Presentation from Professor Jo Boyden (Young Lives Director) and Dr Renu Singh (Young Lives India Country Director) at the International Association for Adolescent Health's 11th World Congress in New Delhi, 26th October 2017
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Case study of Alicia and Montford.
Alicia and Montford.
As the mental health service coordinator for both Alicia and Montford, I have investigated there bad grades and can attribute the low grades to their living conditions. It is important to bring to light the exact conditions that the two siblings stay in, first, they live in a homeless compound and their parents are generally people who have given up hope and also given up responsibility of their 6 &7 year old son and daughter. Parents are expected to supervise their young ones daily activities including their education to ensure that they are brought up upright and also have good morals. In the homeless institution, Alicia’s and Montford’s parents are not obliged to take care of their young ones since basic facilities such as food, shelter and care is provided by the state through the homeless institution.
Neglect of the children by their parents has resulted has resulted in their drop in school grades. A homeless institution is also not a good environment to bring up young children since they share the same environment with social wrecks such as drunks and drug addicts. This people communicate mostly in foul language based on their environment. The two children have adapted this foul language which can be explained by their swearing and foul language between the parents and other next of kin and relatives.
Before creating a problem solving strategy it is important to identify the problems to ensure that the correct resolutions are identified. The current and past living conditions of Alicia and Montford which have negatively affected their character and social skills. The parents have neglected them and have no major input in their education or social interactions. Lack of a permanent home has also resulted in the children’s behavior and bad performance in school. This neglect has resulted in the children’s studies dipping due to lack of parental supervision. The homeless institution is also not a good environment to bring up 6 & 7 year old children due to the characters found in such institutions are generally bad mannered and can only influence children negatively. The parents have also shown a disregard to the welfare of their children neglecting their education and social life, they are therefore one of the main causes of the children’s non performance in education and even socially. Getting them to a children’s home where the parents can visit them will help the kids get away from bad influences since their parents are irresponsible and one of the causes of the neglect.
To solve the problem, the children should e sent to special schools where they will be given special attention to help them improve their social skills and education. Special institutions provide such young children with basic needs thus ensuring they do not waste their energy in thinking about food or shelter. They also provide constant supervision thus can help supervise .
Gender norms and changing childhoods: evidence from Young Lives multi-country study tracking inequalities in girls’ and boys’ trajectories
By Gina Crivello, Senior Researcher
(Young Lives, University of Oxford0
Presented at thw Conference on Gender Equality Norms and the Politics of Development Cooperation,
At DIIS - Danish Institute for International Studies
Copenhagen, 18-20 May 2016
Sponsor for child education in kurnool | Sirisha | Manoj Kumar | Lingeshwari ...SERUDS INDIA
Our children call it their home. Indeed we work hard to make it so. After they have lost so much, they deserve all the security and love any normal home provides Orphanage has 2 desktop computers and 1 laptop. The children are given training in computer skills by a volunteer faculty
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Putting Children First: Session 2.4.A Louise Yorke - Rural girls educational ...The Impact Initiative
Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 23-25 October 2017
This three-day international conference aimed to engage policy makers, practitioners and researchers in identifying solutions for fighting child poverty and inequality in Africa, and in inspiring action towards change. The conference offered a platform for bridging divides across sectors, disciplines and policy, practice and research.
