Water resources include sources of water such as oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers that are useful for human uses like drinking water and irrigation. The main types of water resources are surface water and groundwater. Oceans cover most of the Earth but their water is salty and not suitable for drinking or irrigation. Rivers, lakes and groundwater are more accessible freshwater resources but are being depleted by increasing human usage and climate change. Rainwater harvesting and other conservation methods are important to preserve freshwater supplies.
WATER
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
WATER
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things.
On Earth water has too many forms and variety which
are necessary specifically for particular geographical as well as
environmental surroundings. Below 1% of the world's fresh
water (0.007% of all water on earth) is reachable for direct
human uses. Water pollutions now become a part of concern and
disquiet in country like India. Large parts of water which are life
supportive get contaminated because of illegal activities of human
beings. Water effluence is a major problem globally. It is the
leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it
accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In
addition to the acute problems of different problems in
developing countries, industrialized countries continue to
struggle with water pollution problems as well. There are many
inorganic metals which are contaminating water bodies which
serve life to large part of India, Arsenic (As) is one of the biggest
threats for water bodies. High toxicity of Arsenic poses a serious
risk not only to ecological systems but also for human health.
There is availability of sophisticated techniques for arsenic
removal from contaminated water, development of new
laboratory based techniques along with cost reduction and
enhancement of conventional techniques are essential for the
benefit of common people. This paper is based on the future
aspects, for removal of Arsenic from drinking water or the water
of different rivers like Ganga, Gomti and Yamuna etc which
humans are consuming for domestic purpose. Demograph
estimate that around 52 millions peoples are drinking ground
water with arsenic concentrations above the guidelines of World
Health Organization. WHO proposed a parameter or MIC for
Arsenic i.e. of 10 parts per billion (ppb) or 0.010 Mg/L, it is found
that level of Arsenic has been increased vigorously in many
rivers. Objective is to apply Bioremediation technique with the
help of batch culture that needs Bioremediators to detoxify
contaminated water and helps in maintaining the original quality
of water.
Water Resources and Water PollutionLife on planet Earth would be.docxmelbruce90096
Water Resources and Water Pollution
Life on planet Earth would be impossible without water. All life forms, from unicellular bacteria to multicellular plants and animals, contain water. Humans are composed of approximately 60 percent water by body weight and we depend on water, not only for our survival, but for our convenience: We drink it, cook with it, wash in it, travel on it, and use an enormous amount of it for agriculture, manufacturing, mining, energy, production, and waste disposal. Though 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, only 0.024% of the overall water supply is available as liquid freshwater that is easily accessible. It is one of the most poorly managed resources, easily wasted and often polluted. The available freshwater is collected, purified and distributed in the hydrologic cycle, but this cycle is easily interrupted by overloading with pollution, reducing wetlands, and reducing forests.
We get water from groundwater and surface water. Groundwateris water that seeps into the ground between spaces in soil and gravel until it reaches impenetrable bedrock. One of the most important sources of freshwater. The top of the groundwater zone that moves up and down based on weather is the water table. The water table drops in level when humans remove water at a faster rate than it is replenished. Surface wateris freshwater from precipitation and melted snow that flows into lakes, wetlands, rivers, and eventually into the oceans.
Water shortages are caused by many factors including dry climate and drought. In some places, the human population uses water at a faster rate than the water is replenished. 30% of the Earth’s land mass now experiences severe or extreme drought and 1 billion people lacked regular access to clean water for drinking, cooking, and washing.
Water Supplies
Aquifers, underground water supplies, are renewable as long as the groundwater doesn’t become contaminated and withdrawn too quickly. Most aquifers around the world, and in the largest food producing countries, are being used up quicker than their rate of replenishment. Dam and reservoir systems are used to capture and hold runoff water. The collected water can be released at need to control flooding, supply water for farming and cities, and to produce electricity. The use of dams and reservoirs has increased the amount of reliable surface runoff by one-third. Unfortunately, these systems also displace people, flood productive lands, and disrupt the ecological services rivers provide.
