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Marxism views religion as supporting the status quo by encouraging acceptance of inequality, such as is depicted in the hymn "All Things Bright and Beautiful". However, some Marxists recognize religion can also promote social change. Liberation theology emerged in Latin America in the 1960s as Catholics opposed poverty, dictatorships, and oppression of the poor. While losing influence since the 1980s, liberation theology played a role in resisting human rights abuses and bringing democracy to some countries. Gramsci viewed religion as both maintaining ruling class control through ideological domination (hegemony), but also having the potential to challenge this hegemony and offer visions of a fairer world.
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FAN Malaysia was formed in March 2006 after the first alumni meeting held in Kuala Lumpur. The main aim of FAN is to promote liberalism through replication of training and other activities.
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Libertarianism and Modern Philosophers, Lecture 3 with David Gordon - Mises A...The Ludwig von Mises Institute
For lecture videos, readings, and other class materials, you can sign up for this independent study course at academy.mises.org.Religion and social change 2
This document discusses Marxist views on religion and social change. It addresses how religion can both inhibit and encourage change, providing examples like liberation theology. Liberation theology emerged in Latin America in response to poverty and human rights abuses. While the Catholic Church condemned it, liberation theology resisted state terror and mobilized the poor. The document also examines millenarian movements, which promised immediate improvement for the poor, and cargo cults in Melanesia responding to colonial exploitation. Religion can be used to maintain social control but also challenge the status quo through alternative visions or clergy supporting workers' organizations. Case studies show how religious leadership, organization, and support influenced levels of class conflict and militancy.
Liberalism
Liberalism advocates for individual freedom and rights. It first emerged during the Enlightenment and was used to justify revolutions in America and France. Liberal governments were then established across Europe, North America, and Latin America in the 19th century. Key liberal thinkers included John Locke, who advocated for life, liberty, and property; Mary Wollstonecraft, who argued for women's freedom; and Voltaire, who supported freedom of expression. However, not all thinkers supported liberalism, like Thomas Hobbes who believed people were inherently evil.
Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticism
Liberalism is an international relations theory that focuses on cooperation between states. Key assumptions of liberalism include a positive view of human nature and belief in progress through cooperation. Classical liberalism thinkers like Grotius and Kant believed states could cooperate despite anarchy. Modern liberalism includes interdependence liberalism, which sees increased economic interdependence reducing conflict, and institutional liberalism, which argues international institutions help states cooperate by reducing fears and encouraging trust. Neoliberal institutionalism posits that institutions mediate cooperation among self-interested states.
Functionalist theories of religion
This is a presentation for the A2 sociology course religious beliefs, foucsing on functionalism, more theories are to come
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individualism, freedom, reason, justice, and toleration. It originated as a response to feudalism and the rise of the middle class. There are several variants of liberalism including classical liberalism, economic liberalism, neoliberalism, and modern liberalism. Modern liberalism supports a more interventionist state than classical liberalism to address social injustices.
What Is Marxism?
Marxism is an intellectual tradition based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that analyzes history, capitalism, and envisions a post-capitalist future. Marxism sees society as defined by class struggles over control of production. Marx argued capitalism would inevitably be replaced by socialism - where workers collectively control production - and eventually communism, with a stateless, classless, and moneyless society.
Marxism made easy
Marxism is a political and economic theory derived from Karl Marx's work analyzing capitalism. It views society as split between the bourgeoisie who own capital and the proletariat who must sell their labor. Marx argued that in capitalist societies, the economic base of wealth pursuit supports a superstructure of institutions like media that legitimize inequality by creating false consciousness among the proletariat. Later theorists like Gramsci developed the idea of hegemony, where the ruling class uses institutions like media to promote their ideologies as common sense. Marxists view media as serving capitalist interests by pacifying the masses and naturalizing the status quo.
NEO MARXISM and RELIGION
The document discusses Marxists' views on the dual nature of religion. While Marxists typically see religion as a tool used by the ruling class to control the working class, they also acknowledge religion can sometimes promote social change that benefits the lower classes. This dual character is identified by Marx, Engels, Bloch and Gramsci. Engels noted early Christian sects opposed Roman rule similar to socialist movements. Bloch saw religious hope and utopian visions as potentially inspiring social change. Gramsci viewed religion as both challenging and reinforcing ruling class ideology and power at different times and places. The document examines evidence from Marxist thinkers about religion's complex relationship to social and economic forces.