Seruds Joy Home and a family like environment Ensure good nutrition and medical care, which will help her to grow into a healthy, well adjusted young adult Ensure an good education in a quality school
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Hello! My name is Chasty I am a 31 year old mother of four. I am bor.docxisaachwrensch
Hello! My name is Chasty I am a 31 year old mother of four. I am born and raised in Virginia all my life. I have two daughters ages 10 and 8. I have two sons that are ages 13 months old and age 5. My 5 year old has a speech delay he has been in preschool since he was 2 years old. He is improving each and every day with his speech. He has actually progressed so much since starting school, I am so glad I did what I had to do in order to get him into school and get him the help he needed. My daughters are in 3rd and 5th grade school now a days is a lot harder than it was when I attended school. I am studying at Ashford University for an Associate's Degree in Early Childhood Education (but I am contemplating on changing it to a Bachelor’s Degree) as I want to become a Special Education Preschool Teacher when I complete my degree. I only have 2 classes after this one and I graduated December this year!!! I am so excited!! I have the will and the want to succeed no matter what obstacles get in my way. I am doing this to better myself as well as better my children’s lives. Interesting fact about myself is I've always wanted to become a Preschool Teacher, but I recently decided I wanted to be a Special Education Preschool teacher because after seeing the difference that my son had after being in special education I want to be a huge asset to a child’s life as his teacher was in his life. I love children and have always wanted to be an asset to the children’s learning and education. I do not have any experience in Curriculum planning because I do not have any experience with children outside of my own children and I have never homeschooled my children either. I will not let that stop me in this class though I will do whatever I can to learn everything possible about curriculum planning in hopes it will help me out in my future career plans.
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Marriage and Divorce among Adolescents: Before and After COVID19, why we can'...Young Lives Oxford
For many young people, adolescence is a time when the world opens up as they choose their future paths. But for those living in the most marginalised families, their choices remain limited. Twelve million girls are still married under the age of 18 every year, and UN agencies warn of a doubling of this number due to the coronavirus pandemic.
This presentation was delivered on the 19th of May, as part of a webinar, organised by Young Lives, Child Frontiers, Girls not Brides and GreeneWorks, and included a presentation from WHO's Chandra Mouli.
The webinar brought together Girls Not Brides’ Agenda for Action in the face of COVID-19, new research from Young Lives and Child Frontiers on married, cohabiting and divorced adolescents, and GreeneWorks’ research on the pathways and obstacles to leaving child, early, and forced marriage.
Promoting Equitable Learning: Changing Teachers and SystemsYoung Lives Oxford
Presentation by Caine Rolleston, Young Lives' Lead Education Researcher, at the 11th Policy Dialogue Forum -
International Task Force on Teachers, in Montego Bay.
for Education 2030
This presentation by Tanya Barron, Chief Executive Officer of Plan International UK, was delivered as part of the Child Protection panel 'How do we best support young people in situations of adversity?' at the 'Young Lives, child poverty and lessons for the SDGs' conference on 27th June, 2018.
Challenges and Priorities - Child protection and use of evidence to inform po...Young Lives Oxford
This presentation by Cornelius Williams, Associate Director and Global Chief of Child Protection at UNICEF, was delivered as part of the Child Protection panel 'How do we best support young people in situations of adversity?' at the 'Young Lives, child poverty and lessons for the SDGs' conference on 27th June, 2018.
Ensure strong beginnings and support for development from conception to adole...Young Lives Oxford
This presentation by Andy Dawes, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Psychology at the University of Cape Town, was delivered as part of the Child Development panel 'Can we provide food for life and effective education for all?' at the 'Young Lives, child poverty and lessons for the SDGs' conference on 27th June, 2018.
'How can we best support young people in situations of adversity?'Young Lives Oxford
This presentation by Alula Pankhurst, Young Lives Ethiopia Country Director, was delivered as part of the Child Protection panel at the 'Young Lives, child poverty and lessons for the SDGs' conference on 27th June, 2018.
Intersecting inequalities: Evidence from Young Lives IndiaYoung Lives Oxford
This presentation by Renu Singh, Young Lives India Country Director, was delivered as part of the Child Development panel 'Can we provide food for life and effective education for all?' at the 'Young Lives, child poverty and lessons for the SDGs' conference on 27th June, 2018.
Young Lives 2016-17 School Survey: Value-added analysis and school effectivenessYoung Lives Oxford
This slidedeck is from the Young Lives classroom observation sub-study dissemination event held in India on 1 June 2018. The event showcased learnings from the sub-study, and sought to answer questions such as 'where is value added in the classroom?', and 'who is taught by the most effective teachers?'.
A related blog reflecting on this event, written by Rhiannon Moore, is available here: http://younglives.org.uk/node/8694
System Expansion Step Three: Capitalising on Student Talents for a Middle-Inc...Young Lives Oxford
•Progress is strongly strongly linked to factors other than home background.
