This document discusses therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which involves measuring drug levels in a patient's blood or urine to optimize drug dosing and ensure safety and effectiveness. It describes how TDM is performed using assays like ELISA to test for drug concentrations. Factors like sampling time, dose history, and patient characteristics are considered when interpreting results. The document lists several classes of drugs that should be monitored, including antiepileptics, analgesics, antineoplastics, cardiac agents, and immunosuppressants. It provides examples of specific drugs and related TDM products available from the company.
Drug Control in Racing (and other equine sports)Horse SA
by David Batty, Racing Analytical Services Laboratory
http://www.rasl.com.au/
Presented at the Horse SA 'Safer Horse Workplaces' 10 Nov 2016 at Mt, Barker South Australia.
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/ (search for equine workplace safety page)
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
2015 11-26 ODDP2015 Course Oncology Drug Development, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Tutorial lecture explaining real case stories of oncology drug development, passing on lessons learned from my pharma days to an audience of research professionals.
Versatility of Amantadine and Rimantadine for Detection of Cancer_Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Globally, an estimated 9.6 million people died from different types of cancer in 2017; in other words, every sixth death in the world was due to cancer, second only to cardiovascular diseases. The total number of cancer deaths continues to increase. In fact, by 2030, the global burden of cancer is expected to be 21.7 million new cases and 13 million cancer deaths [1]. On Feb 4 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the need to step up cancer services in low and middle-income countries. WHO warned that, if current trends continue, the world will see a 60% increase in cancer cases over the next two decades. The greatest increase (an estimated 81%) in new cases will occur in low- and middle-income countries, where survival rates are currently the lowest [2]. Early detection and diagnosis of cancer can lead to timely therapeutic/surgical interventions that can increase the chances of survival.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Drug Control in Racing (and other equine sports)Horse SA
by David Batty, Racing Analytical Services Laboratory
http://www.rasl.com.au/
Presented at the Horse SA 'Safer Horse Workplaces' 10 Nov 2016 at Mt, Barker South Australia.
http://www.horsesa.asn.au/ (search for equine workplace safety page)
Lab Results Interpretation for Pharmacist A.NouriAhmed Nouri
PHARMACISTS dealing with LAB RESULTS reading, each pharmacist needs to have the basic knowledge regarding lab results and how to deal with it . Ahmed Nouri, PharmD
2015 11-26 ODDP2015 Course Oncology Drug Development, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Tutorial lecture explaining real case stories of oncology drug development, passing on lessons learned from my pharma days to an audience of research professionals.
Versatility of Amantadine and Rimantadine for Detection of Cancer_Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Globally, an estimated 9.6 million people died from different types of cancer in 2017; in other words, every sixth death in the world was due to cancer, second only to cardiovascular diseases. The total number of cancer deaths continues to increase. In fact, by 2030, the global burden of cancer is expected to be 21.7 million new cases and 13 million cancer deaths [1]. On Feb 4 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated the need to step up cancer services in low and middle-income countries. WHO warned that, if current trends continue, the world will see a 60% increase in cancer cases over the next two decades. The greatest increase (an estimated 81%) in new cases will occur in low- and middle-income countries, where survival rates are currently the lowest [2]. Early detection and diagnosis of cancer can lead to timely therapeutic/surgical interventions that can increase the chances of survival.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
2014 11-27 ODDP 2014 course, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Presentation as part of a comprehensive oncology drug development course, to discuss a pharmaceutical approach to identify, validate and develop biomarkers for personalized medicine for melanoma.
Analytical Considerations When Monitoring Pain Medications by LC-MS/MSDavid Masters-Moore
Laboratory urine drug testing of patients on chronic opioid therapy requires providing a large test menu of medications commonly prescribed for this population as well as metabolites and illicit substances. It has been shown that liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the preferred method to analyze urine specimens for these substances.
Purpose of the study: To describe the challenges and some of the techniques to validate the analytical procedures used to identify and quantify these medications and substances.
Methods: Using data obtained from testing over one million specimens, the authors developed a proposed test menu. Potential isobaric interferences were established by using literature references. A list of potentially interfering medications was obtained by using the proposed test menu and the most commonly prescribed medications. Finally, criteria were designed to detect possible carryover.
Results: The LC-MS/MS instrumentation eliminated all potential interferences and provided quantitative data over the test range needed to monitor these patients. Carryover could be eliminated by setting the carryover thresholds for each analyte.
