This document discusses digital forensics and its use in governance. It defines forensics as using science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases. Digital forensics involves preserving, identifying, extracting, and documenting digital evidence. The document outlines several dimensions of digital forensics including corporate governance, policy, legal and ethical issues, people, and technology. It provides examples of techniques like stringing, total stations, photo composites, and fingerprints. The document also discusses using computers to aid investigations through techniques like ballistics analysis and DNA matching.
This chapter provides a general introduction of Computer Forensics. After defining what Computer forensics is all about, the notion of computer crimes is presented. An evaluation of people that can make use of Forensics is also discussed. It contains the steps to follow for a Computer Forensics process. The chapter put an emphasis on ANTIFORENSICS to show the threat in the development of this scientific computer domain.
This chapter provides a general introduction of Computer Forensics. After defining what Computer forensics is all about, the notion of computer crimes is presented. An evaluation of people that can make use of Forensics is also discussed. It contains the steps to follow for a Computer Forensics process. The chapter put an emphasis on ANTIFORENSICS to show the threat in the development of this scientific computer domain.
This chapter describes how to conduct a digital forensics investigation. It shows the possible relation between information Security Triad and the investigation Triad. the chapter presents how to conduct an interview during investigations, and the disposition to take for adequate recording. The bit-by-bit stream copy process is mentioned. Disposition to take when finalizing the investigation is also discussed.
Tracking mobile phones, to identify the position and movement, is known as 'Cell Site Analysis', and allows an investigator toe establish the geographical location of a handset when calls, SMS messages or downloads were sent/received. This evidence can be used to tie a suspect to the scene of a crime and may be presented in court by an Expert Witness.
The EDRM Enron data set is an industry-standard collection of email data that the
legal profession has used for many years for electronic discovery training and testing.
Since this data set was published, it has been an open secret that it contained many
instances of private, health and financial data.
Cyber crimes are increasing day by day, so as the cyber evidences at the crime scene.
To know more about the cyber evidence, go to the link given below-
https://youtu.be/2PBoOPU9e00
Uncover important digital evidence with digital forensic toolsParaben Corporation
Digital forensic experts identify, preserve, analyze and present the digital evidence to help solve the crime cases efficiently. Most of them use forensics tools by Paraben Corporation, an alternative to Magnet digital forensics to get the results effectively.
This chapter describes how to conduct a digital forensics investigation. It shows the possible relation between information Security Triad and the investigation Triad. the chapter presents how to conduct an interview during investigations, and the disposition to take for adequate recording. The bit-by-bit stream copy process is mentioned. Disposition to take when finalizing the investigation is also discussed.
Tracking mobile phones, to identify the position and movement, is known as 'Cell Site Analysis', and allows an investigator toe establish the geographical location of a handset when calls, SMS messages or downloads were sent/received. This evidence can be used to tie a suspect to the scene of a crime and may be presented in court by an Expert Witness.
The EDRM Enron data set is an industry-standard collection of email data that the
legal profession has used for many years for electronic discovery training and testing.
Since this data set was published, it has been an open secret that it contained many
instances of private, health and financial data.
Cyber crimes are increasing day by day, so as the cyber evidences at the crime scene.
To know more about the cyber evidence, go to the link given below-
https://youtu.be/2PBoOPU9e00
Uncover important digital evidence with digital forensic toolsParaben Corporation
Digital forensic experts identify, preserve, analyze and present the digital evidence to help solve the crime cases efficiently. Most of them use forensics tools by Paraben Corporation, an alternative to Magnet digital forensics to get the results effectively.
In this paper, we will discuss a model for setting up an investigative lab that allows digital forensic specialists, non-technical investigators and subject matter experts to collaborate on digital evidence. The end result is a dramatic increase in the volume and quality of digital
evidence an investigative team can analyze within a fixed time.
This slide will cover details of evidence collection in cyber forensic which will be more useful for CSE & IT department students studying in engineering colleges.
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Process of Digital forensics
Identification
Preservation
Analysis
4. Presentation and Reporting:
5. Disseminating the case:
What is acquisition in digital forensics?
