This document summarizes a sociological study of the diffusion of interventional radiology (IR) as a medical innovation. A multidisciplinary team analyzed barriers to IR's adoption using theories of innovation diffusion, the sociology of science, and the triple helix model of university-industry-government interactions. The study examined IR's history as an incremental, practice-embedded innovation. It also analyzed strategies used to legitimize and promote IR, including issues around education, professional boundaries, and scientific legitimacy. Finally, the study explored public recognition of IR through patient experiences and communication challenges. The conclusion discusses how sociology, health sociology, and innovation economics frameworks provided insights into IR's diffusion within professional organizations and healthcare systems.