IntroductionSeveral economic types of research have demonstrat.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Several economic types of research have demonstrated that there is a strong positive correlation between years of schooling and health. However, the main question centered in this study is the relationship that exists between education and Health (Buckles, et al.2013). This paper will employ several changes that have been made in education and health studies to test the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between education and health. Results from this study suggest that there is a causal relation ranging from more schooling to better health, which is more significant than the standards regression suggestions
Description
Public intellectuals and policymakers usually emphasize the essence of education. They argue that education results in expanded job opportunities and higher expected earnings. However, there may be other essential benefits of education, which have not been understood appropriately. Recent economic literature reviews on the effects of education on the health of a population found out that there is substantial evidence that links education not only to increase earning potential of an individual but also to reduce criminal behavior. This is also related to increased voting as well as democratic participation and improved health outcomes. Given the fact that education is a crucial multifaceted component that affects health; the research composed in this paper has education and health policy makers, as its targets audiences due to the multiple causative relationships between the two variables. The ability of policymakers and the governments to understand the Education- Health relationship would help them whenever deciding on whether to invest more in education or healthcare.
.
Literature Review
With the current empirical economics, hypotheses usually go either way, depending on the economist’s perspective. One might assume that better education leads to better health or better health lead to a better education. Or maybe the fact that education brings more income thus betters health; versus better health helping individuals become more educated. But one thing that we could all agree on is the fact that education correlates with health. Education is one of the major social factors that most economic researchers have cited that is linked to longer lifespans in every country where it has been studied. For example; according to the CDC: for every 100,000 deaths amongst non-high school graduate American males aged between 25 to 64 years old, the mortality rate was 655.2; for the males within the same age group but with high-school diplomas, the mortality rate is 600.9. Whereas; the mortality rate for those with college education or higher given the same parameters was 238.9(Martinek, 2017). Such results are a pure reflection of the fact that the more educated people are, the more likely they are better informed thus making better health choices.
Alternatively, health in young adulthood and childhood years may .
Student ProfileThe student profile will serve as an introduction.docxorlandov3
Student Profile
The student profile will serve as an introduction of the student to the Professor.
In a double spaced, one page essay, please tell me about your academic background, major, career goals, favorite subjects, learning style (visual/audio learner), etc. Add anything else that you think would be pertinent for a new professor to know about you before taking this class.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Essay Writing Rules:
When writing these essays, please refer to the fatal writing flaws included below. Late papers will never be accepted. You have plenty of warning on when the papers are due, so take into the account the possibility of an emergency and get it done early. For example, your internet being down at the time it is due is NOT a valid excuse. Each essay carries 15 points and only 3 best will be counted into your final grade. Fatal Writing Flaws
In grading writing submissions, when the “fifth” of any combination of the “flaws” listed below is reached, your paper will be returned with a failing grade. You are strongly encouraged to use the ReWrite Connection on campus to help prevent committing these writing mistakes.
1. Subject/Verb Agreement
2. Rambling/Run-On Sentences
3. Grammatical Errors
4. Poor Sentence Structure
5. Pervasive Spelling Errors (more than a couple typos)
6. Informal or Inappropriate Language
7. No Conclusion
July/August 2015 Corrections Today — 41
Kerry Kuehl, M.D., Dr.P.H., was the lead investigator
in the NIOSH-funded “Safety and Health Improve-
ment: Enhancing Law Enforcement Departments”
study,7 which established an evidence-based safety
and health program for municipal and county law
enforcement officers. It was natural to extend that
work to COs. An initial step compared survey find-
ings from COs at prisons of different security levels
in an effort to characterize staff and use that informa-
tion to match facilities in a prospective trial of a pro-
gram to improve COs’ TWH. Despite similar years on
the job across sites, stress levels, body weight, alco-
hol intake and sick days all increased as the security
level intensified. However, even at the minimum-
security sites, COs had higher body weights and
more cardiovascular risk factors than the average
police officer. Findings pointed to a gradient of
increasing stress relating to greater health problems.
Tim Morse, Ph.D., and colleagues from the Cen-
ter for Promoting Health in the New England Work-
place (CPH-NEW) used surveys, focus groups and
physical assessments to understand the health of
COs from two prisons.8 Morse and his colleagues
found COs had more obesity than the U.S. aver-
age. Only 15 percent of COs were in the normal
weight range, about half what is found in the gen-
eral adult population. The COs’ interview data was
remarkable for findings of stress relating to poor
dietary habits and barriers to regular exercise.
Kuehl’s subsequent study among .