A2 Sociology: Marxist Theories of Religion
Marxist theories view religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling capitalist class to justify the suffering of the working class and prevent class uprising. Religion tells the poor their suffering will be rewarded in the afterlife. Feminist theories also see many religions as patriarchal institutions that reflect and perpetuate the subordination of women through religious beliefs, organizations, texts, and customs. However, some feminists argue religion has not always oppressed women and it does not do so in all forms. The role of women in some religions is changing as certain churches now allow women to hold positions of religious authority.
Liberalism ppt
Liberalism developed during the Enlightenment period and emphasizes natural rights including life, liberty, and property as well as limited government and free markets. Key figures who influenced liberalism include John Locke, who developed ideas of natural rights and limited government, and Adam Smith, who advocated for free market economics and limited government interference. Significant events for liberalism include the French and American revolutions.
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Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticism
Liberalism theory,Types of liberalism,and criticism
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Neo-Marxism extends Marxist theory to address its perceived weaknesses. It acknowledges that religion has relative autonomy from the ruling class and is not entirely under their control. Gramsci argued that the ruling class uses ideology and persuasion known as hegemony to maintain power over the masses. Religion can potentially challenge the status quo and support working class liberation if it joins with intellectuals to guide the oppressed. Maduro and liberation theology supported how religion in Latin America defended the poor and encouraged resistance against their oppression.
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Religion can act as both a conservative and progressive force in society. Some sociologists see religion as preserving traditions and the status quo, while others like Weber argue it can encourage social change, using the example of Calvinism giving rise to the Protestant work ethic and capitalism. Liberation theology in Latin America showed how the Catholic church mobilized against dictatorships and for the poor, acting as an agent of social change. However, religious movements may fail to bring widespread change if they do not connect with mainstream beliefs, as with the New Christian Right in the US.
Marxist theories of religion
Marx saw religion as a feature that arises only in class-divided societies as a way for the ruling class to control the working class and justify their suffering. Religion creates a false consciousness by masking the real problems of exploitation under capitalism and distracting people with promises of reward in the afterlife. However, Marx ignores positive functions of religion and neo-Marxists argue some forms can assist class consciousness.
Louis althusser ideology by Murtaza Ali Ch.
Louis Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher who presented theories on ideology and the state to Sir Fakhar ul Islam. The document discusses Althusser's view that ideology is reproduced through ideological state apparatuses like the education system, family, religion, and mass media. It also examines Althusser's distinction between ideological state apparatuses and repressive state apparatuses, with the former ensuring the values of the ruling class are perpetuated without the use of force. The summary provides a high-level overview of some of the key ideas discussed in the document in under 3 sentences.
The place of liberalism in the 21st century
This document discusses the place of liberalism in the 21st century. It defines liberalism as a philosophy that advocates for individual freedom and views the government as protecting those freedoms. However, there are many variations of liberalism as a political philosophy. The document also discusses tensions that can arise between liberal and conservative views, such as on issues like cultural practices. It argues that liberalism needs to be balanced to avoid conflicts between majority and minority groups. The conclusion states that modern liberals believe freedom requires government welfare to support people, and that liberalism has become the dominant political and social ideology over the last two centuries.
Outline and evaluate the functionalist perspective that religion acts as a co...
Functionalists view religion as a conservative force that reinforces societal norms and values, stabilizing society and maintaining the status quo. It preserves traditions and prevents dramatic change. However, Marxists disagree, arguing that religion is manipulated by the economic elite to legitimate the suffering of the poor and create a false class consciousness. While functionalists see religion encouraging hard work to get closer to God, Weber argued that human ideas, not just economic forces, shape society and religion can bring change, as seen in Protestantism fueling rational action and the industrial revolution.
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Marx argued that religion acts as a form of false class consciousness by anaesthetizing people to their oppression under capitalism. He believed religious organizations like the Christian Church constructed the promise of eternal life to prevent challenges to the capitalist hierarchy and justify the status of the ruling class. However, others argue that religion does not always prevent challenges and can be used to enlighten people and promote social justice, as seen in some liberation theology movements. Postmodern thinkers also argue most ideological influence now comes from media rather than religion.