• Early achievement strongly influences whether students carry on at the expected rate.
• Encouraging enrolment on time and support for students that enrol late could provide smoother progression through the school system.
• To capitalise on talents of all: ensure that all students in the earliest grades reach minimum minimum expectations as a basis for smooth progress.
Beyond the basics: Access and equity in the expansion of post-compulsory scho...Young Lives Oxford
There are still inequities that need to be addressed at all stages of the Vietnamese education system, but we find that home advantage does not become more important than ability over time in determining learning outcomes
Private Schools in India: More Learning, More InequalityYoung Lives Oxford
Caine Rolleston and Rhiannon Moore tackle the following questions: What are the characteristics of children attending different school types? How do learning and learning progress compare across different types of school? How does this change when we include controls for student background? Within private schools, what is the relationship between fees paid and learning gains? Considering all of these things, what are the implications for equity within the Indian education system?
Learn, Grow and Thrive: An agenda to empower rural girls (evidence from the Young Lives study of childhood poverty) presentation at a side event of the Commission on the Status of Women 2018.
For more details of the side event, please see: http://younglives.org.uk/node/8615 and follow @yloxford on Twitter
Key findings from the 2016-17 Young Lives School Survey in VietnamYoung Lives Oxford
Young Lives researchers Caine Rolleston and Padmini Iyer present 'Beyond the Basics: Upper secondary education in Vietnam' based on key findings from the 2016-17 Young Lives school survey launched in Hanoi, 1 December 2017.
Beating the Odds: Why have some children fared well despite growing up in pov...Young Lives Oxford
Young Lives Senior Research Officer Gina Crivello presents on 'Beating the Odds' asking 'Why have some children fared well despite growing up in poverty?' alongside Virginia Morrow at the Global Coalition conference 'Putting Children First: Identifying solutions and taking action to tackle poverty and inequality in Africa' held 23-25 October 2017 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Unequal opportunities: Inequalities in secondary education in India, Vietnam ...Young Lives Oxford
Unequal opportunities: Inequalities in secondary education in India, Vietnam and Ethiopia presentation slides from Rhiannon Moore at TRG Poverty and Education Conference London 27-29 September 'Poverty and Education from the 19th Century to the Present: India and Comparative Perspectives'
Beyond the Basics: Access and equity in the expansion of post-compulsory scho...Young Lives Oxford
Young Lives researchers Padmini Iyer and Caine Rolleston explore access and equity in the expansion of post-compulsory schooling in Vietnam in this presentation delivered at UKFIET 2017, Oxford
Presentation from Rhiannon Moore (Young Lives) and panel discussing teachers' working experiences and capturing data on teachers as professionals, learners and change-makers in low resource contexts
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Social determinants of wellbeing in early adolescence
1. Social determinants of wellbeing in early
adolescence
Young Lives in India
Professor Jo Boyden, University of Oxford
Dr Renu Singh, Young Lives India
@yloxford
@YoungLivesIndia
7. 3. Educational aspirations reflect whole family’s
hopes for poverty-free future
‘Children must not be forced to do
hard work from childhood itself. If
they only study, it’s nice and their
lives will be good.’ Harika (12 years)
a rural girl.
‘If he studies and learns to read, when
he grows up he need not work hard in
the hot sun.’ Mother of Yaswanth (12
years) an OC boy from remote tribal
area.
Yaswanth ‘I just want to lead a simple
life and care of my mother and my self.’
8. 4. Rising school enrolment offers a platform for
engaging adolescents
Source Briones (2017)
9. 5. Most young adolescents are not fulfilling their
potential
11. 7. Poverty, risk and responsibility in early
adolescence shape later trajectories
Predictors of secondary school completion:
•No paid work at 12 years
•Fewer hours of domestic chores (girls)
•Better reading scores at age 8
•Higher self-efficacy at age 12
Predictors of early marriage & adolescent
fertility
•Not enrolled at 15 years
•Lower parental & child aspirations for education
•Parental expectation that daughter would marry before 19
years
•Lower wealth & caregiver aspiration
•Earlier age at menarche
•Having an older brother
Shocks intensify pressures but unevenly.