Conclusions: Reference laboratories utilizing LC-MS/MS technology to conduct urine drug testing for pain clinicians should employ specific techniques described in this study to develop an optimal test menu and validate procedures that include isolating retention times for isobaric compounds, identifying interfering substances including impurities in medicinal and illicit substance preparations, monitoring ion suppression, and avoiding carryover.
The drug effect is the quantifiable change in disease processes that result from the pharmacological or physical properties of an active treatment. To figure out the effectiveness of the drug,
To check the toxicity of the drug
and to investigate if symptoms of a serious side effect is present evaluating a drug effect is essential.
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies (BABE) & Concept of BiowaiversJaspreet Guraya
The presentation gives an insight on BABE studies, mathematical and statistical procedures involved in designing these studies, the official guidelines regarding study design. In the later part it also discusses about biowaivers and their role.
- Describe the basic characteristics of new oral anticoagulants (OACs)
- Recognize potential candidates for new anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thrombosis
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology. I highlight some bioinformatic roles in the drug discovery process, and discuss the use of semantic web technologies for data integration and knowledge discovery..
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal, which aims to develop coherent means to modify drug therapy, with respect to the patient's genotype, and to ensure maximum efficiency with minimal contrary effects.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal and a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology is the all-encompassing and becoming an increasingly important discipline for the identification of disease targets and drug designing with their toxicological effects and means to eradicate diseases.
In this document, there is all the information about TDM and its relation with pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics
TDM can be looked at as a new area in pharmacokinetics that will lead to better patient's outcomes.
Hope you enjoy it.
Answer four fundamental questions on how to develop the most innovative cancer immunotherapy treatments, starting with screening for lead molecules and ending with evaluation of combination therapies.
2014 11-27 ODDP 2014 course, Amsterdam, Alain van GoolAlain van Gool
Presentation as part of a comprehensive oncology drug development course, to discuss a pharmaceutical approach to identify, validate and develop biomarkers for personalized medicine for melanoma.
Analytical Considerations When Monitoring Pain Medications by LC-MS/MSDavid Masters-Moore
Laboratory urine drug testing of patients on chronic opioid therapy requires providing a large test menu of medications commonly prescribed for this population as well as metabolites and illicit substances. It has been shown that liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the preferred method to analyze urine specimens for these substances.
Purpose of the study: To describe the challenges and some of the techniques to validate the analytical procedures used to identify and quantify these medications and substances.
Methods: Using data obtained from testing over one million specimens, the authors developed a proposed test menu. Potential isobaric interferences were established by using literature references. A list of potentially interfering medications was obtained by using the proposed test menu and the most commonly prescribed medications. Finally, criteria were designed to detect possible carryover.
Results: The LC-MS/MS instrumentation eliminated all potential interferences and provided quantitative data over the test range needed to monitor these patients. Carryover could be eliminated by setting the carryover thresholds for each analyte.
Conclusions: Reference laboratories utilizing LC-MS/MS technology to conduct urine drug testing for pain clinicians should employ specific techniques described in this study to develop an optimal test menu and validate procedures that include isolating retention times for isobaric compounds, identifying interfering substances including impurities in medicinal and illicit substance preparations, monitoring ion suppression, and avoiding carryover.
The drug effect is the quantifiable change in disease processes that result from the pharmacological or physical properties of an active treatment. To figure out the effectiveness of the drug,
To check the toxicity of the drug
and to investigate if symptoms of a serious side effect is present evaluating a drug effect is essential.
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Studies (BABE) & Concept of BiowaiversJaspreet Guraya
The presentation gives an insight on BABE studies, mathematical and statistical procedures involved in designing these studies, the official guidelines regarding study design. In the later part it also discusses about biowaivers and their role.
- Describe the basic characteristics of new oral anticoagulants (OACs)
- Recognize potential candidates for new anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thrombosis
Personalized medicine involves the prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual based on their genetic or proteomic profile. This talk discusses current approaches in drug discovery/development, the role of genetics in drug metabolism, and lawful/ethical issues surrounding the deployment of new health technology. I highlight some bioinformatic roles in the drug discovery process, and discuss the use of semantic web technologies for data integration and knowledge discovery..
