This document discusses the history of land ownership and agrarian reform policies in the Philippines from pre-colonial times through 2016. Some key points covered include: - In the pre-colonial period, land was owned communally by barangays and families believed they were stewards of the land. - Under Spanish colonial rule, land ownership laws favored Spanish landowners and religious orders, displacing many Filipino farmers. - During the American period in the early 1900s, laws aimed to address this through land ceilings and tenant protections. - The Philippine Republic after independence pursued further agrarian reforms, establishing corporations to redistribute land and regulate sharecropping agreements.

1. REFORM
A
i
G
nt
R
h
e
A
Ph
i
R
lip
p
I
i
A
n
e
s
N
01
GABRIELLE RAFAEL MARGARETTE TAMASE
TRIXIE PORLUCAS ALNES SANCHEZ
DEITY ANN REUTEREZ

2. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
02
AGRARIAN REFORM POLICIES
history

3. VOCABULARY
03
LAND REFORM
Redistribution of pieceof
landto thefarmersfrom
land-owners.
AGRARIAN
REFORM
Rectification of the
whole systemof
agriculture.

4. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
LAND-OWNERSHIP
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
04

5. 05
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Pre-colonial
lan
d
-o
w
n
e
rsh
ip
"Thislandisours, God
gavethislandtoours"

6. P r e -c o lo n ia l
P e r i o d
BARANGGAY
small unit of community administered by datus and cheifs who
have all the access to the land for the fruits of their labor.
STEWARDSHIP
practice wherein they believe that man and nature is important
KAINGIN SYSTEM OR SLASH-AND-
BURN METHOD
methods they used for land cultivation

7. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
MARAGTAS CODE
Theonlyexisting record of land
transactionduringpre-colonialperiod
wherein theysoldthePanayIslandto
tenbornean datusinexchangefor
goldensalakot andlong golden
necklace.

8. C
R
E
A
T
I
V
E
P
O
R
T
F
O
L
I
O
CODE OF
LUWARANWAS
Ancient written lawsof Muslims
before. It containsprovisionof
contract of cultivatedlands.

9. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
LAND-OWNERSHIP
SPANISH PERIOD

10. A systemwhereinnative ruralcommunities
wereorganizedinto pueblo andeach
Christianizednativefamilyisgiven a4-5
hectaresof landto cultivate.
No sharecropper classorlandlessclassexisted
in Pueblo Agriculture.
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
Pu
e
b
loAgric
u
ltu
re

11. Thenativesweredeceived. They
were not Landowners
Bylaw, thelandassignedtothemwas
thepropertyof theSpanishKing
wheretheypaytheircolonial tributes
to theSpanishauthoritiesin theform
of agricultural productstheyproduced
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ish
Pe
rio
dL
a
n
d
-
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p

12. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ish
Pe
rio
dL
aw
so
f
In
d
ie
s
The Spanish crown granted vasttracts of land underthe Law of the
Indies, including:
1.Friar landsfor the religious orders;
2.Repartiamentosforlandsgrantedto thespanishmilitaryasa
rewardfortheirservice; and
3.Encomienda-largetractsoflandgiventoSpaniards
(Encomiendero) to manageandhavethe right to receivetributes
fromthenativestilling it.*
*Natives within theseareasbecamemeretillers working for ashareof
crops. Theydidnot even haveanyrightsto theland.

13. AbusiveEncomienderos
collected moretributesthat
becametheland rentals
from thenativesliving in the
area
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
En
c
o
m
ie
n
d
aSyste
m

14. At the beginning of the 1çthcentury, the Philippinesasacolony
of Spain implementedpoliciesthat wouldmainstreamthe
countryintotheworldof capitalism
Theeconomywasopenedto theworldmarket asexporterof raw
materialsandimporterof finishedgoods
Theagricultural exportsweremandatedandhaciendasystemwas
developedasanewformof ownership
More people lost their landsandwereforced to becometillers
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
Hac
ie
n
d
aSyste
m

15. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
Co
m
p
rasyV
an
d
alasSyste
m
A Compras yVandalasSystem waspracticed whereintillers were
madetocompulsorysellataverylowpriceorsurrendertheir
agricultural harveststo SpanishauthoritieswhereEncomienderos
can resell it foraprofit.
People of the Encomiendaswerealsorequiredto renderpersonal
servicesonpublicandreligiousworkandasahousehold help to
theEncomienderos

16. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
L
im
itatio
n
so
f L
an
dO
w
n
e
rsh
ip
The Spanish crown madealawin 1865orderinglandholdersto
registertheirlandholdings.
Onlythosewhowereawareofthesedecreesbenefited(Cedula)
Ancestral landswereclaimedandregisteredin otherpeople's
names(Spanishofficials,inquilinosandcaciquesorlocal
chieftains)
As aresult, manypeasant families weredriven out from the lands
they havebeencultivating for centuries or wereforced to become
tillers.

17. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Sp
an
ishPe
rio
d
L
a
w
sforRegistrationofL
a
n
d
sa
n
dP
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
The Ley Hipotecaria orthe Mortgage Law of 18ç3
- providedthe systematic registrationof titles anddeedsaswell as
ownershipclaims
- mainly alawon registrationof properties ratherthan mortgage law
TheMauraLaworRoyal Decreeof 1
8ç4
- farmersandlandholdersweregivenoneyearto registertheir
agricultural landsto avoiddeclaration of it asastate property

18. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
LAND OWNERSHIP
THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
04

19. Establishedin 1
8çç
DuringthefirstPhilippineRepublic,the
governmentwhichwasheadedGeneral
EmilioAguinaldo attemptedto confiscate
largelandedestates, especiallytheFriar
lands(landssharedbyAugustinians,
DominicansandRecollects). However, as
theRepublic wasshort-lived, Aguinaldo’s
plan wasneverimplemented.
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Th
eFirst Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic
Ge
n
.Em
ilioAgu
in
a
ldo

20. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
AMERICAN PERIOD
GOVERNMENT FOR THE FILIPINOS
04

21. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eB
ill o
f 1
9
0
2
Settheceilingsonthehectarageofprivateindividualsand
corporationsmayacquire:16has.for privateindividuals and
1
,024has. forcorporations.
L
an
dRe
gistratio
nAc
t o
f
1
9
0
2(Ac
t N
o
. 49
6
)
Providedforacomprehensiveregistrationoflandtitlesunder
theTorrenssystem.

22. Introduced the homesteadsystemin the Philippines.
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Pu
b
licL
an
dAc
t o
f 1
9
0
3
T
e
n
an
c
yAc
t o
f 1
9
33
(Ac
tN
o
. 40
54an
d
41
1
3)
Regulatedrelationshipsbetween landownersandtenantsof
rice(50-50sharing)andsugarcanelands.

23. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
COMMONWEALTH
PERIOD
GOVERNMENT FOR THE FILIPINOS

24. FORMER
PRESIDENT
M
a
n
u
e
lL
.Q
u
e
zo
n
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
ESPOUSED THE "SOCIAL JUSTICE" PROGRAM TO
ARREST THE INCREASING SOCIAL UNREST IN
CENTRAL LUZON.

25. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
LEGISLATION
ENACTED
DURING PRES. MANUEL QUESZON
04

26. "Thepromotionof social justiceto ensurethewell-beingand
economicsecurityofallpeopleshouldbetheconcernofthe
State"
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
1
9
35 Co
n
stitu
tio
n
Providedforcertaincontrolsinthelandlord-tenant
relationships
Co
m
m
o
n
w
e
althAc
t N
o
. 1
7
8
AN AMENDMENT TO RICE TENANCY ACT NO. 4045 November 1
3
, 1
ç3
6

27. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
N
atio
n
al Ric
ean
dCo
rn
Co
rp
o
ratio
n(NARIC),1
9
3
6
Established thepriceof riceand corn therebyhelp thepoor
tenantsaswell asconsumers.
Co
m
m
o
n
w
e
althAc
t. N
o
. 46
1
, 1
9
37
Specifiedreasonsfor thedismissal of tenantsand onlywith
the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of
Justice.

