software program
communicates with each other or users either in form of any language, code, or message are
fully described and explained.
➢ Performance Requirements: In this, how a software system performs desired functions under
specific condition is explained. It also explains required time, required memory, maximum error
rate, etc.

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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used:
➢ Design Constraints: In this, constraints which simply means limitation or restriction are
specified and explained for design team. Examples may include use of a particular algorithm,
hardware and software limitations, etc.
➢ Non-Functional Attributes: In this, non-functional attributes are explained that are required by
software system for better performance. An example may include Security, Portability,
Reliability, Reusability, Application compatibility, Data integrity, Scalability capacity, etc.
➢ Preliminary Schedule and Budget: In this, initial version and budget of project plan are
explained which include overall time duration required and overall cost required for
development of project.
➢ Appendices: In this, additional information like references from where information is gathered,
definitions of some specific terms, acronyms, abbreviations, etc. are given and explained.

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Software Requirement Specification (SRS):
In order to form a good SRS, here you will see some points that can be used:
➢ Uses of SRS document
❖ Development team require it for developing product according to the need.
❖ Test plans are generated by testing group based on the describe external behaviour.
❖ Maintenance and support staff need it to understand what the software product is supposed
to do.
❖ Project manager base their plans and estimates of schedule, effort and resources on it.
❖ customer rely on it to know that product they can expect.
❖ As a contract between developer and customer.
❖ in documentation purpose.

34. Discussion
Dr. K. Adisesha
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Queries ?
Prof. K. Adisesha
9449081542
Reference: Sommerville, Software Engineering, 10 ed.,