Tunnels, aqueducts, and underground pipes transfer runoff from dams and reservoirs to water-poor areas. These transfer systems can be wasteful and environmentally harmful by shrinking the water source as more is transferred to water-poor areas. Another option for freshwater is desalinization which involves removing salts from ocean or brackish water. Usually desalinization costs a lot because of the energy required; it also kills many marine organisms and creates salty.
Water Resources and Water PollutionLife on planet Earth would be.docxmelbruce90096
Water Resources and Water Pollution
Life on planet Earth would be impossible without water. All life forms, from unicellular bacteria to multicellular plants and animals, contain water. Humans are composed of approximately 60 percent water by body weight and we depend on water, not only for our survival, but for our convenience: We drink it, cook with it, wash in it, travel on it, and use an enormous amount of it for agriculture, manufacturing, mining, energy, production, and waste disposal. Though 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, only 0.024% of the overall water supply is available as liquid freshwater that is easily accessible. It is one of the most poorly managed resources, easily wasted and often polluted. The available freshwater is collected, purified and distributed in the hydrologic cycle, but this cycle is easily interrupted by overloading with pollution, reducing wetlands, and reducing forests.
We get water from groundwater and surface water. Groundwateris water that seeps into the ground between spaces in soil and gravel until it reaches impenetrable bedrock. One of the most important sources of freshwater. The top of the groundwater zone that moves up and down based on weather is the water table. The water table drops in level when humans remove water at a faster rate than it is replenished. Surface wateris freshwater from precipitation and melted snow that flows into lakes, wetlands, rivers, and eventually into the oceans.
Water shortages are caused by many factors including dry climate and drought. In some places, the human population uses water at a faster rate than the water is replenished. 30% of the Earth’s land mass now experiences severe or extreme drought and 1 billion people lacked regular access to clean water for drinking, cooking, and washing.
Water Supplies
Aquifers, underground water supplies, are renewable as long as the groundwater doesn’t become contaminated and withdrawn too quickly. Most aquifers around the world, and in the largest food producing countries, are being used up quicker than their rate of replenishment. Dam and reservoir systems are used to capture and hold runoff water. The collected water can be released at need to control flooding, supply water for farming and cities, and to produce electricity. The use of dams and reservoirs has increased the amount of reliable surface runoff by one-third. Unfortunately, these systems also displace people, flood productive lands, and disrupt the ecological services rivers provide.
Tunnels, aqueducts, and underground pipes transfer runoff from dams and reservoirs to water-poor areas. These transfer systems can be wasteful and environmentally harmful by shrinking the water source as more is transferred to water-poor areas. Another option for freshwater is desalinization which involves removing salts from ocean or brackish water. Usually desalinization costs a lot because of the energy required; it also kills many marine organisms and creates salty.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
2. WHAT ARE WATER RESOURCES?
Water resources are natural resources of water that are useful for humans, for example as a source of
drinking water supply or irrigation water 97% of the water on the Earth is salt Water and only three
percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. WHAT
ARE THE TYPES OF WATER RESOURCES? of these, the resources most available for use are the waters
of the oceans, rivers, and lakes; other available water resources include groundwater and deep
subsurface waters and glaciers and permanent snowfields. OCEANS : HERE ARE FIVE REASONS WHY
WE NEED TO SAFEGUARD OUR OCEANS FUTURE it helps us breathe Phytoplankton-tiny plants like
organisms that live in the sea are responsible for at least 50% of the oxygen on earth. Just like
land based plants, they contain chlorophyll to capture sunlight and use photosynthesis to convert it
into the energy they need , producing oxygen as a byproducts they also consume carbon dioxide,
transferring about 10 gigatonnes of carbon from the atmosphere deep into the ocean each year.
it helps regulate the climate The ocean absorbs huge amounts of the heat from the sun ."
3. " More than 90%of the warming that has happened on the Earth over the past 50 years has
occurred in the ocean," according to the US National Oceania and Atmospheric administration.
