The sodium channel is a channel present on the membrane that allows a small amount of Na+ to enter the cell along its electrochemical gradient, as discovered by British scientists Hodgkin and Huxley. It can be divided into two types, voltage-gated and ligand-gated. The sodium ion channel is the primary activation bond for electrical signals in all animals, while the electrical signal is the basis for a series of physiological processes such as neural activity and muscle contraction.
Hydrogen-Infused Water: The fountain of YouthAdam Gardener
More than 600 scientific papers have been published, including more than 40 human studies, demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of molecular hydrogen for every organ system of the body, and over 150 experimental models of human disease.
— Oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the
pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases, including, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, coronary artery diseases, and malignancies.
However, oxidative stress also has a useful role in physiologic
adaptation and in the regulation of intracellular signal
transduction. Therefore, a significant description of oxidative
stress may be “a condition where oxidative forces go beyond the
antioxidant systems due to loss of the equilibrium between them”.
Significant Nitric Oxide (NO) confirmed as a envoy of
vasodilatation, derivative from the endothelium. Coronary artery
disease also defined as atherosclerotic heart diseases are the
outcome of the growth of antheromatous plaques (made up of
fats, cholesterol etc) within the walls of the coronary arteries that
provide the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients. The evidence
of the plaque in the lumen (free space in the artery for the flow of
nutrients, oxygen etc.) of an artery causes tapering of lumen of
the artery by declining its diameter. NO levels show a significant
relation with higher BMI and hypertension in coronary artery
disease. Many research have shown that adipose tissue contains
NO synthetase enzyme, and is thus an impending NO source.
Biological activity of Nitric Oxide provides clinicians with
additional therapeutic options in the treatment of cardiovascular
disease which will subordinate oxidative stress, a process which is
becoming gradually more standard as critical in the
pathophysiology of vascular disease.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally and accounts for nearly 1 trillion dollars in costs annually.
A heart attack strikes 2.8 million Indians and 7,35,000 Americans each year and heart disease is the number one killer world wide.
Heart attacks are a form of ACS- Acute coronary syndrome.
ACS is when the arteries that carry blood, oxygen and nutrients get blocked.
A heart attack also is known as myocardial infarction
Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
Hydrogen-Infused Water: The fountain of YouthAdam Gardener
More than 600 scientific papers have been published, including more than 40 human studies, demonstrating the therapeutic benefits of molecular hydrogen for every organ system of the body, and over 150 experimental models of human disease.
— Oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the
pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases, including, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, coronary artery diseases, and malignancies.
However, oxidative stress also has a useful role in physiologic
adaptation and in the regulation of intracellular signal
transduction. Therefore, a significant description of oxidative
stress may be “a condition where oxidative forces go beyond the
antioxidant systems due to loss of the equilibrium between them”.
Significant Nitric Oxide (NO) confirmed as a envoy of
vasodilatation, derivative from the endothelium. Coronary artery
disease also defined as atherosclerotic heart diseases are the
outcome of the growth of antheromatous plaques (made up of
fats, cholesterol etc) within the walls of the coronary arteries that
provide the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients. The evidence
of the plaque in the lumen (free space in the artery for the flow of
nutrients, oxygen etc.) of an artery causes tapering of lumen of
the artery by declining its diameter. NO levels show a significant
relation with higher BMI and hypertension in coronary artery
disease. Many research have shown that adipose tissue contains
NO synthetase enzyme, and is thus an impending NO source.
Biological activity of Nitric Oxide provides clinicians with
additional therapeutic options in the treatment of cardiovascular
disease which will subordinate oxidative stress, a process which is
becoming gradually more standard as critical in the
pathophysiology of vascular disease.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally and accounts for nearly 1 trillion dollars in costs annually.
A heart attack strikes 2.8 million Indians and 7,35,000 Americans each year and heart disease is the number one killer world wide.
Heart attacks are a form of ACS- Acute coronary syndrome.
ACS is when the arteries that carry blood, oxygen and nutrients get blocked.
