The twenty first century with its many achievements has not transcended the common saying that; the more things change the more they remain the same. This seems to be the case in matters of dress especially with reference to women’s attire and the church. This paper examined the relationship between the church and the larger society, on the one hand, and the Biblical position on the other hand, with reference towards trousers as worn by women in Church during worship. The study is informed by the liberal feminism theory. This theory forms a lens employed to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Christian places of worship. The paper submits that there is gender bias against women in church; a situation in which Patriarchy of the African society has been carried to, and perpetuated by the church through formulation of rules and erroneous interpretation of the Bible to favor paternalistic positions on issues of adornment and especially the trouser for the woman during worship. This translates to a church that is oppressive to the womenfolk.
Whither Shall We Go? The Past and Present of Black Churches and the Public Sp...Jonathan Dunnemann
The author asserts that "the Black Church should remain engaged in the public sphere for two reasons: first, black churches are operating in the absence of state welfare rather than as an alternative to it and second, black churches are among the few institutions providing race-specif remedies that have been abandoned in a colorblind era.
“Luke Embrace Your Destiny” is a sermon written by Rev. Tony Williams a longtime friend and Holy Cross College brother which he delivered on Sunday, January 20th 2019 at First Calvary Baptist Church 400 Long St., in Salisbury, NC 28144 to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s 90th birthday.
Sankofa Institute providing education program for ministry among African Amer...Jonathan Dunnemann
The Sankofa Institute provides an opportunity for men
and women in South Texas to receive academic training for
pastoral ministry close to home and earn master’s or doctoral
degrees approved by the Association of Theological Schools.
Protestant as well as Catholics have earned degrees at Oblate
for many years; now, for the first time, students will have an
option to choose courses with a focus on African American
studies.
Presentation 11 looks at the claim that the One Project is the new 1888 message for today. I start by reviewing the history of the 1950 General Conference and the writing of the book 1888 Re-examined, by Wieland and Short. Their book was ultimately a response to the “emerging church” concepts of E. Stanley Jones, being brought into the Adventist church in their day. Are these old emerging church concepts and the 1888 message compatible?
Whither Shall We Go? The Past and Present of Black Churches and the Public Sp...Jonathan Dunnemann
The author asserts that "the Black Church should remain engaged in the public sphere for two reasons: first, black churches are operating in the absence of state welfare rather than as an alternative to it and second, black churches are among the few institutions providing race-specif remedies that have been abandoned in a colorblind era.
“Luke Embrace Your Destiny” is a sermon written by Rev. Tony Williams a longtime friend and Holy Cross College brother which he delivered on Sunday, January 20th 2019 at First Calvary Baptist Church 400 Long St., in Salisbury, NC 28144 to commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr’s 90th birthday.
Sankofa Institute providing education program for ministry among African Amer...Jonathan Dunnemann
The Sankofa Institute provides an opportunity for men
and women in South Texas to receive academic training for
pastoral ministry close to home and earn master’s or doctoral
degrees approved by the Association of Theological Schools.
Protestant as well as Catholics have earned degrees at Oblate
for many years; now, for the first time, students will have an
option to choose courses with a focus on African American
studies.
Presentation 11 looks at the claim that the One Project is the new 1888 message for today. I start by reviewing the history of the 1950 General Conference and the writing of the book 1888 Re-examined, by Wieland and Short. Their book was ultimately a response to the “emerging church” concepts of E. Stanley Jones, being brought into the Adventist church in their day. Are these old emerging church concepts and the 1888 message compatible?
Catholic Clergy Sex Abuse: Scandal & Crisis, Prevention & HealingRose Pacatte, D. Min.
This presentation was prepared for a Major Superiors Leadership Conference. The goal is to raise awareness about the situation, educate about circumstances and situations where abuse can happen, develop skills for young women religious (sisters) specifically to deal with situations, and prompt major superiors to develop protocols for reporting and healing. Resources are listed at the end, including films dealing with clergy sex abuse and links to educational and policy resources.
Sex and the Church was a United Methodist project to publish a variety of articles and editorials about issues of sexual ethics for Christians. This was a post-publication supplement created to invited local congregations to engage with these ethical questions through discussion.