Running Head INITIAL PROPOSAL1INITIAL PROPOSAL6.docxcowinhelen
This document discusses a student's initial proposal for a project aimed at reducing mortality rates in the United States. It begins by reviewing studies showing that US life expectancy lags internationally despite high healthcare spending. The proposal then lists SMART objectives focused on reducing cancer, readmission, smoking, obesity, and heart disease rates. It outlines team members, background research sources, and the current/ideal states of healthcare in the US. Methods for establishing measures, selecting changes, and testing changes via the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle are also presented. The proposal aims to reduce mortality rates in the US through public education and improving healthcare quality and behaviors.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxssuser562afc1
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxkarlhennesey
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi ...
A realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments...Araz Taeihagh
Abstract
Background
Child and maternal health, a key marker of overall health system performance, is a policy priority area by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, including the Sustainable Development Goals. Previous realist work has linked child and maternal health outcomes to globalization, political tradition, and the welfare state. It is important to explore the role of other key policy-related factors. This paper presents a realist synthesis, categorising policy instruments according to the established NATO model, to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies assessing the relationships between policy instruments and child and maternal health outcomes. Data were analysed using a realist framework. The first stage of the realist analysis process was to generate micro-theoretical initial programme theories for use in the theory adjudication process. Proposed theories were then adjudicated iteratively to produce a set of final programme theories.
Findings
From a total of 43,415 unique records, 632 records proceeded to full-text screening and 138 papers were included in the review. Evidence from 132 studies was available to address this research question. Studies were published from 1995 to 2021; 76% assessed a single country, and 81% analysed data at the ecological level. Eighty-eight initial candidate programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, five final programme theories were supported. According to the NATO model, these were related to treasure, organisation, authority-treasure, and treasure-organisation instrument types.
Conclusions
This paper presents a realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes from a large, systematically identified international body of evidence. Five final programme theories were supported, showing how policy instruments play an important yet context-dependent role in influencing child and maternal health outcomes.
This document is a thesis submitted by Yi Liu to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree. The thesis examines the relationship between health care expenditures and various health outcomes using data from 12 Midwestern U.S. states over an 11-year period from 1999-2009. Prior studies on this topic have found mixed results, which the author attributes to differences in data and methodological approaches. The thesis will analyze the effect of health care spending and other determinants like income, lifestyle factors, and demographics on several measures of health outcomes.
Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and un...Henar Rebollo Rodrigo
This document summarizes projections of global health spending from 2015 to 2040 under different scenarios. The main findings are:
1) Global health spending is projected to increase from $10 trillion in 2015 to $20 trillion in 2040 under the reference scenario.
2) Per capita health spending is projected to increase the fastest in upper-middle-income countries, followed by lower-middle-income and low-income countries.
3) Despite overall growth, per capita health spending in 2040 is projected to range from only $40-$413 in low-income countries and $140-$1699 in lower-middle-income countries.
4) The share of health spending covered by pooled resources (government
IntroductionSeveral economic types of research have demonstrat.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
Several economic types of research have demonstrated that there is a strong positive correlation between years of schooling and health. However, the main question centered in this study is the relationship that exists between education and Health (Buckles, et al.2013). This paper will employ several changes that have been made in education and health studies to test the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between education and health. Results from this study suggest that there is a causal relation ranging from more schooling to better health, which is more significant than the standards regression suggestions
Description
Public intellectuals and policymakers usually emphasize the essence of education. They argue that education results in expanded job opportunities and higher expected earnings. However, there may be other essential benefits of education, which have not been understood appropriately. Recent economic literature reviews on the effects of education on the health of a population found out that there is substantial evidence that links education not only to increase earning potential of an individual but also to reduce criminal behavior. This is also related to increased voting as well as democratic participation and improved health outcomes. Given the fact that education is a crucial multifaceted component that affects health; the research composed in this paper has education and health policy makers, as its targets audiences due to the multiple causative relationships between the two variables. The ability of policymakers and the governments to understand the Education- Health relationship would help them whenever deciding on whether to invest more in education or healthcare.
.
Literature Review
With the current empirical economics, hypotheses usually go either way, depending on the economist’s perspective. One might assume that better education leads to better health or better health lead to a better education. Or maybe the fact that education brings more income thus betters health; versus better health helping individuals become more educated. But one thing that we could all agree on is the fact that education correlates with health. Education is one of the major social factors that most economic researchers have cited that is linked to longer lifespans in every country where it has been studied. For example; according to the CDC: for every 100,000 deaths amongst non-high school graduate American males aged between 25 to 64 years old, the mortality rate was 655.2; for the males within the same age group but with high-school diplomas, the mortality rate is 600.9. Whereas; the mortality rate for those with college education or higher given the same parameters was 238.9(Martinek, 2017). Such results are a pure reflection of the fact that the more educated people are, the more likely they are better informed thus making better health choices.
Alternatively, health in young adulthood and childhood years may .