How to handle data acquisition in digital forensics
Types of Digital Forensics
Disk Forensics
Network Forensics
Wireless Forensics
Database Forensics
Digital forensics research: The next 10 yearsMehedi Hasan
Today’s Golden Age of computer forensics is quickly coming to an end. Without a clear strategy for enabling research efforts that build upon one another, forensic research will fall behind the market, tools will become increasingly obsolete, and law enforcement, military and other users of computer forensics products will be unable to rely on the results of forensic analysis. This article summarizes current forensic research directions and argues that to move forward the community needs to adopt standardized, modular approaches for data representation and forensic processing.
@2010 Digital Forensic Research Workshop. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
Social Issues in Computing : Forensics
1. Forensics: New dimension for Governance
Presented By
Name : Karuna Kak and Anirudh Munj
PRN :12030121030 and 12030121031
Course : BCA
Batch :2012-15
Division : A
Course :Social Issues In Computing
2. INTRODUCTION TO FORENSICS
Forensics in ICT terms generally includes
two distinct fields:
• using ICT to enhance information
gained about a crime (for example,
software that can process database
searches faster than humans can), and
• gathering information about a crime
from a computer that contains data
related to the crime.
3. DEFINITION OF FORENSICS
• Forensics is the use of science
and technology to investigate
and establish facts in criminal
and civil courts of law.
• The goal of any forensic
investigation will be to
prosecute the criminal or
offender successfully,
determine the root cause of an
event and determine who was
responsible.
4. TECHNIQUES USED IN FORENSICS
• Stringing
• Total station
• Photo composites
• Computerized matching
• Ballistics
• Fingerprints
• DNA
• Handwriting/graphology
5. STRINGING
• One traditional procedure at a crime scene is
to document the locale.
• On a road, the distances, speeds, directions
are part of the data set that defines the events.
Prior to the availability of high-tech IT
equipment, this process involved “stringing”: a
police technician would use string to measure
distances and angles.
• Today, laser controlled digital cameras and
computer generated algorithms have replaced
the somewhat imprecise techniques of earlier
years.
6. TOTAL STATION
• A device called the “Total Station” began to
replace that imprecise technology of using
strings, paper and pencils and analog
photographs during the middle of the 20th
century.
• It was a device used by engineers that was
easily adapted to forensic use because of
the (then) precise nature of the data it
provided, as opposed to the use of string,
for example.
7. PHOTO COMPOSITES
• One of the classic results of a police investigation
into a crime is the “Wanted” poster.
• In pre-digital times, highly skilled artists were part
of the staff of a police force: people who could
interpret witness descriptions and turn them into
visual elements.
• Today, using a combination of digitally captured
images and special software, police are able not
only to create likenesses that are indistinguishable
from actual photographs, but they are also able to
put special algorithms to work that can
authentically “age” a victim/suspect within
reasonably accurate limits.
WANTED
8. COMPUTERIZED MATCHING
• There are a number of traces that might be left at a
crime scene that can be used to identify the
criminal.
• When there is so much data to sort, catalogue and
search through, a computer or a computerized
database makes the work both faster and less
prone to error.
• Special software and hardware adapted to specific
uses also increases the likelihood of positive
identification, whether it means reconstructing a
scene from limited or missing information or
whether it means searching a large database to
find matching patterns.
9. BALLISTICS
• Prior to the arrival of computer technology, police
experts would examine the markings on bullets
found at a crime scene under a microscope.
• They still do; however, the process has been
considerably enhanced with the assistance of
computers: much of the visual comparison can
now be automated.
• Similarly, rather than having a desk clerk search
through long files in search of serial numbers – on
weapons recovered or ammunition – centralized
databases and logged electronic records allow
police to make better use of their time.
10. FINGERPRINTS
• The use of fingerprints to identify individuals was
known back as far as ancient times, Greek and
Babylonian records show the use of fingerprints as a
signature.
• However, it was only about the 1850s when police
investigations began to make extensive use of
fingerprints as “proof positive”.
• Although no two people have the same fingerprints,
police are often limited by the amount of data they can
search through.
• Today, police detectives can work online, with access
to a national digital archive of known fingerprints.
11. DNA
• Similar to the case of fingerprints, but even more recent a
development is the use of DNA as positive identification in
a crime.
• DNA identification can work with any body parts to create
a very clear profile of the person the sample comes from.
• Again, the chance of identification is made better when
you have a larger database to work from.
• Police is allowed to build a better DNA database by giving
the police the legal right to collect and save a digital DNA
file for anyone who is taken to the police station.