That heat tends to be at its most intense nearer the equator, with the water nearest the surface
warming the most .Sea current then transport that heat around the world; North and south,
towards the poles . As some of the sea water evaporates it becomes denser and heavier, due to
its relatively higher salt content . The causes it to sink , taking some of the warm water deeper.
It 's an important source of food Fish is on the menu for billions of people around the world
every day .it accounts for almost 16% of all animal protein consumed globally of course ,
there's more to seafood then fish , crustacean and other edible creatures. A range of algae and
sea plants are also commonly used on cooking. The UN food and agriculture Organization lists
sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iodine among some of the important nutrients in
seawed.lodine deficiency has been identified as the " most prevalent and easily preventable "
cause of impaired cognitive development in children. Pressure on resources and the
environment have led to calls, for example, production and for people 's diets to change. A
cow, for example, produces 2 .8kg of greenhouse gas per kilo of live body weight and needs
10kg of feed for every kilo it weighs. Plus , to get just one gram of protein from cattle , you
need 112 liters of water .the oceans, if properly managed and maintained, could form an
important part of a more sustainable approach to feeding the planet's growing human
population. It's biodiversity is incredible it's not just a source of food. The ocean is also home
to an abundance of life .
4. WATER BODIES
A water body is any significant accumulation of water on the surface of earth or
another planet . The term most often refers to oceans , seas and lakes but it
includes smaller pools of water such as ponds , wetlands or more rarely , puddles
. A water body does not have to be still or contained ; rivers , streams , canals
and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another
are also considered as water bodies . Most they are naturally occurring
geographical features , but some are artificial . There are types that can be either
for example , most reservoirs are created by engineering dams , but some
natural lakes are used as reservoirs . Similarly , most harbors are naturally
occurring bays , but some harbors have been created through construction .
Water bodies that are navigable are known as waterways . Some water bodies
collect and move water , such as rivers and streams and other primarily hold
water , such as lakes and oceans . Water bodies are affected by gravity , which is
what creates the tidal effects on earth. For example : The canal granola in Venice
one of the major water traffic corridors in the city.
5. DRINKING WATER
Drinking water is water that is used in drink or food preparation; potable water is water that is
safe to be used as drinking water. The amount of drinking water required to maintain good health
varies, and depends on physical activity level, age, health-related issues, and environmental
conditions.-Purpose Drinking Water Helps Maintain the Balance of Body Fluids .The functions of
these bodily fluids include digestion, absorption, circulation, creation of saliva, transportation of
nutrients, and maintenance of body temperature.-Importance Our cherished way of life depends
on clean water: healthy ecosystems provide wildlife habitat and places to fish, paddle, surf, and
6. Our economy depends on clean water: manufacturing, farming,
tourism, recreation, energy production, and other economic
sectors need clean water to function and flourish. Getting
enough water every day is important for your health. Drinking
water can prevent dehydration, a condition that can cause
unclear thinking, result in mood change, cause your body to
overheat, and lead to constipation and kidney stones.-Water
and health Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked
to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhea ,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and polio. Safe and readily
available water is important for public health, whether it is used
for drinking, domestic use, food production or recreational
purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better
management of water resources, can boost countries’ economic
growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.-Water
Sources The drinking water that is supplied to our homes comes
from either a surface water or ground water source. Surface
water collects in streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Ground
water is water located below the ground where it collects in
pores and spaces within rocks and in underground aquifers. We
get ground water by drilling wells and pumping it to the
surface. Water travels to your tap from a surface water or
ground water source through your local water utility or through
an individual water system, such as a private well. A private
7. WATER SCARCITY
The causes of water scarcity are aplenty. However, we must first understand
the term water scarcity. Water scarcity refers to the situation where potable,
unpolluted water is lower than the demand in a region.