11. Religion and Society An Intro. and Sprituality and Social Work.pptx
This document provides an overview of religion and spirituality from a sociological perspective. It discusses the definitions and approaches of prominent sociologists like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx in studying religion. It examines the functionalist, critical, and interactionist theories for understanding religion's role and influence in society. The document also explores types of religious organizations, the relationship between religion and social change, and the concepts of secularization and spirituality. It defines social work and discusses the importance of social workers in addressing social issues and promoting human rights.
Ben Crittenden Research Paper Final Draft
This document provides a summary of a research paper on Christian approaches to labor issues in mid-20th century America. It discusses the rise of Christian socialism in the late 19th/early 20th century in response to concerns about social justice. It describes two early Christian labor organizations - the Christian Labor Union of 1872 and the Christian Commonwealth Colony of 1896, which took more radical stances in support of workers' rights and communal property. The document also examines two Catholic publications from 1939 that advocated for harmonious relations between labor and management based on Catholic social teachings, using the example of a shoe company that adopted profit-sharing and job security policies.
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Religion can act as both a conservative and progressive force for social change. While religion often aims to preserve traditional social structures and values, some sociologists argue it has also enabled social change, like Max Weber's view that Calvinism helped bring about modern capitalism. The document discusses different sociological perspectives on how religion maintains the status quo through legitimizing existing power structures, but also provides examples of how religious protest movements in the US, like the Civil Rights Movement, have challenged social inequalities and pushed for progressive reforms.
Secularization theories.pptx
1. Secularization refers to the process by which societies transition from traditional religious practices and thinking to a more rational and irreligious worldview. It involves the loss of social significance of religion and religious institutions.
2. Several factors contribute to secularization, including modernity, urbanization, industrialization, the rise of science, and an increased division of labor. As societies modernize and specialize, religious thinking declines and is replaced by rational and scientific worldviews.
3. However, secularization theories have been challenged by evidence that religion has proven remarkably resilient even in societies like the former Soviet Union that actively sought to eliminate it. Religious belief may be an innate human tendency not easily eradicated
Classical Sociological Theory
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
Socialism
The document discusses George Orwell's novel Animal Farm, which serves as a political satire of Joseph Stalin's totalitarian regime in the Soviet Union. It allegorizes Stalin's atrocities and other historical incidents through the story of farm animals who overthrow their human farmer and establish an animal-run farm, only to end up replicating the same oppressive hierarchical system they had sought to overthrow. The satire in Animal Farm lies in its use of anthropomorphized animals and a farm setting to critique and comment on real world events in the early Soviet Union under Stalin's dictatorship.
Religion and social change 1
A2 AQA Sociology:
Religion as a Conservative Force
Religion as a Force for Change (Weber)
Religion and Social Protest
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The document discusses several theories related to religion, science, and ideology. It provides details on functionalism, Marxism, and other perspectives on the role and purpose of religion in society. It also examines definitions of science and the characteristics of scientific theories. Different types of religious organizations are defined, including churches, sects, cults, and new religious movements. Factors influencing religious participation among different gender, age, class, and ethnic groups are also explored.
Sociology
Conflict theory views society as composed of groups that compete for limited resources. Karl Marx saw society as fragmented with the powerful dominating the powerless for economic and political advantage. Social order is maintained through this domination. Functionalism, associated with Emile Durkheim, views society as composed of interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability and social order. While both see society's structure as influencing behavior and relationships, conflict theory focuses on inequality and power struggles between groups, while functionalism emphasizes how institutions like the family and religion foster social cohesion.
Writing Sample: "Collective and Individual Rights"
Undergraduate Paper about the difference between collective and individual rights based on the works of Karl Marx, Robert Mill, and Alexis de Tocqueville
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Outline and evaluate the functionalist perspective that religion acts as a co...
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11. Religion and Society An Intro. and Sprituality and Social Work.pptx
11. Religion and Society An Intro. and Sprituality and Social Work.pptx
Writing Sample: "Collective and Individual Rights"
Writing Sample: "Collective and Individual Rights"
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The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
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Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
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The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
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This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
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1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
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This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
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This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
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Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
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This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
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This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
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The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
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Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
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1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
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1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
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Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
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This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
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This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
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Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
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