Prescriptive process models attempt to organize the software development life cycle by defining activities, their order, and relationships. Early models like code-and-fix lacked predictability and manageability. Newer models strive for structure and order to achieve coordination, while allowing for changes as more is learned. However, relying solely on prescriptive models may be inappropriate given the need for change in software development.

1. Chapter 3 Prescriptive Process Models Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6th edition by Roger S. Pressman

2. Software process model Attempt to organize the software life cycle by defining activities involved in software production order of activities and their relationships G oals of a software process standardization, predictability, productivity, high product quality, ability to plan time and budget requirements

3. Code&Fix The earliest approach Write code Fix it to eliminate any errors that have been detected, to enhance existing functionality, or to add new features Source of difficulties and deficiencies impossible to predict impossible to manage

4. Models are needed Symptoms of inadequacy: the software crisis scheduled time and cost exceeded user expectations not met poor quality The size and economic value of software applications required appropriate "process models"

5. Process model goals (B. Boehm 1988) "determine the order of stages involved in software development and evolution, and to establish the transition criteria for progressing from one stage to the next. These include completion criteria for the current stage plus choice criteria and entrance criteria for the next stage. Thus a process model addresses the following software project questions: What shall we do next? How long shall we continue to do it?"

6. Process as a "black box" Quality? Uncertain / Incomplete requirement In the beginning

7. Problems The assumption is that requirements can be fully understood prior to development Interaction with the customer occurs only at the beginning (requirements) and end (after delivery) Unfortunately the assumption almost never holds

8. Process as a "white box"

9. Advantages Reduce risks by improving visibility Allow project changes as the project progresses based on feedback from the customer

10. The main activities of software production They must be performed independently of the model The model simply affects the flow among activities

11. Prescriptive Models That leads to a few questions … If prescriptive process models strive for structure and order, are they inappropriate for a software world that thrives on change? Yet, if we reject traditional process models (and the order they imply) and replace them with something less structured, do we make it impossible to achieve coordination and coherence in software work? Prescriptive process models advocate an orderly approach to software engineering

12. The Waterfall Model

13. Waterfall Model Assumptions 1. The requirements are knowable in advance of implementation. 2. The requirements have no unresolved, high-risk implications e.g., risks due to COTS choices, cost, schedule, performance, safety, security, user interfaces, organizational impacts 3. The nature of the requirements will not change very much During development; during evolution 4. The requirements are compatible with all the key system stakeholders’ expectations e.g., users, customer, developers, maintainers, investors 5. The right architecture for implementing the requirements is well understood. 6. There is enough calendar time to proceed sequentially.

14. Process for Offshore? Deploy Accept. test Analysis Design Construct System test

15. The V Model If we rely on testing alone, defects created first are detected last System Requirements Software Requirements Software Design Software Implementation Unit Testing Integration Testing Software Testing System Testing system test plan software test plan integration plan unit plan Product Release time User Need

16. Incremental Models: Incremental

17. Incremental Models: RAD Model

18. Evolutionary Models: Prototyping

19. Risk Exposure

20. Unified Process Model A software process that is: use-case driven architecture-centric iterative and incremental Closely aligned with the Unified Modeling Language (UML)

21. The Unified Process (UP) inception

22. UP Work Products inception

23. Lifecycle for Enterprise Unified Process inception

24. Synchronize-and Stabilize Model Microsoft’s life-cycle model Requirements analysis—interview potential customers Draw up specifications Divide project into 3 or 4 builds Each build is carried out by small teams working in parallel

25. Synchronize-and Stabilize Model (contd) At the end of the day—synchronize (test and debug) At the end of the build—stabilize (freeze build) Components always work together Get early insights into operation of product

26. Evolutionary Models: The Spiral

27. Spiral Mode l Simplified form Waterfall model plus risk analysis Precede each phase by Alternatives Risk analysis Follow each phase by Evaluation Planning of next phase

28. Simplified Spiral Model If risks cannot be resolved, project is immediately terminated

29. Full Spiral Model Radial dimension: cumulative cost to date Angular dimension: progress through the spiral

30. Full Spiral Model (contd)

31. Analysis of Spiral Model Strengths Easy to judge how much to test No distinction between development, maintenance Weaknesses For large-scale software only For internal (in-house) software only

32. Object-Oriented Life-Cycle Models Need for iteration within and between phases Fountain model Recursive/parallel life cycle Round-trip gestalt Unified software development process All incorporate some form of Iteration Parallelism Incremental development Danger CABTAB

33. Fountain Model Features Overlap (parallelism) Arrows (iteration) Smaller maintenance circle

34. Software Process Spectrum XP SCRUM DSDM FDD RUP dX ICONIX Crystal Clear Crystal Violet EUP OPEN lightweight heavyweight middleweight

35. Conclusions Different life-cycle models Each with own strengths Each with own weaknesses Criteria for deciding on a model include The organization Its management Skills of the employees The nature of the product Best suggestion “ Mix-and-match” life-cycle model

36. Model Driven Architecture

37. What is MDA in essence? Automated approach to translate high level design to low level implementation by means of separation of concerns From high-level model to running application Risk proportional to expectations!

38. Finding the “right” language Assembler 3GL IDEs & 4GL Model Driven Architecture Computer Hardware Developer Automation Abstraction

39. “ You should use iterative development only on projects you want to succeed” Martin Fowler

40. Model Driven Architecture Can you actually have incremental MDA? Or is it automated waterfall? Need rigorous models Need high quality requirements Capture requirements Understand requirements

41. MDA or Offshore? Automation versus reduce cost of labor Objectives Reduce required intelligence Increase repetition Goal Reduce costs of development