Protozoan, bacterial, and fungal diseases are common in fish. Protozoan diseases include those caused by flagellated protozoans like Ichthyobodo necatur, ciliated protozoans like Ichthyophthirius multifilis which causes white spot disease, and myxozoans like Myxobolus cerebralis which causes whirling disease in salmonids. Common bacterial diseases are furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, colamnaris caused by Flexibacter columnaris, dropsy caused by Pseudomonas punctata, tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium species, and bacterial gill disease caused by Myxobacteria. Major fungal diseases are saprolegn
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
These topic contains global scenario of aquaculture, demand consumption scenario and present status of aquaculture in India. These presentation also contain constraints, future prospects and challenges in aquaculture. Different aquaculture practices throughout the world.
All the freshwater prawns that have been cultured so far belong to the genus Macrobrachium , Bate 1868, the largest genus of the family Palaemonidae. About 200 species have been described, almost all of which live in freshwater at least for part of their life.
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii , was one of the first species to become scientifically known , the first recognizable illustration appearing in 1705. The nomenclature of freshwater prawns, both on a generic and a species level has had quite a muddled history. In the past, generic names have included Cancer (Astacus) and Palaemon. Previous names of M. rosenbergii have included Palaemon carcinus, P. dacqueti and P. rosenbergii ( De Man 1879) became universally accepted.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
There are many diseases of fish which can be troublesome to commercial producers as well as the recreational pond owner. Many disease outbreaks of captive fish stocks are associated with stressful conditions such as poor water quality, excessive crowding or inadequate nutrition.
Aquaculture is the most reliable sector to the providing world nutrias food. It is all depended on the cultivable species. Asian seabass is one of the candidate species for aquaculture because of the wide range of water quality tolerance, growth performance, and consumer preference. The Indian and Western Pacific Oceans are where Asian seabass is found in its natural habitat. It can be cultured in the earthen pond, floating or stationer cages, and recirculating system. Seed resources are available in rivers and lakes of fresh water, but aquaculture is the depending on the hatchery that produces seed because of the superior growth production. In the nursery phase, cannibalism is predominant in Asian seabass cultivation, which will improve via the grading of a shooter. Feeding is one of the important management for good growth performance and reducing cannibalism to give the optimum feed requirements. The growth rate of the Asian seabass is 400-600 g in 4 to 6 months. Asian seabass farmers are suffering from some infectious and non-infection diseases, it will improve via the good management practices of the culture promises. In this review paper, some key points of Asian seabass farming are covered for better understanding.
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
characteristics of mixed stock FisheriesAshish sahu
ne of the key challenges to effective management of mixed-stock fisheries is estimation of the relative contribution of each stock to the harvest. Stock composition analysis uses either mark-recapture techniques or differences in the frequency distributions of population characteristics among stocks to estimate the composition of a mixture of stocks.
All the freshwater prawns that have been cultured so far belong to the genus Macrobrachium , Bate 1868, the largest genus of the family Palaemonidae. About 200 species have been described, almost all of which live in freshwater at least for part of their life.
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii , was one of the first species to become scientifically known , the first recognizable illustration appearing in 1705. The nomenclature of freshwater prawns, both on a generic and a species level has had quite a muddled history. In the past, generic names have included Cancer (Astacus) and Palaemon. Previous names of M. rosenbergii have included Palaemon carcinus, P. dacqueti and P. rosenbergii ( De Man 1879) became universally accepted.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
There are many diseases of fish which can be troublesome to commercial producers as well as the recreational pond owner. Many disease outbreaks of captive fish stocks are associated with stressful conditions such as poor water quality, excessive crowding or inadequate nutrition.
Aquaculture is the most reliable sector to the providing world nutrias food. It is all depended on the cultivable species. Asian seabass is one of the candidate species for aquaculture because of the wide range of water quality tolerance, growth performance, and consumer preference. The Indian and Western Pacific Oceans are where Asian seabass is found in its natural habitat. It can be cultured in the earthen pond, floating or stationer cages, and recirculating system. Seed resources are available in rivers and lakes of fresh water, but aquaculture is the depending on the hatchery that produces seed because of the superior growth production. In the nursery phase, cannibalism is predominant in Asian seabass cultivation, which will improve via the grading of a shooter. Feeding is one of the important management for good growth performance and reducing cannibalism to give the optimum feed requirements. The growth rate of the Asian seabass is 400-600 g in 4 to 6 months. Asian seabass farmers are suffering from some infectious and non-infection diseases, it will improve via the good management practices of the culture promises. In this review paper, some key points of Asian seabass farming are covered for better understanding.