Student ProfileThe student profile will serve as an introduction.docxorlandov3
Student Profile
The student profile will serve as an introduction of the student to the Professor.
In a double spaced, one page essay, please tell me about your academic background, major, career goals, favorite subjects, learning style (visual/audio learner), etc. Add anything else that you think would be pertinent for a new professor to know about you before taking this class.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Essay Writing Rules:
When writing these essays, please refer to the fatal writing flaws included below. Late papers will never be accepted. You have plenty of warning on when the papers are due, so take into the account the possibility of an emergency and get it done early. For example, your internet being down at the time it is due is NOT a valid excuse. Each essay carries 15 points and only 3 best will be counted into your final grade. Fatal Writing Flaws
In grading writing submissions, when the “fifth” of any combination of the “flaws” listed below is reached, your paper will be returned with a failing grade. You are strongly encouraged to use the ReWrite Connection on campus to help prevent committing these writing mistakes.
1. Subject/Verb Agreement
2. Rambling/Run-On Sentences
3. Grammatical Errors
4. Poor Sentence Structure
5. Pervasive Spelling Errors (more than a couple typos)
6. Informal or Inappropriate Language
7. No Conclusion
July/August 2015 Corrections Today — 41
Kerry Kuehl, M.D., Dr.P.H., was the lead investigator
in the NIOSH-funded “Safety and Health Improve-
ment: Enhancing Law Enforcement Departments”
study,7 which established an evidence-based safety
and health program for municipal and county law
enforcement officers. It was natural to extend that
work to COs. An initial step compared survey find-
ings from COs at prisons of different security levels
in an effort to characterize staff and use that informa-
tion to match facilities in a prospective trial of a pro-
gram to improve COs’ TWH. Despite similar years on
the job across sites, stress levels, body weight, alco-
hol intake and sick days all increased as the security
level intensified. However, even at the minimum-
security sites, COs had higher body weights and
more cardiovascular risk factors than the average
police officer. Findings pointed to a gradient of
increasing stress relating to greater health problems.
Tim Morse, Ph.D., and colleagues from the Cen-
ter for Promoting Health in the New England Work-
place (CPH-NEW) used surveys, focus groups and
physical assessments to understand the health of
COs from two prisons.8 Morse and his colleagues
found COs had more obesity than the U.S. aver-
age. Only 15 percent of COs were in the normal
weight range, about half what is found in the gen-
eral adult population. The COs’ interview data was
remarkable for findings of stress relating to poor
dietary habits and barriers to regular exercise.
Kuehl’s subsequent study among .
Running Head INITIAL PROPOSAL1INITIAL PROPOSAL6.docxcowinhelen
This document discusses a student's initial proposal for a project aimed at reducing mortality rates in the United States. It begins by reviewing studies showing that US life expectancy lags internationally despite high healthcare spending. The proposal then lists SMART objectives focused on reducing cancer, readmission, smoking, obesity, and heart disease rates. It outlines team members, background research sources, and the current/ideal states of healthcare in the US. Methods for establishing measures, selecting changes, and testing changes via the Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle are also presented. The proposal aims to reduce mortality rates in the US through public education and improving healthcare quality and behaviors.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxssuser562afc1
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi.
Part 1 Interest RatesMacroeconomic factors that influence inter.docxkarlhennesey
Part 1: Interest Rates
Macroeconomic factors that influence interest rates in general
The variables influencing microfinance interest rates for MFIs can be characterized into two general gatherings: 1) interior – the components MFIs can impact: for example work costs, specialized help, creations; or 2) outer – political risks, full scale factors, authoritative risk, and four fundamental parts reflected in the microfinance interest rates: working costs, cost of assets, advance misfortune costs, and benefit. Working expenses speak to around 60 % of the all out MFI costs and generally rely upon the credit size, age, area and customer's appraising, and so on.
Macroeconomic factors is your industry most sensitive
Like most businesses, the carrier business is affected by the monetary cycle's pinnacles and troughs. The present development in created economies—like the U.S. that is driven by the extricating money related strategy—has brought about an ascent in business certainty, mechanical creation, and universal exchange.
Impacts on the interest rates experienced within your chosen industry
In any industry, the economy assumes a urgent job that incorporates the general development of the division, and common flight, with the ever-developing interest, is no special case. To give a major picture, Airbus GMF 2016 evaluations the 20-year interest for new traveler and cargo airplane to be a little more than 33,000 airplane comprising a market estimation of over USD $5.2 trillion underlining and setting up the effect of market development.
Part 2: Stock Valuation, Risk and Returns
Stock Valuation. As indicated by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (or BEA), the genuine total national output (or GDP) expanded 4% every year in 2Q14 in the wake of diminishing 2.1% in 1Q14. With financial and modern development, work rates have expanded. This has prompted higher genuine extra cash.