The Emerging Church and The One Project? is a series of PowerPoint presentations asking the question if there is in fact a connection between the two. The purpose of the presentations are not to lambast those who want to lift Jesus up, but rather to allow leaders of the One Project to tell us in their own words (and the words of those promoting the project) what their goals and aspirations really are, and how these goals have been enacted in their past experiences.
Presentation 1 of 10 is a summary of the Emerging Church as defined on Wikipedia. This is a summary of the 17 page article found there which is taken from many leading proponents of the Emerging Church here in America.
Presentations 2 through 4 deal with Leonard Sweet, a leader in the Emerging Church movement and a professor at George Fox University, and many of the nearly 50 books he has authored which express his various viewpoints.
Presentations 5 through 9 deal with the five main leaders of The One Project, four of which graduated with or started DMin degrees from George Fox University under the mentorship of Leonard Sweet. In each presentation an objective look is taken at material in print telling of each leaders work and ministry up to 2012. The question will naturally follow; is this the direction we should be leading our young people in the Adventist Church?
Presentation 10 deals with the One Project gathering in Seattle, February of 2012, looking at the claims of the Project “Jesus. All” and comparing this to what really took place at the gathering. Yes, there was some good points made, and we need to lift Jesus up, but…. We also take a look at a little of the evidence suggesting The One Project is a response to GYC.
For a fully interactive edition of all 10 presentations with video clips, contact: theemergingoneproject@gmail.com
Catholic Clergy Sex Abuse: Scandal & Crisis, Prevention & HealingRose Pacatte, D. Min.
This presentation was prepared for a Major Superiors Leadership Conference. The goal is to raise awareness about the situation, educate about circumstances and situations where abuse can happen, develop skills for young women religious (sisters) specifically to deal with situations, and prompt major superiors to develop protocols for reporting and healing. Resources are listed at the end, including films dealing with clergy sex abuse and links to educational and policy resources.
Sex and the Church was a United Methodist project to publish a variety of articles and editorials about issues of sexual ethics for Christians. This was a post-publication supplement created to invited local congregations to engage with these ethical questions through discussion.
The Emerging Church and The One Project? is a series of PowerPoint presentations asking the question if there is in fact a connection between the two. The purpose of the presentations are not to lambast those who want to lift Jesus up, but rather to allow leaders of the One Project to tell us in their own words (and the words of those promoting the project) what their goals and aspirations really are, and how these goals have been enacted in their past experiences.
Presentation 1 of 10 is a summary of the Emerging Church as defined on Wikipedia. This is a summary of the 17 page article found there which is taken from many leading proponents of the Emerging Church here in America.
Presentations 2 through 4 deal with Leonard Sweet, a leader in the Emerging Church movement and a professor at George Fox University, and many of the nearly 50 books he has authored which express his various viewpoints.
Presentations 5 through 9 deal with the five main leaders of The One Project, four of which graduated with or started DMin degrees from George Fox University under the mentorship of Leonard Sweet. In each presentation an objective look is taken at material in print telling of each leaders work and ministry up to 2012. The question will naturally follow; is this the direction we should be leading our young people in the Adventist Church?
Presentation 10 deals with the One Project gathering in Seattle, February of 2012, looking at the claims of the Project “Jesus. All” and comparing this to what really took place at the gathering. Yes, there was some good points made, and we need to lift Jesus up, but…. We also take a look at a little of the evidence suggesting The One Project is a response to GYC.
For a fully interactive edition of all 10 presentations with video clips, contact: theemergingoneproject@gmail.com
Lucas Koach, Senior Policy Advisor for Food for the Hungry and an ordained Anglican priest, provides analysis of gender equality in scripture and how to encourage women's empowerment from a Biblical perspective.
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
The ways in which drama is used today may differ in a number of respects from the ways it has been used in the past. This study was designed to investigate the influence of instructional drama on the development of ECDE learners in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by Piaget’s Cognitive development theory and utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design.
