White-collar crime refers to nonviolent crimes committed by individuals in professional occupations for financial gain. These crimes include tax fraud, securities fraud, and embezzlement. White-collar crimes are difficult to measure and can be divided into two categories: crimes that use professional positions to engage illegal activities, and crimes of the powerful that abuse authority through bribery or other means. The costs of white-collar crimes in the US in 1986 were calculated to be 40 times greater than ordinary property crimes such as theft. Corporate crime refers to offenses committed by large corporations that can negatively impact large numbers of people through pollution, mislabeling, and health and safety violations due to their global influence over industries like automobiles, food production

1. White-Collar Crime
• The concept of white-collar crime was first
introduced by Sutherland in his book White-
Collar Crime in 1949.
• It refers to the crimes carried by those in the
more affluent sectors of the society. ‘Crimes
committed by persons of high social status
and respectability in the course of their
occupation’ (Sutherland).

2. • The term covers many types of criminal
activity, including tax frauds, illegal sale
practices, securities and land frauds,
embezzlement, the manufacture and sale of
dangerous products as well as straight theft.
The distribution of white-collar crimes is even
harder to measure than that of other types of
crime.

3. • White-collar crimes can be divided into two
categories by power of the affluent. Firstly
those crimes that mainly involves the use of
middle class or professional position to
engage in illegal activities. Secondly

4. • Crimes of the powerful are those in which the
authority conferred by a position is used in
criminal ways – as when an official accepts a
bribe to favor a particular policy.

5. • The cost of the white-collar crimes is much
higher than the crimes by the lower class. In
the USA in 1986, it has been calculated the
amount of money involved in white-collar
crime (defined as tax fraud, insurance frauds,
home improvement frauds and car repair
frauds) is forty times as great as that in
ordinary crimes against property (robberies,
burglaries, latency, forgeries, and car thefts)

6. Corporate Crime
• Offenses committed by large corporations in
society. Pollution, mislabeling, violations of
health and safety regulations affect much larger
number of people than petty criminality. The
increasing power and influence of large
corporations, and their rapidly growing global
reach means that our lives are touched by them
in many ways. Corporations are involved in
producing cars that we drive and the food we eat.
They also have an enormous effect on the natural
environment and financial markets, aspects of
life, which affect all of us.