A heart attack also is known as myocardial infarction
Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
We previously reported that Hydrogen Sulfi de (H2S) may attenuate Methyl mercury (meHg) -induced neurotoxicity via mitochondrial preservation, the encouraging results prompt further investigation on this topic. This paper is intended to review published data on issues of Hg toxicity, mainly chronic neurotoxicity, existing treatments and remedy values of H2S. For issues of Hg toxicity, the main Hg intoxicant syndrome of Minamata Disease, sources of exposure, pharmacokinetics and toxic mechanisms were reviewed. For the existing treatments, the merits and defaults of chelating agents and other approaches by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms were discussed. The remedy values of H2S were emphasized, besides the well known that H2S as gaseous and cyto-protective mediator, H2S reacting with metal ions including Hg, H2S superior to other sulfi des for protecting organelles because of its freely penetrating cellular membranes, development of H2S donors, plant organosulfurs as potential H2S donors, and several experimental evidences of H2S antagonizing Hg toxicity were also mentioned, which provide reasonable ground for selecting suitable H2S donors to combat Hg toxicity. Prospective: promoting endogenous H2S production or supplying exogenous H2S to some extent may have benefi ts for Hg intoxication. Activating the enzymes which producing H2S and administrating the reaction substrates for H2S production, or modulating intestinal microbiota may increase the endogenous production of H2S, and developing more stable and slow-releasing H2S donors from chemically synthesized compounds and nature plant organ sulfurs should be done for supplying the exogenous H2S goal.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 16 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2017 issue contains abstracts by Monica Cipriani, Merrysha Castillo, Regina Ismaili, Helema Tayeh & Anna Cios, Alexis Dispensa, Lejla Bolevic & Domenick Palmieri, Theresa Mustacchio, Anthony Tucker-Bartley, Michelle DeTomaso and Nicole Bell. It also contains articles by Shannon Cedeno, Nicole Aylmer, Nada Metwally, Robin Santoro, Vanessa Dailey, Madison McNichol, Cynedra Osinaike, Madison J. Ruff, Daniel S. Smith, Rebecca Martin and Kelly Glenn.
How to Reverse Hearing Loss and Tinnitus with Red Light TherapyMarkSloan21
Get 3 FREE books for signing up to our newsletter: https://endalldisease.com/subscribe
In this presentation, you’re going to learn how hearing works, the root cause of hearing loss and how hearing loss can be prevented and maybe even reversed using red light therapy and antioxidant therapy.
Be sure to stick around until the end and I’ll tell you about some of the most important nutrients for hearing as well as the specific foods most rich in these nutrients. That way you can eat them and ensure your hearing is as good as it can be for your entire life.
For the show notes, go to:
https://endalldisease.com/episode13
All of my videos, podcasts and articles are and will always be free. If you enjoyed this video and want to support my work, you can do so by donating, buying one of my bestselling books or red light therapy devices below.
Check out our red light therapy store:
https://endalldisease.com/store
Read my books:
https://endalldisease.com/books
Donate :
►Paypal:
https://www.paypal.me/endalldisease
1) Describe how the Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp recording techniqu.pdffootworld1
1) Describe how the Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp recording techniques along with similar
methods, can be used to identify and study ionic current flow in tissue
Solution
The study of the ionic current flow in tissue and cells within living organism is known as
electrophysiology. Neurons are the units which help in conduction of electrical activity and
generates action potential. The flow of ions or current flow in tissue takes place through some
gated channel and is important in order to transmit nerve impulse. The neurons communicate
with each other and generate a signal using the electrical activity initiated by flow of ions. In
order to understand our nervous system, stimulation of action and signalling mechanism, it is
integral we understand, identify and study the flow of ions in tissue. With this study, we are able
to decode the pathway of signalling molecules and various other reactions.
All the cells membranes have different ion channels embedded on their membrane and for
neurons the number of these ions channels is more. A cell requires the movement or flow of ions
across it to leading to change in resting membrane potential. The change is important for
transmitting signals that is facilitated by neurons.
Methods used for identifying and studying the flow of ions via tissue
There are various ways and methods using which we can find out the pattern of ion flow in
tissue. Let us discuss two methods that are exclusively used for studying the ionic current flow in
tissues.
