This document provides an overview of sociometry, which is defined as measuring the social relationships and structure within groups. It discusses the history and development of sociometry by J.L. Moreno in the 1930s. The purposes, methods, and applications of sociometry are explained, including sociometric matrices, sociograms, and indices to analyze group dynamics. Steps in conducting sociometry with groups are outlined. Advantages include understanding interpersonal relationships and group structures, while limitations include relationships and responses may not be stable or fully revealed.

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2. Presentation
on
Sociometry and its application in
Extension Research
Presented by:
Priyajoy Kar
PhD 1st year
Dairy Extension Division
Submitted to:
Dr. K. Ponnusamy
Principal Scientist
Dairy Extension Division

3. Sociometry
The word sociometry comes from the latin word
“socius’’ means social or companion and the
“metrum” means measure.So sociometry is a
way of measuring the degree of relatedness
among people.
The word “sociometry” which comes from
French to our language means as the effects of
social life and friendship on an individual.
 Sociometry is the inquiry into the evolution and
organization of groups and the position of
individuals within them.(Moreno,1951)

4. Purposes of Applying Sociometry
To learn the interaction and the structure of a group.
To discover where exactly an individual exists in
that group.
To elicit social relationship and the organization
type of a group through analyzing attitudes and
aptitudes of group members among each other.
To identify subgroups ,leaders and cliques of a
group.
To obtain objective information about the real
structure of a group and group integrity.

5. History of Sociometry
 The origin of sociometric techniques are based on the idea
that “induction methods” that are carried out in applied
sciences can also be applied in social
sciences(E.Durkhiem&H.Spencer)
 J.L.Moreno(1934), who was affected by this idea ,put
forward sociometry theory and techniques to the literature.
 Having been developed since 1950s in america,sociometry,
then, spread around Europe and other countries.
• J.L.MORENO first coined the term sociometry and
conducted the first long range sociometric study from 1932-
1938 at the New York State Training School for Girls in
Hudson, New York

6. Importance and functions of sociometry
It enables us to learn about the group dynamics and
evaluate socialization levels of students after some
social activities and their effects on reaching the
intended goal.
It helps school administration ,teachers and
counseling department by providing detailed
information about the general structure &the social
relationships of the group.
After applying these regulations, groups can be re-
constructed to increase efficiency in their
performance

7.  Due to being not an analyze of an individual only, but
the analyze of a person in a whole group, this technique
gives us extensive amount of information about a lot of
people at the same time.
 Sociometry also gives us a chance to identify the
distance/closeness of the group members with each
other and the interaction net among them.
 Additionally, it is beneficial in preventing adaptation
problems after having the application results in the hand

8. Areas that Sociometry can be applied
Education.
Industry
Service and public sector
Army

9. Methods of Sociometric Analysis
• Sociomertic matrices.
• Sociograms.
• Sociometric indices.

10. SOCIOMETRIC MATRIX
 A matrix is a rectrangular array (arrangement ) of
numbers of other symbols , sociometric is a squre or
in x n matrix
 Eg: A group of 6 members respond to a
sociometric questions with whom whould you
like to work on such & such projects during the
next 3 months ? choose any 3 individuals .The
responses made are choices of a member
 choose another ,non - choise is denoted by 0.

11. Eg: A group of 6 members respond to a sociometric questions with whom
whould you like to work on such & such projects during the next 3
months ? choose any 3 individuals.The
responses made are choices choose another denoted by
1 number,of a member, non-choices denoted by 0
A B C D E F
A 0 1 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1
C 0 0 0 1 1 1
D 0 1 0 0 1 1
E 1 0 0 1 0 1
F 0 1 0 1 1 0
TOTAL 02 03 0 04 04 05

12. ADVANTAGES OF
SOCIOMETRIC MATRIX
 A. It is inclusive i.e
relationship between every
single pair is specifically
recorded.
 B. Joint relationship among
pairs are recorded.
 C. Matrices may be
combined and compared .
SHORT COMINGS OF
MATRIX:
 It is not suitable for a large
group
 It is a poor graphic device
 It is a poor tool for
detecting mutual choices
and other aspects of group
structure .

13. Sociogram
 A sociogram is a graphic representation of
social links that a person has.
 It is a graph drawing that plots the
structure of interpersonal relations in a
group situation.
 It is use to analyze the choices or
preferences each person makes within a
group.

14. GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
MALE
FEMALE
MUTUAL
ONEWAY
STAR
A
F
C
E
D
B

15. Sociometric index:
 Sociometric choices or other relations are also
measured by indices .A large member of choices
are possible
 Choice status index :
 CSA Σ𝐶𝐴
 n-1
 (n-1)is used because one cannot choose oneself.
 Where CSA=Choice states of person A,
 ΣCA= sum of choices in common A,
 n- 1member individual in the group .

16. CONT..
 Group cohesiveness index:
 GC= Σ(MC)
n(n-1)
2
 Where GC=group cohesiveness
 ΣMC=sum of mutual choices or pairs.
 n=the member of individual in the group.

17. Cont..
• Group cohesiveness index: is the proportion of
• mutual choices to the member of possible
choices.
• Social intensity index =Σ acceptance+Σrejections
(n-1)
• Choise –rejection status :The member of
choices minus the member of rejections

18. BRANCHES OF SOCIOMETRY
Research Sociometry-It is action research with
groups exploring the socio-emotional network of
relationships using specific criteria.eg-who is this
group do you want to sit beside you at training?
Applied sociometry-it utilizes a range of methods
to assist people and groups review, expand and
develop their existing psycho-social network of
relationships

19. Reliability and Validity of Sociometry
In sociometry the stability of the measuring
instrument is confounded with the stability of
persons and social structures.
Validity is especially difficult to asses in
sociometry, since the sociometric indexes are
often seen as the criteria to be predicted. Thus
,there has been some tendency to emphasize the
prediction of sociometric status on the basis of
other characteristics rather than to use
sociometric status to predict other variables.

20. Steps in Sociometry
There are eight steps to be followed for a
sociometric intervention in an organization-
I. Identify the group to be studied.
II. Develop the criterion
III. Establish raport/warm up
IV. Gather sociometric data
V. Analyze and interpret data
VI. Feedback data(a) to individuals or (b) in a group
setting
VII.Develop and implement action plans
VIII.Post –test (optional)

21. Advantages of Sociometry test
• Sociometry is a study of both quantitative and
qualitative interpersonal relations.
• It helps group aware of the impact of their choices have
on one another as well as other groups .
• Sociometric techniques remain pervasive in the social
sciences, having relevance to personality research small
group research, analysis of network of communications
and group structures.
• Sociometrists work with groups to identify strengths
and weakness to examine and broaden the role
repertoire, to develop styles for managing conflict with
skill and compassion.

22. Sociometry
• LIMITATIONS
• Not necessarily stable relationship.
• Some members of the group may not reveal
their real relationships on account of some
fear or other considerations .

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