An assessment-of-the-gender-in-general-and-trousers-for-women-in-particularoircjournals
The Bible is the standard for Christianity yet the scriptures do not seem to give a normative direction in matters of dressing in general and women’s attire in particular. The main objective of this paper was to examine the Biblical teaching on dressing in general, and for women in particular. The literature review was carried out using themes drawn from the objective. The study was guided by the liberal feminism theory. This theory was used to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Church.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
This rapid assessment examines the literature on social protection to determine the gender considerations made in social protection research and the gendered areas of future research in the field. This review was conducted between May and August 2018. Electronic databases were searched to identify records that were published in English between the period of 2008 and 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were empirical and had both the search terms ‘social’ and ‘protection’ or their various combinations, appearing in the titles of the articles. Grey literature, reports and other non-academic writings were excluded as only empirical studies were eligible. Twelve studies were reviewed and synthesised. The results of this study show that social protection research makes gender considerations and most of the social protection interventions were protective, preventive or promotive measures. Future studies should therefore explore transformative social protection with respect to gender equality and partly because gendered social protection is poorly developed. This rapid review also affirms that despite criticisms, social protection continues to be valuable in addressing poverty and inequalities. However, against this backdrop it is worth noting that social protection is not a panacea and its gender considerations are necessary only to the extent that they do not exacerbate inequalities.
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The fourth schedule of the Kenyan constitution (2010) places Pre-Primary education and child care facilities under the County government. To effectively execute this role, County governments in Kenya need to put in place appropriate policy frame-work to govern this programme of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of media resources policy that affect management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and the systems theory guided this study. The study targeted 573 head-teachers, 1146 ECDE teachers and 5 ECDE officials in the county. Random sampling was used to select 521 respondents of whom, 172 were head teachers, 344 were ECDE teachers and all the 5 ECDE officials were purposely sampled. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and observation checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings presented using frequency tables. The study found that infrastructure in the ECDE centers are of low quality and needs concerted efforts between the County Government and the National Government to improve the learning facilities as well as the physical facilities in the ECDE centers. The study established that there was a significant relationship between utilization of infrastructure, teaching and learning resources policy and the management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County ( 푥2=768.807, df=81 and sig=0.000). There should also be deliberate efforts to ensure that all ECDE centers have facilities which can be used by children with special needs or disabilities. The learning compound should be made secure for the leaners and the teachers by constructing fences around the facilities. The county government in collaboration with the national government should avail more physical infrastructure, operationalize the school feeding program in all ECDE centers.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Stakeholder analysis is component in a project design and implementation central to achievement of the goals and objectives for which projects are carried out. This study aimed at establishing the effect of stakeholder analysis on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory. The study population comprised of 19338 individuals who included employees of the county working within the road sector, personnel within various road construction agencies, contractors and community beneficiaries of the project. Stratified random sampling was then used to group individuals into two homogenous groups, one working directly with the project and the other of beneficiaries. Proportionate random sampling technique was then employed to sample 103 respondents in the first group who included Managers (4), County government employees (29), KURA (6), KenHA (6), KERRA (13) and Contractors (45). Simple random sampling was adopted to select 377 respondents from the community. Data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires for personnel working directly with the project. On the other hand research assistants facilitated focused group discussions to get views from the community stakeholders. Both descriptive and inferential statistics informed the data analysis and presentation. Descriptive statistics included; percentages, means, standard and deviation. Inferential statistics was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple ordinal regression equation analysis. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) software helped in data analysis. The study found out that stakeholder analysis had significant effect on performance of road construction projects (β3=0.203, P <0.05) on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet. The study recommends county Government should develop blueprints to guide road contractors in road project activities. Hence establish a favourable environment for implementations of road projects.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Building information-modeling-and-construction-projects-performance-the-effec...oircjournals
In most of the construction projects, there is always an element of running into delays in project completion time, costs overruns from variations and associated time overruns, lack of satisfying client requirements, clashes on site during construction – just to mention a few. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being used to solve most of these challenges that pose such risks to a project. The study looked the effect of scheduling on performance of project constructions in Uasin Gishu County. The study targeted a population of 197 respondents who constitute of Technical staff and Non - technical staff. The study used census research design. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. In order to ascertain reliability of the research instruments, the researcher piloted the instruments by distributing 30 questionnaires to respondents from Uasin Gishu County Government selected randomly from the various sections, which were not be part of the county to be sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Inferential statistics used was correlation and linear regression. The study found out that there was a significant and positive effect of project scheduling on construction projects performance Uasin Gishu County Government (β=0.198; p<0.05). The study concluded that proper project scheduling leads to an increased project performance risk management plays an important role in project management because without it project managers cannot define their objectives for future and project monitoring plays a vital role in project manager’s decision making processes since it helps project managers and their teams to foresee potential risks and obstacles that if left unaddressed could derail the project. The study recommends that the County Government should continue with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated to projects from interception until closure.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
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Have you ever wondered about the lost city of Atlantis and its profound connection to our modern world? Ruth Elisabeth Hancock’s podcast, “Visions of Atlantis,” delves deep into this intriguing topic in a captivating conversation with Michael Le Flem, author of the enlightening book titled “Visions of Atlantis.” This podcast episode offers a thought-provoking blend of historical inquiry, esoteric wisdom, and contemporary reflections. Let’s embark on a journey of discovery as we unpack the mysteries of ancient civilizations and their relevance to our present existence.