According to recent reports, nearly 1.2 billion people lack access to clean
drinking water. Furthermore, water shortages can cause a variety of illnesses
which can range from food poisoning to cholera. Typically, water scarcity is
driven by two important factors – which are the increasing use of freshwater
and the depletion of usable freshwater resources. Furthermore, scarcity can be
of two types – physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity. Physical
water scarcity is caused when a natural water resource is unable to meet the
demands of a particular region. Economic water scarcity is caused by the
mismanagement of sufficiently available water resources. However, there are a
lot more causes of water shortage:
Climate change
Natural calamities such as droughts and floods
Increased human consumption
Overuse and wastage of water
Water Stress
8. When an individual is water-stressed, it implies that
there is no sufficient access to potable water. An
estimated 1.1 billion people are under water stress. In
countries such as Africa, a large percentage of
individuals have no easy access to fresh water. One of
the most common methods of acquiring freshwater is
by digging holes in riverbeds.
The scarcity of water can also cause water pollution.
For instance, if inadequate water is available for
sanitation, water gets polluted through the
introduction of disease-causing pathogens. In fact,
88% of all water-borne diseases are caused this way.
Furthermore, water scarcity can cause an imbalance
in the ecosystem. Food chains are affected, and
biodiversity is harmed.
9. WASTE WATER & WATER
TREATMENT
Wastewater is used water. It includes substances such as human waste,
food scraps, oils, soaps and chemicals. Used water from any
combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural
activities, storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration can be
another definition of Wastewater.
Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater into
water that can be discharged back into the environment. There are three
main stages of the wastewater treatment process, primary, secondary
and tertiary water treatment.
Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water
treatment, biological water treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge
treatment.
Wastewater treatment facilities help to purify the water because it
contains elements toxic to humans and the ecosystem.
Wastewater can be reused to improve the scarce supply of fresh water
and hold off future investments in water treatment plants.
10. POLLUTION PREVENTION &
MONITORING
Pollution. The one of many reasons why countless people get hazardous diseases.
Why numerous animals go to the verge of extinction. Why underwater life gets
almost destroyed and why rates of global warming get higher each year. Pollution
is no joke and we humans, must do everything we can to reduce it, for the coming
generations to experience a healthy environment. In order to preserve our
habitat, we must take a few precautions and measures. Such as:
Reducing the use of non-biodegradable things– Our environment has a
property of reviving itself by degrading the naturally produced substances.
However, the non- biodegradable things like plastic bags and bottles pollute
the environment, so we must get rid of them.
Planting more trees– To decrease the air pollution and save multiple species, it
is very important to plant a greater number of trees. Trees help in purifying the
air by adding more oxygen in the environment.
Lessening The Use of Vehicles– Reducing the usage of vehicles on road will
also help in reducing air pollution on earth. The more the usage of vehicles, the
more the harmful gases get released into the air. These pollutions can be
reduced if citizens walk or cycle to near destinations instead of driving which
will lead to lesser air pollution.
11. Recycling- This is also a very effective and efficient way to
reduce pollution. It helps wonders in limiting the use of
non- biodegradable products etc. Pollution is a negative
externality that can cost civilization. It affects living things
negatively. In order to monitor pollution, the government
can make policies and regulations that could-
Raise carbon tax.
Promote changing to different energy sources.
Make regulations to ban pollutants and pollution permits.
And lastly changing consumer behavior by advertising
other better alternatives that can be used to reduce
pollution such as solar energy which is clean and
renewable power from the sun or buying electric cars. The
concept of the three R’s which means to reduce, reuse and
recycle is great to implement in our daily lives. If we follow
all these steps, slowly, but surely, our environment could
be, as crazy as it sounds, entirely pollution-free. But it can
only happen if we join hands and work towards it together.
12. NEED FOR WATER
CONSERVATION &
MANAGEMENT
The activity of movement and control of water resources to minimize the
damage to property and life and also to maximize the efficient beneficial
use is known as water management. If the management of water is good in
dams and levees it reduces the risk of harm caused due to flooding Water
conservation means using water wisely and not contributing to unnecessary
wastage.