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal, which aims to develop coherent means to modify drug therapy, with respect to the patient's genotype, and to ensure maximum efficiency with minimal contrary effects.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology (IJCPT) ISSN:2167-910X is an Open Access journal and a peer-reviewed journal. Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology is the all-encompassing and becoming an increasingly important discipline for the identification of disease targets and drug designing with their toxicological effects and means to eradicate diseases.
In this document, there is all the information about TDM and its relation with pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics
TDM can be looked at as a new area in pharmacokinetics that will lead to better patient's outcomes.
Hope you enjoy it.
Answer four fundamental questions on how to develop the most innovative cancer immunotherapy treatments, starting with screening for lead molecules and ending with evaluation of combination therapies.
The sodium channel is a channel present on the membrane that allows a small amount of Na+ to enter the cell along its electrochemical gradient, as discovered by British scientists Hodgkin and Huxley. It can be divided into two types, voltage-gated and ligand-gated. The sodium ion channel is the primary activation bond for electrical signals in all animals, while the electrical signal is the basis for a series of physiological processes such as neural activity and muscle contraction.
Numerous cells are able to ingest foreign materials, but the ability to increase this activity in response to opsonization by antibody and/or complement, so as to acquire antigen specificity, is restricted to cells of the myeloid series, principally polymorphs, monocytes and macrophages; these are sometimes termed ‘professional’ phagocytes.
Neuroscience is characterized by multi-disciplinary and multi-level intersections. It combines behavior, cognition and brain mechanism, and it attempts to elaborate the neural mechanism of human and animal in perceiving objects, forming images, using language, memorizing information, reasoning and decision-making at the micro level of molecule, synapse and neuron and at the macro level of system, whole brain and behavior.
Transient receptor potenital (TRP) is a large family of non-selective cation channels located on the cell membrane. One type of channel can be activated by Vanillic acid compounds, so this type of channel is called the TRPV subfamily. Mutations in TRPV are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, skeletal dysplasia, kidney disease and cancer and TRPV is an important therapeutic target for these diseases.
CFTR is a chloride channel located on the cell membrane. Under the mediation of cAMP, CFTR is phosphorylated, causing the channel to open and transporting about 10 CIs extracellularly per minute. When the cftr gene is mutated (most commonly, the codon encoding 508 phenylalanine is lost), the defective CFTR cannot be processed normally in the endoplasmic reticulum, and most cannot be transported to the cell membrane;
The organic cation transporter (OCT) is an important drug delivery protein with a broad tissue distribution in the body that mediates the metabolic processes of most drugs. At present, the gene sequence, transport mechanism, substrate structure specificity, regulatory mechanism, gene polymorphism andin vivodistribution characteristics of this transporter have been deeply studied. Based on this knowledge, pharmacologists have successfully delivered many drugs at the transporter molecule level and applied them to clinical practice.
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence. A variety of epigenetic mechanisms can be perturbed in different types of cancer. Epigenetic alterations of DNA repair genes or cell cycle control genes are very frequent in sporadic (non-germ line) cancers, being significantly more common than germ line (familial) mutations in these sporadic cancers.
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damage the genetic information within a cell causing mutations(Genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity. All mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic.). The alteration can have direct or indirect effects on the DNA: the induction of mutations, mistimed event activation, and direct DNA damage resulting in mutations.
The process of cell cycle regulation is the activation or inactivation of various regulatory factors under the surveillance of checkpoints, thereby initiating the process of cell DNA replication and division into two daughter cells.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Post-translational modifications play an important role in cells, such as DNA recognition, protein-protein interactions, catalytic activity, and protein stability. Protein acetylation/deacetylation is a histone covalent modification that is mainly catalyzed by histone acetylase and histone deacetylase, respectively.
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) recognizes and repairs erroneous insertion, deletion, and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, and repair some forms of DNA damage. It plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and cellular homeostasis.
Mitochondria are a subcellular structure prevalent in eukaryotic cells and the most important source of energy in cells. Most tissue cells in the human body rely on oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria to obtain the energy needed to maintain their metabolism.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. What is Therapeutic Drug Monitoring?
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is generally defined as the clinical laboratory measurement of a
chemical parameter that, with appropriate medical interpretation, will directly influence drug prescribing
procedures. Otherwise, TDM refers to the individualization of drug dosage by maintaining plasma or blood
drug concentrations within a targeted therapeutic range or window.