• The fact that the police are allowed to take a DNA “swab”
even of people who are not charged with a crime has
become a major issue of privacy rights.
12. HANDWRITING/GRAPHOLOGY
• Handwriting analysis involves
forensic examination of such
factors as (pen) pressure, slant or
angle of letters, deviation above and
below imaginary “standard” lines
and other factors such as the size of
loops in the letters.
• While much of this is based on
visual observation, software that
can scan and then automatically,
digitally compare these features is
making this science more reliable
as a tool for detection.
13. STUXNET
• Largest and costliest development effort in malware history
• A team of highly capable programmers
• In-depth knowledge of industrial processes
• The complexity of the code indicates that only a nation-state
would have the capabilities to produce it
• The self-destruct and other safeguards within the code imply
that a Western government was responsible, with lawyers
evaluating the worm's ramifications
14. DIGITAL FORENSIC (DF)
• DF involves the
preservation
identification
extraction
documentation
of digital evidence stored as data or
magnetically encoded information.
• This includes the
recovery
analysis
presentation
of digital evidence in a way that is admissible
and appropriate in a court of law.
15. DIGITAL FORENSICS
AS A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DISCIPLINE
• We consider the dimensions of Information Security as a baseline
when defining dimensions for DF.
• The following dimensions were identified for digital forensics:
Corporate Governance
Policy
Legal and Ethical
People
Technology
• The dimensions are inter-related and can not exist in isolation.
16. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DIMENSION
• The Corporate Governance dimension will handle the management
aspects of DF in an organization.
• Management is responsible for the security posture of an
organization.
• Management can only manage security incidents if for example the
root cause of the event is determined and appropriate action to
rectify it can be taken – this may involve forensic investigations.
• The Corporate Governance dimension includes strategic governance
and operational governance.
• Typically strategic governance will be from a strategic perspective,
while operational governance will provide management directives on
an operational level.
17. POLICY DIMENSION
• A general forensic investigation policy is required to provide a
framework for DF policies in the organisation.
• Examples of other policies are how to handle evidence, how to
seize evidence and how to conduct covert or overt investigations.
Policies are normally supported by procedures and guidelines.
• Procedures also need to be set up so that the investigations will be
able to stand up to legal scrutiny in court.
• These procedures must also be scientifically sound and proven to
maintain the integrity of the evidence and process.
18. POLICY DIMENSION
Six categories of policies to facilitate Digital Forensic Investigations (DFI):
Retaining Information
Planning the Response
Training
Accelerating the Investigation
Preventing Anonymous Activities
Protecting the Evidence
19. LEGAL AND ETHICAL DIMENSION
• The Legal and Ethical dimension of DF is very important in
organizations.
• In Cyberspace there is no universal or common ‘Cyber law’.
Various judiciary systems exist in different countries.
• The forensic investigator must be familiar with local legal and
international laws, treaty requirements and industry specific
legal requirements when preparing to present a case that will
be able to stand up to legal scrutiny in court.
• Ethical aspects of DF is becoming more and more important.
20. PEOPLE DIMENSION
• People are the most important part of any organisation and normally
the weakest link in the security chain of the organization.
• When an incident occurs it is most likely that people will contaminate
the evidence while figuring out what has happened. Training is
therefore essential. Therefore, there is a huge need for forensic
awareness training.
• This dimension will look at training and awareness programs in an
organization.
• The profile and composition of a DF team is also very important.
• One person normally does not have all the required skills to conduct
an investigation. Therefore the team should consist of a team leader,
network specialist, code specialist, business process specialist and
a quality manager.
21. TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION
• No DF investigation can be conducted without a DF toolkit.
• Various specialised software and / or physical hardware tools will
make up the DF toolkit as different tools are used for different
purposes.
• The way the tools are utilised as well as the acceptance of a
specific tool by the legal authorities are vital for any forensic
investigation.
• The forensic and legal community has accepted certain industry
standard tools e.g. EnCase (Meyers M, Rogers M, 2004).
22. REFERENCES
• Digital Forensics: A Multi-dimensional Discipline,
CP Grobler, Prof B Louwrens, University of Johannesburg,
Department of Business IT
• Developing digital forensic governance, Marthie Grobler,
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Social Issues in Computing, Exploring the Ways Computers
Affect Our Lives, Colin Edmonds, June 2009