Top reasons to conserve water:
Conserving water saves energy. Energy is needed to filter, heat and pump
water to your home, so reducing your water use also reduces your carbon
footprint.
Using less water keeps more in our ecosystems and helps to keep wetland
habitats topped up for animals like otters, water voles, herons and fish.
This is especially important during drought periods and in areas like South
East England where there is a big demand on water supplies.
Conserving water can save you money. If you have a water meter then the
less water you use, the less you may be charged by your water company.
13. Wasting of water is the flip side of water conservation and, in household applications, it
means causing or permitting discharge of water without any practical purpose. Inefficient
water use is also considered wasteful. By EPA estimate, household leaks in the US can waste
approximately 900 billion gallons (3.4 billion cubic meters) of water annually nationwide).
Some researchers have suggested that water conservation efforts should be primarily
directed at farmers, in light of the fact that crop irrigation accounts for 70% of the world's
fresh water use . The agricultural sector of most countries is important both economically
and politically, and water subsidies are common. Conservation advocates have urged
removal of all subsidies to force farmers to grow more water-efficient crops and adopt less
wasteful irrigation techniques.
14. MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS &
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
We need to conserve and manage water for many purposes such as :
1. For the continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities
2. To prevent the degradation of our natural ecosystems
3. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish
this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on
our lives . Thus we must conserve water.
In ancient times, we used to conserve water by constructing sophisticated
hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs or lakes,
embankments and canals for irrigation. We have continued this tradition in
modern India by building dams in most of our river basins.
15. KDMDKVEVENJ
VKDN
Dams
A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often
creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment. “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the
structure.
Uses of Dam:
1. To impound rivers and rainwater that can be used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
2. For electricity generation.
3. Water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
4. Flood control.
5. Recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding.
Side effects of Creating Dams
1. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow.
2. Poorer the habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
3. Fragment rivers make it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
4. Dams created on the floodplains submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to
its decomposition over a period of time.
5. Creating of large dams has been the cause of many new environmental movements
like the ‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and the ‘Tehri Dam Andolan’ etc.
6. Many times local people had to give up their land, livelihood and their control over
resources for the construction of the dam.
Some multipurpose river projects in India
1. Bhakra - Nangal project water in Satluj Beas river basin, is being used both for hydel
power production and irrigation
2. Hirakud project in Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood
control
16. RAINWATER HARVESTNG
The rainwater harvesting system is one of the best methods practiced
and followed to support the conservation of water. Today, scarcity of
good quality water has become a significant cause of concern. However,
rainwater, which is pure and of good quality, can be used for irrigation,
washing, cleaning, bathing, cooking and also for other livestock
requirements.
Rainwater harvesting is the simple process or technology used to
conserve rainwater by collecting, storing, conveying and purifying of
rainwater that runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc.
for later use.
The process of rainwater harvesting involves the collection and the
storage of rainwater with the help of artificially designed systems that
run off naturally or man-made catchment areas like- the rooftop,
compounds, rock surface, hill slopes, artificially repaired impervious or
semi-pervious land surface.
Harvesting rainwater allows the collection of large amounts of water and
mitigates the effects of drought. Rainwater is mostly free from harmful
chemicals, which makes it suitable for irrigation purposes.
17. Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting
Less cost.
Helps in reducing the water bill.
Decreases the demand for water.
Reduces the need for imported water.
Promotes both water and energy conservation.
Improves the quality and quantity of ground water.
It is an excellent source of water for landscape
irrigation with no chemicals
Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable process that helps in
preserving water for future needs. Water scarcity is a
major concern in today’s scenario. The process of
rainwater harvesting is a good way to conserve water.
18. BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Dating back 200 years, tribes in northeast India have used bamboo drip
irrigation as a means of bringing water to seasonal crops. This timeless and
traditional technology uses locally available material while harnessing the
forces of gravity. An assortment of holed bamboo shoots zig-zag downhill,
diverting the natural flow of streams and springs across terraced cropland.