Patch Clamp
The method is used in studying single or mutiple ion channels present in a cell or tissues. As the
method has helped in understanding the route of ion flow, it has successfully helped in
improving the understanding of cardiac and nervous system related ailments and diseases. In the
patch clamp method, it generally helps in study of individual ion channels in a patch of cell
membrane. Since it concentrates only on single or small set of ion channels, it is mostly used in
studying the excitable cells like muscle fibres, neurons, cardiac cells etc. The discovery of this
technique for measuring and identifying flow of ions can be credited to Neher and Sakmann.
How the Technique is utilised
Patch Clamp Technique is used to understand about neural transmissions and how neurons react
on releases of transmitters. It gives us an idea about activity of specific ion channel on a cell
membrane as well as how a cell behaves in response to closing and opening of ion channels. The
major difference from voltage clamp lies in the fact that patch clamp is used to study small patch
of membrane.
Steps of the technique
The method can be used to individually study the characteristics response of different channel
and their pattern of opening and closing.
Voltage Clamp Method
The voltage clamp method was discovered by Kenneth Cole in 1940s and is a method to measure
the voltage across a cell membrane. It helps in measuring the ion currents across the membranes
of cells like neur.
Groundbreaking Czech Chemist Antonin Holy Dies at Age 75: Radio Prague Intern...BoylstonReview
"The work of the acclaimed Czech chemist has improved the lives of millions suffering from HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and may other viral diseases." He died two months after the U.S. FDA approved a major new drug combination based on his work, Truvada, developed by Gilead Sciences for the treatment of HIV. Named in article:
Antonin Holy
Czech Academy of Sciences
Vaclav Paces
Erik De Clercq
Michael Riordan
Gilead Sciences
Article by Christian Falvey
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases.pdfKATALYSTPUBLISHINGGR
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases
#Epigenetic #disorder, #Methylation, #Acetylation, #Phosphorylation, #Glioblastoma. #BBB, #Aziridine, #Carbamate, #AZQ
Dr. A. Hameed Khan,Ph.D. (London)
Hameed Khan, Senior Scientist,
Department of Genetics & Robotics,
NCMRR (National Center for Medical
Rehabilitation Research), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda,
Maryland, USA.
We previously reported that Hydrogen Sulfi de (H2S) may attenuate Methyl mercury (meHg) -induced neurotoxicity via mitochondrial preservation, the encouraging results prompt further investigation on this topic. This paper is intended to review published data on issues of Hg toxicity, mainly chronic neurotoxicity, existing treatments and remedy values of H2S. For issues of Hg toxicity, the main Hg intoxicant syndrome of Minamata Disease, sources of exposure, pharmacokinetics and toxic mechanisms were reviewed. For the existing treatments, the merits and defaults of chelating agents and other approaches by enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms were discussed. The remedy values of H2S were emphasized, besides the well known that H2S as gaseous and cyto-protective mediator, H2S reacting with metal ions including Hg, H2S superior to other sulfi des for protecting organelles because of its freely penetrating cellular membranes, development of H2S donors, plant organosulfurs as potential H2S donors, and several experimental evidences of H2S antagonizing Hg toxicity were also mentioned, which provide reasonable ground for selecting suitable H2S donors to combat Hg toxicity. Prospective: promoting endogenous H2S production or supplying exogenous H2S to some extent may have benefi ts for Hg intoxication. Activating the enzymes which producing H2S and administrating the reaction substrates for H2S production, or modulating intestinal microbiota may increase the endogenous production of H2S, and developing more stable and slow-releasing H2S donors from chemically synthesized compounds and nature plant organ sulfurs should be done for supplying the exogenous H2S goal.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 16 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2017 issue contains abstracts by Monica Cipriani, Merrysha Castillo, Regina Ismaili, Helema Tayeh & Anna Cios, Alexis Dispensa, Lejla Bolevic & Domenick Palmieri, Theresa Mustacchio, Anthony Tucker-Bartley, Michelle DeTomaso and Nicole Bell. It also contains articles by Shannon Cedeno, Nicole Aylmer, Nada Metwally, Robin Santoro, Vanessa Dailey, Madison McNichol, Cynedra Osinaike, Madison J. Ruff, Daniel S. Smith, Rebecca Martin and Kelly Glenn.