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Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
2. International Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
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Society, Patriarchy and the Church in the
Subjugation of the Woman in Worship:
The Case of Trousers in Kenya
Amunga Noel Caroline & Ahaya Lukes Ochieng
Masinde Muliro University of Science & Technology
Abstract
The twenty first century with its many achievements has
not transcended the common saying that; the more things
change the more they remain the same. This seems to be
the case in matters of dress especially with reference to
women’s attire and the church. This paper examined the
relationship between the church and the larger society,
on the one hand, and the Biblical position on the other
hand, with reference towards trousers as worn by women
in Church during worship. The study is informed by the
liberal feminism theory. This theory forms a lens employed to establish if there were individual rights and equal
opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Christian places of worship. The paper submits that there is
gender bias against women in church; a situation in which Patriarchy of the African society has been carried to, and
perpetuated by the church through formulation of rules and erroneous interpretation of the Bible to favor paternalistic
positions on issues of adornment and especially the trouser for the woman during worship. This translates to a church
that is oppressive to the womenfolk.
1.0 Introduction
The role of many groups and individuals claiming
inspiration or divine mandates from God as they
subjugate others has become an increasingly visible-
and often violent-factor of the global religious
landscape. The issue of women dressing in trousers
during worship in church particularly in Africa
presents such an area of subjugation as it is shrouded
in controversy and misinformation. The church, it
would seem, sometimes has a controversial
understanding of Biblical teachings regarding this
issue; a position shaped more by the larger societal and
cultural influences rather than the Bible. This paper
examined the attitude of the church with regard to
women adorning in trousers during worship and how
the attitude had affected Christian women from the
over-all perspective of gender dynamics in Africa in
general and Kenya in particular.
2.0 Church’s Understanding of the Bible on Women
Adornment.
According to Genesis, in the beginning dressing was
symbolic and carried a deeper meaning than what can
be seen on the surface. Physical nudity was equally
good and perfect in the beginning and that dressing
came in after the fall of man due to shame and guilt.
Bacchiocchi emphasizes that imagery of clothing
extends beyond creation and restoration to include the
time in-between. Adornment in cloth therefore began
with the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. After the
temporary covering of fig leaves with God himself
providing a replacement of skin garments as clothing
It would appear that the bottom line with regard to
adornment from a Biblical perspective, is decency
regardless of the kind of dress a woman is putting on.
It is always informing to note that even the Bible itself
was written by inspired me including the books with
female names. This supports the submission that, even
ARTICLE INFO
Received 28th July, 2018
Received in Revised Form 17th August, 2018
Accepted 24th August, 2018
Published online 25th August, 2018
Keywords: Society, Patriarchy, Church,
Subjugation, Woman, Trousers, Kenya
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the setting in which the Bible was written was
patriarchal. Women were not part of what was written
in the text; they had no say. This also explains why
most of the rules about dressing were so harsh against
women.