This slide is about a pearl spot fish which includes about its habit, habitat ,morphology, food and feeding, breeding behaviour, hatching, larval rearing, embryonic development, nutritive values, farming practices, seed production and pond preparation...
characteristics of mixed stock FisheriesAshish sahu
ne of the key challenges to effective management of mixed-stock fisheries is estimation of the relative contribution of each stock to the harvest. Stock composition analysis uses either mark-recapture techniques or differences in the frequency distributions of population characteristics among stocks to estimate the composition of a mixture of stocks.
What is bacteria?
Bacteria shape
Types of bacteria
Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Common symptom
Causes
Bacterial disease in fish
Furunculosis
Columnaris
Dropsy
Vibriosis
Tuberculosis
Bacterial gill diseases
Fin rot / tail rot
Life cycle of Protozoan parasite
fish parasite
parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
Mycobacteriosis is a chronic or acute, systemic, granulomatous disease that occurs in aquarium and culture food fish, particularly those reared under intensive conditions. Mycobacteriosis results from infection by several species of Mycobacterium, aerobic, Gram-positive, pleomorphic rods which are members of the order Actinomycetales and family Mycobacteriaceae.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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SMRITI MFSC 2ND.pptx
1. TOPIC– Different types of Fish diseases; Protozoan disease, Bacterial disease and Fungal
disease
SubmittedBy – SmritiBiswas
2. Introduction
Disease is an any harmful deviation from the normal structural or
functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain
signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury.
Fish also get sick and is affected by various kinds of diseases and
pests, mainly in the intensive and commercial fish culture,
resulting in huge loss to the farmers.
Fish diseases are caused by a wide range of infectious organisms,
including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan and metazoan
parasites.
Diseases can be traced to stress, which weakens their immune
systems.
3. Causes and Common symptoms of disease
Symptoms
• Lethargic swimming
• Loss of appetite
• Respiratory distress
• Jumping from the water
• Colour of gills changed
• Fins become frayed
• Patches on the body
• Staying near the water
surface
• Scraping or scratching
themselves against objects
• Weakness
Causes
•Poor water quality
•Fluctuation in temperature
•Improper nutrition
•Access waste deposition
4. Protozoan Disease
Protozoan disease, caused by protozoans. Protozoans
may remain in the host's body for their entire life
cycle or a particular part of their life cycle.
Protozoan disease in fishes are
divided in to three categories -
1)Flagellated Protozoans
2)Ciliated Protozoans
3)Myxozoans
5. 1) Flagellated Protozoans
Ichthyobodo necatur
Flagellated protozoans, very small in size but flat and ovoid when swimming.
Largely affects young and under nourished carp, trout. Uses a sucking
organelle to penetrate host.
Symptoms
Dull spots on body blue slime, pale gills,
haemorrhaging, fin necrosis.
Loss of appetite, flashing.
Control:
Salmonids need prophylaxis with formalin (1:4000 for 1 hr).
carp need 1% salt bath 30 minutes repeated 3-4 times.
6. 2) Ciliates Protozoans
Ichthyophthirius multifilis (ICH)
Single-celled protozoan type, adult is round in shape, up to 1 mm in diameter,
known as “trophont”. This species causes white spot disease in fishes.
Symptoms:
White pustules in advanced cases.
Sometimes called white spot disease if found
on gills, not found on body.
Control:
Difficult to treat.
Chemotherapy requires treating water, not the fish.
Formalin treatment around 250 ppm.
Malachite green 1.25 ppm daily for 30 min.
7. 3) Myxozoans
Myxobolus cerebralis
Exclusively endoparasites, multicellular during adult life. Causative agent of
Whirling disease in salmonids.
Symptoms:
Development in cartilage, usually young fish,
carriers asymptomatic.
fish exhibits tail chasing when feeding or alarmed,
whirling caused by destruction of inner ear by spores
(loss of equilibrium).
Can cause “blacktail” by controlling production of
chromatophores in spinal column, also “pugnose”,
skeletal deformities.
Control: Non-treatable, avoidance critical UV of water, filtration to less than
10 μM.
8. Clinical signs of systemic bacterial disease include lethargy, anorexia,
abnormal swimming patterns/spinning, hemorrhagic lesions on the skin,
abdominal distension, exophthalmia and external ulcerative lesions.
Most bacterial infections are caused by Gram-negative organisms
including the genera -
Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Edwardsiella,
Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and
Vibrio.
Aeromonas is more commonly a pathogen in freshwater fish,
whereas Vibrio usually affects marine fish.
9. 1. Furunculosis
Causative agent – Aeromonas salmonicida
Furunculosis is highly contagious disease that affects fish of all ages. The
infection causes high mortality in salmonids, though some other species
of fish are affected.
TREATMENT
Drain the pond and treat it with slaked lime.
Disinfection may be done with 0.015 % sol. of merthiolate or 0.185 %
sol. of Acriflavin .
Iodine is used to decontaminate the surface of fertilised eggs to prevent
vertical transmission.
Symptoms
Furuncles involving skin and/or muscle
progressing to lesions.