How to Reverse Hearing Loss and Tinnitus with Red Light TherapyMarkSloan21
Get 3 FREE books for signing up to our newsletter: https://endalldisease.com/subscribe
In this presentation, you’re going to learn how hearing works, the root cause of hearing loss and how hearing loss can be prevented and maybe even reversed using red light therapy and antioxidant therapy.
Be sure to stick around until the end and I’ll tell you about some of the most important nutrients for hearing as well as the specific foods most rich in these nutrients. That way you can eat them and ensure your hearing is as good as it can be for your entire life.
For the show notes, go to:
https://endalldisease.com/episode13
All of my videos, podcasts and articles are and will always be free. If you enjoyed this video and want to support my work, you can do so by donating, buying one of my bestselling books or red light therapy devices below.
Check out our red light therapy store:
https://endalldisease.com/store
Read my books:
https://endalldisease.com/books
Donate :
►Paypal:
https://www.paypal.me/endalldisease
1) Describe how the Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp recording techniqu.pdffootworld1
1) Describe how the Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp recording techniques along with similar
methods, can be used to identify and study ionic current flow in tissue
Solution
The study of the ionic current flow in tissue and cells within living organism is known as
electrophysiology. Neurons are the units which help in conduction of electrical activity and
generates action potential. The flow of ions or current flow in tissue takes place through some
gated channel and is important in order to transmit nerve impulse. The neurons communicate
with each other and generate a signal using the electrical activity initiated by flow of ions. In
order to understand our nervous system, stimulation of action and signalling mechanism, it is
integral we understand, identify and study the flow of ions in tissue. With this study, we are able
to decode the pathway of signalling molecules and various other reactions.
All the cells membranes have different ion channels embedded on their membrane and for
neurons the number of these ions channels is more. A cell requires the movement or flow of ions
across it to leading to change in resting membrane potential. The change is important for
transmitting signals that is facilitated by neurons.
Methods used for identifying and studying the flow of ions via tissue
There are various ways and methods using which we can find out the pattern of ion flow in
tissue. Let us discuss two methods that are exclusively used for studying the ionic current flow in
tissues.
Patch Clamp
The method is used in studying single or mutiple ion channels present in a cell or tissues. As the
method has helped in understanding the route of ion flow, it has successfully helped in
improving the understanding of cardiac and nervous system related ailments and diseases. In the
patch clamp method, it generally helps in study of individual ion channels in a patch of cell
membrane. Since it concentrates only on single or small set of ion channels, it is mostly used in
studying the excitable cells like muscle fibres, neurons, cardiac cells etc. The discovery of this
technique for measuring and identifying flow of ions can be credited to Neher and Sakmann.
How the Technique is utilised
Patch Clamp Technique is used to understand about neural transmissions and how neurons react
on releases of transmitters. It gives us an idea about activity of specific ion channel on a cell
membrane as well as how a cell behaves in response to closing and opening of ion channels. The
major difference from voltage clamp lies in the fact that patch clamp is used to study small patch
of membrane.
Steps of the technique
The method can be used to individually study the characteristics response of different channel
and their pattern of opening and closing.
Voltage Clamp Method
The voltage clamp method was discovered by Kenneth Cole in 1940s and is a method to measure
the voltage across a cell membrane. It helps in measuring the ion currents across the membranes
of cells like neur.