Performing TDM requires a multidisciplinary approach. The
process assumes that there is a definable relationship
between dose and plasma or plasma drugs concentration
and between concentration and therapeutic effect. TDM
begins with the first prescription of a drug and involves
determining an initial dosage regimen appropriate for the
clinical condition and patient characteristics such as age,
weight, organ function, and concomitant medication. Factors
that need to be considered when interpreting concentration
measurements include sampling times associated with drug
dose, dose history, patient response, and desired drug goals.
The amount of certain prescription drugs in the blood is a
serious health problem for both patients and health care
workers. By detecting the concentration of the drug in the
patient's blood, the doctor can monitor and adjust the
prescribed dose to help ensure the safety and effectiveness
of the drug. In addition, doctors can also guide drug use by
detecting the amount of drug in the urine.
Figure 1. The process of therapeutic
drug monitoring.
www.creative-diagnostics.com 2
3. ◼ Urine drug test
The drug can be filtered through the blood in
just a few hours, even if the patient follows the
blood monitoring program, it can lead to
negative results. For these reasons, urine drug
testing is the doctor's favorite choice. Screening
for a variety of different substances using
immunoassays or ELISA, including alcohol,
amphetamine, barbital, benzodiazepine,
cannabinoids, cocaine, fentanyl, methadone,
opioids, benzocycline and propoxyphene.
Although a urine test is not as effective as a
blood test, it can determine whether a drug is
present in the body system.
Therefore, clinical treatment requires the
monitoring kits to guide the use of these drugs.
Creative Diagnostics provides highly sensitive
and cost-effective therapeutic drug conjugates
and antibodies for multiple applications. We
also offer customized services, which can asset
customers to achieve their immunoassay
development.
The Methods Applied in Small Molecule Drugs Monitoring
Historically, drug testing laboratories developed their assay procedures using a variety of analytical methods
ranging from radioimmunoassay to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. Currently
however, the vast majority of drug assays performed in the clinical setting are some variant of commercially
available immune-binding assay procedures. The most commonly used procedures are fluorescence polarization
immunoassay (FPIA), enzyme immunoassay (eg. MEIA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
www.creative-diagnostics.com 3
◼ Blood test
Blood testing is the older of methods and typically
involves a preliminary screening test using enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technology that
combines the specificity of the antibody with the
enzyme or antigen and the enzyme that is readily
assayed. The sensitivity of a simple enzyme assay
performed in conjunction. This makes it possible to
detect very low levels of drugs in solutions such as
whole blood, serum, urine and tissues. The results of
ELISA assays were confirmed and quantified by gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and
their unique drug separation chromatography and
mass spectrometry were used for identification and
quantification, which is considered as the gold
standard for drug detection. The biggest benefit of
blood tests is that it has a small margin of error. In
addition, the level of drug found in a person's blood
sample is directly related to the current dose in his or
her body. Therefore, reports found at the level of
quantification can be used to accurately calculate
the current drug dose in the body.
10. NAPA Digoxin Amikacin Phenytoin
Methotrexate Gentamicin Quinidine Tobramycin
Phenobarbital Salicylic Acid Theophylline Valproic Acid
Acetaminophen Carbamazepine Mycophenolic Acid Procainamide
Drugs with unpredictable PK/PD relationship:
The dose of drug producing sub therapeutic response
in one patient, yield toxic effect in another patient. The
PD indices include plasma lipid level, blood glucose,
blood pressure, plasma clotting time etc. which
provides relationship between dose and plasma or
blood drug concentration and pharmacodynamics
effects. There is also wide inter patient variability in PK
parameters, such as absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion. There are differences in PK
and PD of most drugs between adults and children. In
children, sampling volume is limited. Therefore, highly
sensitive analytical methods are required for the drug
sample measurements.
Drugs which are toxic or ineffective:
The therapeutic drug used for monitoring
could be either toxic or ineffective that can
render the patient in a great risk.
Buprenorphine, for instance, is an opioid
used to treat opioid addiction, acute pain,
and chronic pain. Buprenorphine treatment
carries the risk of causing psychological or
physical dependence. Therefore,
Buprenorphine need to be quantitated in
blood or urine to monitor use or abuse,
confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in
a medicolegal investigation.
Table 1. Common Small Molecule drugs that need to be monitored
www.creative-diagnostics.com 10