Two features of drip irrigation system are as follows:
1. It is used to transport water over a hundred meters of distance. 18-20
liters of water are transported through bamboo pipes over the distance of
hundred meters
2. The direction of flow of water can be determined by changing the position
of bamboo pipes.
3. This practice is most popularly carried out in Meghalaya.
Terrain and water availability The topology of the region is hilly with steep
slopes and rock boulders. The soil depth on these hills is low and has poor
water retention capacity. Though the region gets plenty of rain during the
monsoon season, irrigation becomes a necessity during the dry season. The
terrain imposes a challenge in bringing the water from distant water
sources to the plantations. Diverting water through ground channels is not
possible. Faced with this need for water, and the challenges imposed by the
terrain, the tribal farmers came up with this unique irrigation system.
19. Cost and maintenance The cost involved in building
the system is minimal. Bamboo is available freely in
this region. Usually the farmer himself sets up the
system in his plantation with some help from 1 or 2
labourers. The region gets heavy rain, so as a result
each installation lasts for about 2-3 years. After the
rainy season the undergrowth is cleared and
reinforcements are provided. Old bamboo is left to rot,
which over time returns to the soil as humus.
Concluding remarks:
The good thing about this system is it doesn’t need any
fuel or power. One can consider implementing it in
regions where bamboo is available for free or at a low
cost. Overall it is an economical and sustainable
irrigation system which can be set up for farm needs or
for an urban permaculture garden.
20. INFRASTRUCTURE FINANCE
Ways You Can Protect Our Water!
Each of us has an impact on our local water supplies, both in terms of
water quality and the amount
of water we use in times of drought. Here are 10 things you can do to help
protect our water quality
and 10 tips to conserve water. By taking these actions, you can help ensure
that we have enough
water to meet the needs of all Californians and the generations to come.
1. Don’t use antibacterial soaps or cleaning products.
Most of these contain trichlosan , a registered pesticide that has been
found to harm aquatic
life. The American Medical Association warns that our use of antibacterial
agents may lead to
“superbugs” that will be antibiotic resistant. Regular soap and water kills
germs just as
effectively.
2. Never flush unwanted or out-of-date medicines down the toilet or the
drain.
21. Find out if your county or city has a site or program to collect unwanted pharmaceuticals.
If not, remove all labels and wrap the products up before disposing in the
garbage. If possible, pour water or vinegar in the bottle to destroy pills and make them
inaccessible to children.
3. Don’t put anything except water down storm drains.
These drains carry storm water to our local waterways, including San Francisco Bay, the
Delta, and the Pacific Ocean. Used motor oil, detergents, lawn fertilizers, pesticides, and
other contaminants get carried by storm water to local waterways and cause unnecessary harm.
4. Fix leaks that drip from your car and put down a liner in your driveway to collect oil
and other materials. These leaks and drips contribute to storm water pollution.
5. Avoid using pesticides or chemical fertilizers.
They pose a serious threat to your health and safety and they pollute both ground and
surface water.
6. Choose non-toxic household products whenever possible.
The best way to keep from polluting is to use products that are not dangerous to the
environment in the first place.
7. Pick up after your pets.
Like other contaminants, pet waste can run down the storm drains, spreading bacteria.
8. Don’t pave your property.
The more pavement there is, the more rain water will simply run off down the storm drains,
picking up pollutants on the way and causing flooding. Allowing water to soak into the
ground can prevent flooding, recharge groundwater supplies, and dilute contaminants. Planting native
plants that do not require much water also helps save our precious supplies.
22. NAMES OF THE GIRLS
WHO CONTRIBUTED
1. SIMRAH MIRZA
2. SYEDA MAIMUNA
3. AMENA BABU
4. BELVA
5. SUMAYYAH
6. SOHA
7. RAFA
8. RANIA
9. KULSUM
10. UMME HANI
11. MISBAH