Adult illness and dowry expenses have long term
consequences for children in the household.
12. 8. Violence is pervasive in the lives of many
children and adolescents
‘If we are not naughty and
listen to what the sirs are
saying… then they don’t beat
us. Some children keep staring
outside the windows then they
beat us’
Now no one stays back
after school Big boys used
to come and sit there, at
the school... Because other
boys come to the school, so
[the girls] don’t come now.
(15 year old girl)
‘My father goes for work and
comes back drunk and beats my
mother. If I go in the middle he
will beat me!.. I want to take my
mother and leave this village…
When I grow up I would like to be
good .. I will love my wife and
not drink liquor or smoke beedi.’
(13 year old boy)
‘I do not like my school, since
the teachers beat me badly.
They beat with a stick on my
back, even if we are sitting
and talking…..’
(Government School student)
13. 9. Poverty and discriminatory gender norms are
mutually reinforcing
Bhavana’s mother did not complete primary school and married at 12.
Bhavana left school after Grade 2 following the death of her father and
the family migrating for seasonal work to Mumbai.
Her mother believed : “It makes no difference whether educated or not educated …
even if she were to be educated, still it not possible to get a job; she might still have
to work; there are no jobs around. Then what’s the point in getting schooled? …I
haven’t seen a single person from this village getting a job and feeding others.’
Interviewer: Do you find any difference in the work done and the life
between you and your mother?
Bhavana: I saw my mother since my childhood … she has been doing hard work
without taking a break even for a day… It is same [for me ... I am also working in the
same way.
Jo: why understanding adolescent well-being (and health) in context of wider lives and over the life courseis important
Why AP and Telangana are relevant for understanding gender and poverty in India?
Use Dercon and Serneels to explore gendered aspirations and outcomes.
Use Dercon and Serneels to explore gendered aspirations and outcomes.
Gender analysis of school enrolment shows that at age 12, the male-female gap for Younger Cohort is almost negligible (0.4 percentage points), and considerably lower than that for the Older Cohort at the same age in 2006, when there was gender gap of 3.3 percentage points.
: boys began to do better in maths and receptive vocabulary tests by age 12. Gaps increase until the age of 15, and then persist. (older cohort).
Stratification of better-off children and boys into private low-fee charging schools is a significant and growing equity issue
Equity
India is the only Young Lives country with systematic bias against girls in learning and enrolment outcomes. Gender disparities grow during early adolescence grow until 15, then persist.
Quality
One in four 12 year-olds in UAP failed to reach the low achievement benchmark for fourth-grade children (aged about 10 years) in maths proficiency.
Decline in maths scores at age 12 between 2006 and 2013.
increase in the percentage of 12 year-olds who were overage at school. Nearly half of 12 year olds overage in 2013: boys, children from poor and SC households, and children whose mothers had less education more likely to be overage.
Note that in other countries – overall girl-boy workload is similar, though they take different roles from adolescence. India is the only country where girls work more overall during early-mid adolescence.
: eg. UAP drought 2002/3: eldest sons in irrigation-farming households reduced work and increase school, the work of girls (both eldest and younger daughters) increased.
Findings reveal that girls from top-wealth tercile households have an 80% predicted probability of completion, in comparison to the 64% predicted probability for girls from bottom-wealth tercile households.
More than 9 in 10 eight-year olds in UAP witnessed a teacher administering corporal punishment in past week.
15 year olds reporting bullying: 22% (physical bullying); 27% (verbal bullying); 28% (indirect bullying); 27% (attacks on property).
Safety on the journey to school for girls –
Earlier we used to be in school [doing homework] but now no one stays back after school... we all decided now in 10th class we return home fast. […] Big boys used to come and sit there, at the school... Because other boys come to the school, so they [the girls] don’t come now. (Harika, UAP)
Experience of violence gendered and changes with age.
18% of 15 year old girls reported avoiding going to school during menstruation. Amongst those who attended school irregularly, 28% cited lack of disposal facilities while 19% cited lack of soap and water as reasons for missing school.