Bennett’s hypothesis contradicts the popular image of the media as a watchdog; it constantly looks over the shoulders of the ones in power. However, Robinson’s model uses the indexing theory as a foundation but still opens up for instances when the media may assert influence on a policy decision (lapdog).
Indexing theory of political mass communication - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Inspired by the work of Hallin, W. Lance Bennett introduced the “Indexing” theory in his article “Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States” (1990). The theory also known as indexing hypothesis and indexing model was proposed on the basis of a study that was conducted on the New York Times’ coverage of the United States’ involvement with Nicaraguan contras. Bennett’s preliminary indexing hypothesis states: “mass-media news professionals tend to ”index” the range of voices and viewpoints in both news and editorials according to the range of views expressed in the mainstream government debate about foreign affairs topics” - (Bennett 1990).
Bennett’s hypothesis contradicts the popular image of the media as a watchdog; it constantly looks over the shoulders of the ones in power. However, Robinson’s model uses the indexing theory as a foundation but still opens up for instances when the media may assert influence on a policy decision (lapdog).
Indexing theory of political mass communication - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Inspired by the work of Hallin, W. Lance Bennett introduced the “Indexing” theory in his article “Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States” (1990). The theory also known as indexing hypothesis and indexing model was proposed on the basis of a study that was conducted on the New York Times’ coverage of the United States’ involvement with Nicaraguan contras. Bennett’s preliminary indexing hypothesis states: “mass-media news professionals tend to ”index” the range of voices and viewpoints in both news and editorials according to the range of views expressed in the mainstream government debate about foreign affairs topics” - (Bennett 1990).
Political criticism (also referred to as political commentary or political discussion) is criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics, including policies, politicians, political parties, and types of government.
Hey! Check cool APA format lite review example, more examples you will get here https://www.litreview.net/our-literature-review-writing-service/write-your-apa-literature-review-with-us/
Using individual data on voting and political parties manifestos in European coun- tries, we empirically characterize the drivers of voting for populist parties (the demand side) as well as the presence of populist parties (the supply side). We show that the economic insecurity drivers of the demand of populism are significant, especially when considering the key interactions with turnout incentives, neglected in previous studies. Once turnout effects are taken into account, economic insecurity drives consensus to populist policies directly and through indirect negative effects on trust and attitudes towards immigrants. On the supply side, populist parties are more likely to emerge when countries are faced with a systemic crisis of economic security. The orientation choice of populist parties, i.e., whether they arise on left or right of the political spec- trum, is determined by the availability of political space. The typical mainstream parties response is to reduce the distance of their platform from that of successful populist entrants, amplifying the aggregate supply of populist policies.
Political criticism (also referred to as political commentary or political discussion) is criticism that is specific of or relevant to politics, including policies, politicians, political parties, and types of government.
Hey! Check cool APA format lite review example, more examples you will get here https://www.litreview.net/our-literature-review-writing-service/write-your-apa-literature-review-with-us/
Using individual data on voting and political parties manifestos in European coun- tries, we empirically characterize the drivers of voting for populist parties (the demand side) as well as the presence of populist parties (the supply side). We show that the economic insecurity drivers of the demand of populism are significant, especially when considering the key interactions with turnout incentives, neglected in previous studies. Once turnout effects are taken into account, economic insecurity drives consensus to populist policies directly and through indirect negative effects on trust and attitudes towards immigrants. On the supply side, populist parties are more likely to emerge when countries are faced with a systemic crisis of economic security. The orientation choice of populist parties, i.e., whether they arise on left or right of the political spec- trum, is determined by the availability of political space. The typical mainstream parties response is to reduce the distance of their platform from that of successful populist entrants, amplifying the aggregate supply of populist policies.
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Resources are an integral and necessary component of social movement mobilization.
Media exposure represents an important resource for movements having few
assets. Therefore, many movements consciously seek media attention to enhance
their chance of success. This article argues that media attention often impedes
movement success. The positive or negative outcome of media attention largely
depends on how media agents "frame" movement goals and actions. How the
media frames movement protest is an unknown outcome for a movement. Decisions
about framing depend on several factors, some of which lie outside the
control of movement actors. I use NBC EveningNews coverage of Native American
protest from 1968 - 1979 in an attempt to understand these factors. This case
study shows the dysfunctions of media attention.
Follow up to my "Documenting Facts?" lecture looking at the ways in which documentaries have sought to expose the limitations of news when dealing with the 'war on terror' (focussing on Israel/Gaza).
There's an accompanying video playlist here:
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRCHqijqFjGtbN0T8TSizGvuDA0NmEPk9
Presentation developed for a series of lectures on the media and American politics for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Media plays a very crucial role in any Democratic set-up by showing the reflection of the world to it's people like a mirror. But, what happens when the Media Houses fail to follow the ethical conduct?? These slides give an overview as to how the media impacts the political and public relations.
The focus is on dumbing down here and debating whether the tabloidisation or celebrification of politics is negative making it seem trivial or, as Michael Temple argues, a positive force for engagement. Eighth lecture for final year students on the Political Communication option in Bournemouth University
9. created to redirect the guilt, if any, felt by Iraqi soldiers, and to encourage them to blame everything bad on Saddam Hussein since he is a criminal. Thus, they might not fight with as much enthusiasm or determination.
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11. How did the general public learn about political parties before WW2? Why is the news of particular interest to sociologists? What is the role of a ‘spin doctor’ ? Identify 3 ways in which televised reporting of politics has changed ? What was the perceived risk of the media reporting on a General Election? What effect did WW2 have on the way media reporting ?
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15. Explain how ‘good news’ stories from Eastern media can be viewed as propaganda Focus is on increase in production and new public facilities rather than crime How is the Hegemonic view similar to Marxism? Both see the media’s role as maintaining and reinforcing the status quo in society In what way can the GUMG findings be criticised? Unrepresentative, no evidence, not objective, According to Hall (80) the news is seen as closed text. Explain what this means. Events presented are partial and selective revealing journalistic values Give an example of the language used that showed bias in the dispute Employers make ‘offers’ and ‘pleas’ whereas strikers make ‘demands’ and ‘threats’ What were the conclusions of GUMG study? Industrial relations favours the employers over the employed
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17. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES A widespread lack of public interest in politics associated with a cynical evaluation of politicians in general The political message becomes less powerful than the projected image. At worst this could be a means of subverting democracy Parties are marketed like high street commodities and we become disempowered consumers responding only to the images on the boxes Packaging political debates serves to manipulate the public Overall there is increased public knowledge and citizen participation hence greater government accountability The media oversimplify and trivialise political issues Politicians become more concerned with their voice and appearance It is simply the inevitable result of new technology and is beneficial to audiences The electorate gains by being better informed and more aware of political issues The content of political debate comes second to its presentation – images dominate Audiences are better able to assess the competence of government ministers A diminishing of the political process as media distort as well as communicate messages
18. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER THE MEDIA, THE STATE AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS THE STATE PLURALIST VIEW NEO MARXIST VIEW MARIST VIEW Advantages and disadvantages