All in all, there is very little in the scripture that spells
out the proper way to dress for sacred worship. There
is the general perspective to adore the lord in holy attire
but this seems more an allusion to holiness that is
God’s and ours more than to clothing parse. Patriarchy,
it would seem is deeply rooted in the Bible. This to a
significant extent may be because Christianity was
founded in the Jewish culture which is highly
patriarchal. It is men who were forming the rules and
women had to abide just like in any other patriarchal
society. It is telling in this regard that most of the books
of the Bible were authored by men making it unwise to
expect absolute fairness and understanding towards the
female nature and voice which is missing save for what
was narrated about her on her behalf. For this very
reason Jesus came with a voice of liberation for the
oppressed that included women.
Jesus the Christ who is the author of Christianity is in
many instances in the Bible is so particular about the
freedom of the women and breaking the shackles of
slavery off her existence. Such one instance is when
Jesus healed a woman who had suffered hemorrhage
for twelve years which was considered defiling
according religious rules. This slavery may be seen
from the perspective of social slavery where one does
not have freedom of expression, association, speech
and participation in within her society as the issue of
dressing in trousers may symbolize as we shall see
shortly in this paper. Needless to say, Jesus as the
author of Christianity accepted all women and clearly
was more concerned with replacing the oppressive law
with the spirit for guidance as a way of liberating
humankind from shackles of this oppression. It
therefore with merit to argue that the church is
considerably influenced by societal cultures that often
is the source of misinformation and controversy as the
issue of adorning in trouser during worship as a mode
of dressing for women may confirm.
3.0 Societal Cultural Influence on Women Dress in
the Church
Lesser esteem than the status of “man”. Britan and
Maynard in a related study inform this paper that
oppression is indivisible, and notes further that often
where there is oppression of women, there is
oppression of the other out groups like religion in
general too. Such segregation may assume various
modes such as forms of dressing particularly those that
symbolize freedom such as the trouser. A research in
western Kenya by Amunga in 2017 about adorning in
trousers by women during worship, that largely
informed this study, found out that women who put on
trousers during worship were considered deviant,
immoral, and not fit to minister leave alone hold
leadership positions. The said study further affirmed
that culture was indeed a creation of man noting that
whereas the wearing of trousers was not African in the
first place the society which assigned it to men had
made it immoral for women. The males probably
assigned trousers to themselves because it is a symbol
of freedom. It is therefore evident that men in their
trousers sit and operate in a carefree manner whereas
ladies are supposed to keep on watching out how they
sit, with their legs crossed, lest they “sit like men”. This
is true in Kenya and Mumias Subcounty particularly
that patriarchy is a reality. This patriarchy spills over
to social institutions in the society in general, religious
institutions like the church in particular.
Patriarchy, Leadership and Women in the Church
FGCK Membership and Leadership in Mumias LCA
Gender Leader
F (%)
Member
F (%)
Total
F (%)
Male 26 (14.44) 50 (27.78) 76 (42.22)
Female 18 (10.00) 86 (47.78) 104 (57.78)
Total 44 (24.44) 136 (75.56) 180 (100.00)
Key: f- frequency, %- percentage
Clearly, the leadership of the church in many parts of
Africa is dominated by men. This position is ironical
considering that women are the majority in the church.
Isabel Phiri expresses this tragedy thus, “…women are
visitors in the Church yet women are in the Church in
Africa….”Phiri further adds that men have
illegitimately held a monopoly over the church’s
mission for too long. This state of affairs according to
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this author contradicted the liberating nature of the
mission of the Church as Christ body upon the earth
with a mission meant to bring life and not death,
healing rather than suffering, and freedom rather than
bondage. It is apparent in this case that the male who
are part of the dominancy of the society have carried
the same into the Church effectively dominating
women regardless of the latter’s efforts and
achievements. The male in this way have turned the
church into a discrimination ground against women.
Relating this situation in the colonial history of Africa,
parallels have been drawn when there was always
conflict between the opinion of men and the
commandment of God in which Women always had to
choose between male political and religious authorities
and what they perceived as God’s plan for their lives
(Wiesner, 1993).It is further noted that early modern
women frequently argued that their religious actions
were private and that only God could be the true judge
as Christianity contained streaks of misogyny in which
everything was controlled by male hierarchies with all
levels of the clergy especially the highest reserved for
males, and even God thought of as a male (Wiesner,
1993). Christianity in Africa has been characterized by
gender hierarchy where women have been subjugated
to social control and isolation from men making it an
agent of women suppression. In this way Western
imperialism which came in form of colonialism and
Christian mission has also been a contributory aspect
to the relations between religion and gender
(Okkenhaug and Flaskerud, 2005).
