Sludge treatment and disposal

Sewage sludge is a byproduct of treated wastewater that contains organic and inorganic materials, requiring proper treatment to minimize environmental impacts. Key treatment methods include thickening, digestion (anaerobic and aerobic), and dewatering, which reduce volume and stabilize organic content. Final disposal options include landfilling, use as soil conditioner (excluding food crop areas), incineration, and the prohibition of ocean dumping.