Haemorrhages on the skin, mouth and fin bases.
Bloody discharge from nares/vent, stomach filled with
mucus, blood.
10. 2. Colamnaris (cotton mouth)
Treatment
Add antibiotic in water .
Normally used antibiotics include the chloramphenicol ( 10 ppm
repeated at 2 -5 days interval ) and furance ( o.1 – 0.3 ppm ) in
which the infected fishes with cotton mouth disease are kept for a
long time bath.
Causative Organism: Flexibacter
columnaris/Chondrococcus
columnaris.
•Often mistaken for a fungal infection
because of its mold-like lesions.
•Columnaris is a common bacterial
infection in aquarium fish, particularly
livebearing fish and catfish.
Symptoms
• White spots on mouth, edges
of scales, and fins.
• 'Saddleback' lesion near the
dorsal fin.
11. 3. Dropsy
Symptoms
• Swollen belly and scales stand out.
• Eyes bulge.
• Internal organs are affected, most notably the liver
and kidneys.
• Spine may become curved and finsish hangs near
the surface.
Causative agent- Pseudomonas punctata
• Fish suffering from Dropsy often have a hugely swollen belly.
• It was the most feared disease in carp culture.
Treatment
Removal and complete destruction of fishes. The infected fishes may be cured by a
two minutes dip in 5 mg / KMnO4 sol.
Resistant strains bacteria may be killed by applying streptomycin or chloromycetin or
oxytetracyclin along with supplementary food or by injecting the severely infected
fishes.
12. 4.Tuberculosis
Causative agent - Mycobacterium species. Mycobacterium can be
present in wild caught as well as captive-bred fish and stay
lurking in our aquariums without us ever realizing it.
SYMPTOMS
• Fin rot , waxy coat on body,
ulcer on body.
• Nodules in the internal organs.
• Loss appetite and loss body weight.
• Loss of scales and loss of colours.
Treatment
Dip treatment for one minute in 1 : 2000 copper sulphate solution for 3-
4 days may be useful.
Alternatively the fishes may be destroyed and the pond sterilized with
KMnO4 or with soaked lime restocking.
13. 5. Bacterial gill disease
Causative agent- Myxobacteria
This reduces the ability of the gills to supply oxygen to the blood and results
in mortality if left unchecked.
Symptoms:
Swelling in gill lamellae.
Change in gill colour.
Treatment
Application of antibiotics like neomycin chloramphenicol etc may be
useful in treatment of bacterial gill disease in fishes .
14. Fungi are colourless (no chlorophyll) and heterotroph.
Fungi have eukaryotic cell.
Fungus are responsible for serious an economically
important diesease in Teleosts.
15. 1. SAPROLEGNIASIS
Causative agent: Saprolegnia parasitic, Saprolegnia diclina and Achlya
hoferi are the major etiological agents.
It is fungal disease of fishes and fish eggs caused by member of family
saprolegiaceae.
Symptoms
•The appearance of cotton-like, white to grey
growth on the skin, gills, fins and eyes or eggs of
fish.
•In severe cases, 80% of body may be covered with
fungal growth. In early infections, skin lesions are
gray or white in color.
Treatment and control
Avoiding damage of skin during transportation of fish.
Right kind of food with sufficient amount must be provided to fish.
Over crowding of fish must be prevented.
16. 2. Branchiomycosis (gill rot)
Causative agent: Branchiomyces sanguinis and Branchiomyces
demigrans.
Symptoms:
• Fish become weak in movement.
• There are respiratory distress in infected fish and
fungus develops on or in gill tissue, or penetrates
the blood vessels causing obstruction and necrosis
of gill tissues.
Treatment and control:
Strict sanitation and disinfection are essential for disease control.
Ponds with branchiomycosis should be dried and treated with calcium oxide
or 2 to 3 kg copper sulphate per hectare.
Diseased fish can be treated with malachite green at 0.1mg/l for extended
periods of time or 0.3mg/l for 12 hours.
17. 3. Aspergillomycosis
Causative agent
Infection caused by Aspergillus spp. has increased in the recent
years in fresh water fish.
Symptoms:
•Abdominal distension.
•Darkening of color.
•Fishes showing external symptoms
like white fungoid patches.
Treatment
Salt bath treatment effective in primary stage, authorized
medicines are not available.
18. 4. Ichthyophonosis
Causative agent:
Ichthyophonus hoferi, obligate parasite, spherical or oval in
shape, yellowish-brown and has granulated cytoplasm.
Symptoms
•Fish with slight or moderate infection.
•Fish with advanced infection have rough or
granulomatus skin, the term sandpaper effect is used
to describe the granulomatus appearance.
•Lesions found in the internal organs.
•Infection of liver or kidney lead to abdominal
distension & exophthalmia.
Treatment and control
There are no therapeutic procedures for treatment of
ichthyophonus disease.