Frequently therefore, colonial rule reinforced a
gendered hierarchy of power and that national
liberation in the post-colonial society did not
necessarily change the patriarchal structures of the
emergent African society. It is arguable in this sense
that women’s struggle for recognition and equality
with men in the religious circles provide a possible
perspective from which to make sense of the vehement
resistance of the Church towards the wearing of
trousers during worship by women (Thompson and
Armate, 2012).A study by Amunga mentioned earlier,
confirmed a relationship between the attitude towards
a woman in trousers during worship and the societal
cultural influence in church as dominated by the males
(Amunga, 2017).
4.0 The Society, Church, and the Bible on Wearing
of by Women: A Discuss
The adornment in trousers by women was vehemently
prohibited in Mumias sub-county Full Gospel
churches; a position that reflected more a creation of
society (Church included) rather than the Bible parse.
This phenomenon was closely related to the male
domination evident in terms of leadership among other
things. Forbidding women from adorning in trousers in
general may have many interpretations including
amounting to oppression of women right inside the
church. These very rules that are dictated by men have
their roots right from the society all the way to the
church under the rubric of male domination. Women
who wanted to be considered as faithful adherents of
church had to adorn in ways that were acceptable to the
dominants males. Worse still, even after dressing in an
acceptable manner, they are still not considered for any
meaningful leadership positions.
Further interrogation of these positions on women
adorning on trousers during worship pointed out
diverse interpretation of the scriptural texts as
challenged by the changed contexts. For example, the
scripture is quoted to say that a woman should not wear
a man’s clothing. This according to the study did not
necessarily imply the trouser even though many
respondents in the said study maintained so. The study
pointed out in relation to this context that during the
period of the genesis of the Bible, there were no
trousers in the sense of the adornment as we know it
today(Amunga, 2017). Furthermore, it is arguable that
dressing varies from one culture to another and all
religions including Christianity are culture bound.
When a flowing rob is for example a woman’s dressing
in one culture, it may be a man’s clothing in another
culture; while a skirt may be a woman’s clothing in
another, it may be clothing for men in another culture
as is the case of kilts for Scottish men(MacDuff and
MacGregor, 2017).
Women adornment in the church attracts stigma,
segregation and false accusations hinging on sexual
morality. It was however ironical in this regard that a
majority of women also maintained positions against
fellow women adorning themselves in trousers during
worship and even beyond this. The latter category of
women it would seem, assist in perpetuating the
oppression against fellow women as opposed to
supporting those women seeking liberation in church
as the Bible commands and as the dressing in trousers
may express (Amunga, 2017). Trouser for a woman is
increasingly considered as a symbol of freedom since
it enables the woman to move about freely and go about
their daily concerns with ease. It is a submission of this
paper that the adornment in trousers by women in
church during worship has little to do with one’s
spirituality. Issues of holiness and impunity should not
be used in the Church to undermine the humanity of
women. Any type of clothing can be both decent and
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indecent based on one’s culture, beliefs and
convictions.
5.0 Conclusion
The issue of gender and dressing in has generated
widespread debate that addresses the concern of
women in the contemporary society. The use of
trousers by women emerges as a symbol of freedom for
the woman in their pursuit of acceptance, equality and
happiness. This freedom ought to be extended to
participation in the leadership and decision making in
the church and the society as a whole.
Recommendation and way forward
To this end the study recommends that the church
reconsiders its position on the empowerment of women
toward realizing universal equality of sexes which is
today one of the global social goals. These
recommendations fit in well with the general mandate
of the church which is to try as much as possible to
bend the society towards the vision of Jesus Christ of a
free and just human society. In this vision, women like
the rest of the oppressed in the society, must be
liberated.
Acknowledgement
Many thanks to all my contributors!
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