28. Providedthe purchaseandleaseof haciendasandtheirsale
andleaseto thetenants.
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
CreatedtheNational Settlement Administration witha
capital stockof P20,000,000.
Ru
ral Pro
gramAd
m
in
istratio
n
MARCH 2. 1
ç3
ç
Co
m
m
o
n
w
e
althAc
t N
o
. 441
JUNE 3
, 1
ç3
ç

29. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
AGRARIAN REFORM
04

30. JAPANESE PERIOD
AGRICULTURE
The central Luzon plain isarich agricultural area
wherealargepeasantpopulationworkedastenant
farmersonvastestates.The visiblecontrastbetween
thewealthyfewandthepoverty-strickenmasseswas
responsibleforperiodicpeasantrevoltsduringthe
Spanishperiodof Philippinehistory
Becauseof this, theHUKBALAHAP rebellion was
created
1
1

31. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
HUKBALAHAP
Hu
kb
on
gB
ayanL
ab
ansam
gaHap
o
n
Hukbalahapcontrolledwholeareasof Central
Luzon; landlordswho supportedtheJapaneselost
their landsto peasantswhilethosewho supported
theHuksearnedfixed rentalsin favorof the
tenants.

32. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
PHILIPPIN
E
REPUBLIC
AGRARIAN REFORM 1ç46-2016
04

33. Republic Act No. 34-- Establishedthe70-
30sharingarrangementsandregulating
share-tenancycontracts.
Republic Act No. 55-- Providedforamore
effectivesafeguardagainst arbitrary
ejectment of tenants.
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
46
-1
9
48
)
Pre
s.M
a
n
u
e
lA.Ro
x
a
s

34. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
48
-1
9
53)
Pre
s.Elp
id
ioR.Q
u
irin
o
ExecutiveOrderNo. 355(October23, 1
ç50)
ReplacedtheNationalLandSettlementAdministration
withLandSettlementDevelopmentCorporation
(LASEDECO)whichtakesovertheresponsibilitiesof the
AgriculturalMachineryEquipmentCorporationandthe
RiceandCornProductionAdministration.

35. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
53-1
9
57
)
Republic Act No. 1
1
60of 1
ç54
AbolishedtheLASEDECO andestablishedtheNational
ResettlementandRehabilitationAdministration(NARRA)
toresettledissidentsandlandlessfarmers.It wasparticularly
aimedatrebelreturnees providing homelotsandfarmlands
inPalawanandMindanao.
Republic Act No. 11çç
Agric
u
ltu
ral T
e
n
an
c
yAc
t o
f 1
9
54
governedtherelationshipbetweenlandownersandtenant
Pres.R
a
m
o
nMagsaysayfarmersbyorganizingshare-tenancyandleaseholdsystem.
The lawprovidedthesecurityof tenureof tenants.It also
createdtheCourt of AgrarianRelations.

36. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
53-1
9
57
)
Republic Act No. 821
Cre
atio
no
f Agric
u
ltu
ral Cre
d
it
Co
o
p
e
rativ
eFin
an
c
in
gAd
m
in
istratio
n
Pres.R
a
m
o
nMagsaysayProvidedsmallfarmersandsharetenants loanswithlow
interest ratesof sixtoeight percent.
Republic Act No. 1400
L
an
dRe
fo
rmAc
t o
f 1
9
55
CreatedtheLandTenureAdministration(LTA) whichwas
responsiblefortheacquisitionanddistributionof large
tenantedriceandcornlands over 200hectares for
individualsand600hectaresfor corporations.

37. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
6
1
-1
9
6
5)
Pre
s.Dio
sd
a
d
oP.M
a
c
a
p
a
ga
l
Republic Act No. 3844 (August 8, 1
ç63)
Agric
u
ltu
ral L
an
dRe
fo
rmCo
d
e
•Abolishedsharetenancy,institutionalizedleasehold,set
retention limit at 75hectares,investedrightsof preemption
andredemptionfortenantfarmers,providedforan
administrativemachineryforimplementation,
institutionalizedajudicialsystemofagrariancases,
incorporatedextension,marketingandsupervisedcredit
systemof servicesof farmerbeneficiaries.

38. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
6
5- 1
9
8
6
)
Pre
s.Fe
rd
in
a
n
dE.M
a
rc
o
s
Republic Act No. 638ç
RA No. 63ç0of 1
ç71
Co
d
eo
f AgrarianRe
fo
rm
CreatedtheDepartmentofAgrarianReformandthe
Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthenthe
positionoffarmersandexpandedthescopeofagrarian
reform.
Presidential DecreeNo. 2(Sept 26, 1
ç72)
Declaredthecountryunderlandreformprogram. It
enjoinedall agenciesandoffices of thegovernmentto
extendfullcooperationandassistancetotheDAR. It also
activatedtheAgrarian Reform Coordinating Council.

39. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
6
5- 1
9
8
6
)
Pre
s.Fe
rd
in
a
n
dE.M
a
rc
o
s
Presidential DecreeNo. 27,
(October21
, 1
ç72)
Restricted land reformscopeto tenanted
rice and corn lands and set the retention
limit at 7hectares.

40. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eRe
p
u
b
lic(1
9
8
6
-1
9
9
2)
Pre
s.C
o
ra
zo
nC
.Aq
u
in
o theComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgram
(CARP).
ExecutiveOrderNo. 228
Ju
ly1
6
, 1
9
8
7
Declaredfull ownershipto qualifiedfarmer-
beneficiariescoveredbyPD 27.It alsodeterminedthe
valueremainingunvaluedriceandcorn lands subject
ofPD 27andprovidedforthemannerofpayment by
theFBsandmodeof compensation to landowners.
ExecutiveOrderNo. 22ç
Ju
ly22, 1
9
8
7
Providedmechanismfor the implementationof

41. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
8
6
-1
9
9
2)
Pre
s.C
o
ra
zo
nC
.Aq
u
in
oStreamlinedandexpandedthepowerand
operationsof theDAR.
ProclamationNo. 1
31
Ju
ly22, 1
9
8
7
Instituted theCARP asamajorprogramof the
government.It providedfor aspecialfund known
astheAgrarianReformFund(ARF), withan
initialamountofPhp50billiontocoverthe
estimatedcost of theprogramfrom1
ç87-1
çç2.
ExecutiveOrderNo. 1
2ç-A
Ju
ly26
, 1
9
8
7

42. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
8
6
-1
9
9
2)
Pre
s.C
o
ra
zo
nC
.Aq
u
in
o Thislawisstill theonebeing
implementedat present.
Republic Act No. 6657, June1
0, 1
ç88
Co
m
p
re
h
e
n
s
iv
eAg
rarianR
e
fo
rmL
aw
An act whichbecameeffectiveJune1
5,
1
ç88andinstituted acomprehensive
agrarianreformprogramtopromote
social justiceandindustrialization
providingthemechanismforits
implementation andfor otherpurposes.

43. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
8
6
-1
9
9
2)
Pre
s.C
o
ra
zo
nC
.Aq
u
in
o
ExecutiveOrderNo. 405
Ju
n
e1
4
, 1
9
9
0
Vested in the Land Bankof the Philippines the
responsibility to determineland valuation and
compensation for all landscovered byCARP.
ExecutiveOrderNo. 407
Ju
n
e1
4
, 1
9
9
0
Acceleratedtheacquisitionanddistribution
of agricultural lands, pasturelands, fishponds,
agro-forestrylandsandother landsof the
public domain suitableforagriculture.

44. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
9
2-1
9
9
8
)
Pre
s.Fid
e
lV
.Ra
m
o
s
Republic Act No. 7881
1
9
9
5
Amended certain provisionsof RA 6657and
exemptedfishpondsandprawnsfromthe
coverageof CARP.
Republic Act No. 7ç05
1
9
9
5
Strengthenedtheimplementationof the
CARP.

45. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
9
2-1
9
9
8
)
Pre
s.Fid
e
lV
.Ra
m
o
s
ExecutiveOrderNo. 363
1
9
9
7
Limitsthetypeof landsthat maybeconverted
bysettingconditionsunderwhichlimitsthe
typeof landsthat maybeconvertedbysetting
conditionsunderwhichspecificcategoriesof
agricultural landareeither absolutelynon-
negotiable for conversionorhighly restricted
for conversion.

46. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(1
9
9
2-1
9
9
8
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Pre
s.Fid
e
lV
.Ra
m
o
s
Republic Act No. 8435, 1
çç7
Agriculturea
n
d
FisheriesM
o
d
e
r
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
nAct
Pluggedthelegal loopholesin landuse
conversion.
Republic Act 8532, 1
çç8
Ag
rarianRe
fo
rmFu
n
dB
ill
Providedan additional Php50billionfor
CARP andextendeditsimplementationfor
another1
0years.

47. Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
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lic(1
9
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-20
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)
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
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S
T
O
R
Y
ExecutiveOrderN0. 1
51
, September1
ççç
Farm
e
r’sT
ru
s
tFu
n
d
Allowedthevoluntaryconsolidation of
small farmoperation into mediumand
largescaleintegratedenterprisethat can
accesslong-termcapital.
Pre
s.J o
se
p
hE.Est
ra
d
a

48. Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(20
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-20
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)
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Pre
s.G
lo
riaM
a
c
a
p
a
c
a
l-Arro
yo
LandTenureImprovement
DAR willremainvigorous in implementing
land acquisition anddistribution component of
CARP. TheDAR will improvelandtenure
systemthrough landdistribution andleasehold.
Provision of Support Services
CARP notonlyinvolvesthedistributionof
landsbutalsoincludedpackageofsupport
serviceswhichincludes:creditassistance,
extensionservices,irrigation facilities, roads
andbridges,marketing facilities andtraining
andtechnical support programs.

49. Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(20
0
0
-20
1
0
)
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Pre
s.G
lo
riaM
a
c
a
p
a
c
a
l-Arro
yo
InfrastructureProjects
DAR willtransformtheagrarianreform
communities(ARCs), an areafocused and
integrated delivery ofsupport services, into
rural economic zonesthat will help in the
creation of job opportunities in the countryside.
KALAHI ARZone
TheKALAHI AgrarianReform(KAR)Zones
werealso launched. Thesezonesconsistsof
oneormoremunicipalitieswith
concentration of ARC populationto achieve
greateragro-productivity.

50. Ph
ilip
p
in
eR
e
p
u
b
lic(20
0
0
-20
1
0
)
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
Pre
s.Be
n
ign
oAq
u
in
oIII
Executive Order No. 26,Series of 2
0
1
1
To mandatetheDepartment of Agriculture-
Department of Environment andNatural
Resources-Department of AgrarianReform
ConvergenceInitiativetodevelopaNational
Greening Programin cooperationwith other
government agencies.

51. Jenievive Adame-Youtube

52. AGRARIAN REFORM
P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
C
o
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Agrarian reformisan unfinished reform
in the Philippines for 100years after the
spaniardscolonization
However,thepastevents,rallies,
revolution, andlandpoliciesgavewayfor
theacknowlegment of AgrarianReform
Policy
AgrarianReformisstillanexistingissue
inourcountrt duetocorruptionand
lackof support fromthegovernment.

53. P
H
I
L
I
P
P
I
N
E
H
I
S
T
O
R
Y
AGRARIAN REFORM
V
a
lu
e
sIn
t
e
gra
t
io
n
Leviticus25:4
During the seventhyearthe land shall havea
sabbath rest, asabbath to theLord; you shall
not sowyourfield norpruneyourvineyard.
Weareawarethat manynational farm
organizationsareputtingforth variousplans
to providebothshortandlongtermrelief to
ournation'sagriculturalprocedures. While
webelievelong-termsolutionsareessential,
thecurrent situationdemandsamore
immediateresponse.
By: Mel Carnahan

54. REFERENCES
https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/17ç3/23074/philippinesbrief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://prezi.com/tcmdgm_qx1ep/agrarian-reform-pre-colonial-to-spanish-era/?
frame=61b1cf775fçc81e1çc303e3d65f817d345cf7eaa
https://www.slideshare.net/lolxie/land-reform-duing-spanish-period
https://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history/
Source
https://www.slideshare.net/FayeMadrigal1/history-of-agrarian-reform
https://www.slideshare.net/robi_sildee/a-looked-back-to-the-history-of-land-reform-in-the-philippines
https://www.dar.gov.ph/about-us/agrarian-reform-history/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3I1H3a8SP_M&ab_channel=PROF.LEI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpdVFRJvzuo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB8V8lGLoçg&ab_channel=JenieviveAdame
04