Groundbreaking Czech Chemist Antonin Holy Dies at Age 75: Radio Prague Intern...BoylstonReview
"The work of the acclaimed Czech chemist has improved the lives of millions suffering from HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and may other viral diseases." He died two months after the U.S. FDA approved a major new drug combination based on his work, Truvada, developed by Gilead Sciences for the treatment of HIV. Named in article:
Antonin Holy
Czech Academy of Sciences
Vaclav Paces
Erik De Clercq
Michael Riordan
Gilead Sciences
Article by Christian Falvey
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases.pdfKATALYSTPUBLISHINGGR
The Impact of Sequencing Human Genome on Epigenetic Diseases
#Epigenetic #disorder, #Methylation, #Acetylation, #Phosphorylation, #Glioblastoma. #BBB, #Aziridine, #Carbamate, #AZQ
Dr. A. Hameed Khan,Ph.D. (London)
Hameed Khan, Senior Scientist,
Department of Genetics & Robotics,
NCMRR (National Center for Medical
Rehabilitation Research), National
Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda,
Maryland, USA.
Numerous cells are able to ingest foreign materials, but the ability to increase this activity in response to opsonization by antibody and/or complement, so as to acquire antigen specificity, is restricted to cells of the myeloid series, principally polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages; these are sometimes termed ‘professional’ phagocytes.
Neuroscience is characterized by multi-disciplinary and multi-level intersections. It combines behavior, cognition and brain mechanism, and it attempts to elaborate the neural mechanism of human and animal in perceiving objects, forming images, using language, memorizing information, reasoning and decision-making at the micro level of molecule, synapse and neuron and at the macro level of system, whole brain and behavior.
Transient receptor potenital (TRP) is a large family of non-selective cation channels located on the cell membrane. One type of channel can be activated by Vanillic acid compounds, so this type of channel is called the TRPV subfamily. Mutations in TRPV are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disease and cancer and TRPV is an important therapeutic target for these diseases.
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
The organic cation transporter (OCT) is an important drug delivery protein with a broad tissue distribution in the body that mediates the metabolic processes of most drugs. At present, the gene sequence, transport mechanism, substrate structure specificity, regulatory mechanism, gene polymorphism andin vivodistribution characteristics of this transporter have been deeply studied. Based on this knowledge, pharmacologists have successfully delivered many drugs at the transporter molecule level and applied them to clinical practice.
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed in different types of cancer. Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or cell cycle control genes are very frequent in sporadic (non-germ line) cancers, being significantly more common than germ line (familial) mutations in these sporadic cancers.
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations(Genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity. All mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic.). The alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage resulting in mutations.
The process of cell cycle regulation is the activation or inactivation of various regulatory factors under the surveillance of checkpoints, thereby initiating the process of cell DNA replication and division into two daughter cells.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Mitochondria are a subcellular structure prevalent in eukaryotic cells and the most important source of energy in cells. Most tissue cells in the human body rely on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria to obtain the energy needed to maintain their metabolism.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Sodium channel
1. Sodium Channel
The sodium channel is a channel present on the membrane that allows a small amount of Na+ to
enter the cell along its electrochemical gradient, as discovered by British scientists Hodgkin and
Huxley. It can be divided into two types, voltage-gated and ligand-gated. The sodium ion channel
is the primary activation bond for electrical signals in all animals, while the electrical signal is the
basis for a series of physiological processes such as neural activity and muscle contraction. In the
human body, there are nine known voltage-gated sodium ion channel subtypes that play roles in
different organs and physiological processes.
Abnormalities in the sodium channel can lead to a range of neurological, muscular, and
cardiovascular-related diseases, particularly epilepsy, arrhythmia, and persistent pain, or inability
to sense pain, etc. So far, one thousand in the nine sodium channel proteins in the human body
have been found. Multiple point mutations are associated with known diseases. In addition,
sodium channel is also a direct target of many local anesthetics and many neurotoxins in nature.
Many snake venoms, scorpion venoms, and spider toxins all have adverse effects on sodium
channels. In 2017, the Yan Ning research group of Tsinghua University Medical School took the
first “3D photo” for the sodium channel using a “camera” called a cryo-electron microscope.
In its paper "Three-dimensional Structure of Near-Atomic Resolution of Voltage-Controlled
Sodium Ion Channels in Eukaryotes", the 3.8-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of
voltage-gated sodium ion channels in eukaryotes was first reported. It has greatly helped humans
understand the structure of sodium channels.