From Video
My company doesn't have stocks right now, so I'll use Costco Wholesale as an example to explain the stock valuation. Future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions formula:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
P0 = Stock Price;
Div1= Estimated dividends for the next period;
r = Required Rate of Return;
g = Growth Rate
In this formula, we need to know the value of estimated dividends for the next period; required rate and return as well as growth rate. Let’s get each number individually.
g: Growth Rate = Retention Ratio x ROE
0.52 x 0.24 = 0.1248
r: Required Rate of Return.
R = D / P0 + g
0.65 / 296.09 + 0.1248 = 0.1269
Div1: Estimated dividends for the next period is 65c. Therefore, the future Costco Wholesale Corp stock predictions are:
P0 = Div1 / (r – g)
0.65 / 0.0021 = $309.52
The present stock worth and the assessed stock worth utilizing the Dividend Discount Model is higher on account of the contenders are attempting to get into the membership segment showcase. Likewise, Amazon and Sam's club have improved their online store distribution centers. So all in all, financing an organi ...
A realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments...Araz Taeihagh
Abstract
Background
Child and maternal health, a key marker of overall health system performance, is a policy priority area by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, including the Sustainable Development Goals. Previous realist work has linked child and maternal health outcomes to globalization, political tradition, and the welfare state. It is important to explore the role of other key policy-related factors. This paper presents a realist synthesis, categorising policy instruments according to the established NATO model, to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes.
Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies assessing the relationships between policy instruments and child and maternal health outcomes. Data were analysed using a realist framework. The first stage of the realist analysis process was to generate micro-theoretical initial programme theories for use in the theory adjudication process. Proposed theories were then adjudicated iteratively to produce a set of final programme theories.
Findings
From a total of 43,415 unique records, 632 records proceeded to full-text screening and 138 papers were included in the review. Evidence from 132 studies was available to address this research question. Studies were published from 1995 to 2021; 76% assessed a single country, and 81% analysed data at the ecological level. Eighty-eight initial candidate programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, five final programme theories were supported. According to the NATO model, these were related to treasure, organisation, authority-treasure, and treasure-organisation instrument types.
Conclusions
This paper presents a realist synthesis to develop an explanatory model of how policy instruments impact child and maternal health outcomes from a large, systematically identified international body of evidence. Five final programme theories were supported, showing how policy instruments play an important yet context-dependent role in influencing child and maternal health outcomes.
This document is a thesis submitted by Yi Liu to the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree. The thesis examines the relationship between health care expenditures and various health outcomes using data from 12 Midwestern U.S. states over an 11-year period from 1999-2009. Prior studies on this topic have found mixed results, which the author attributes to differences in data and methodological approaches. The thesis will analyze the effect of health care spending and other determinants like income, lifestyle factors, and demographics on several measures of health outcomes.
Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and un...Henar Rebollo Rodrigo
This document summarizes projections of global health spending from 2015 to 2040 under different scenarios. The main findings are:
1) Global health spending is projected to increase from $10 trillion in 2015 to $20 trillion in 2040 under the reference scenario.
2) Per capita health spending is projected to increase the fastest in upper-middle-income countries, followed by lower-middle-income and low-income countries.
3) Despite overall growth, per capita health spending in 2040 is projected to range from only $40-$413 in low-income countries and $140-$1699 in lower-middle-income countries.
4) The share of health spending covered by pooled resources (government
Fuzzy Bi-Objective Preventive Health Care Network DesignGurdal Ertek
Preventive healthcare is unlike healthcare for a cute ailments, as people are less alert to their unknown medical problems.In order to motivate public and to attain desired participation levels for preventive programs,the attractiveness of the healthcare facility is a major concern.Health economics literature indicates that attractiveness to a facility is significantly influenced by proximity of the clients to it.Hence attractiveness is generally modeled as a function of distance.However, abundant empirical evidence suggests that other qualitative factors such as perceived quality, attractions nearby, amenities, etc. also influence attractiveness. Therefore, are alistic measures hould in corporate the vagueness in the concept of attractiveness to the model.The public policymakers should also maintain the equity among various neighborhoods, which should be considered as a second objective.Finally, even though general tendency in the literature is to focus on health benefits,the cost effectiveness is still a factor that should be considered.In this paper,a fuzzy bi-objective model with budget constraints of the problem is developed.Later,by modelling the attractiveness by means of fuzzy triangular numbers and treating the budget constraint as a soft constraint, a modified (and more realistic)version of the model is introduced. Two solution methodologies, namely fuzzy goal programming and fuzzy chance constrained optimization are proposed as solutions.Both the original and the modified models are solved within the framework of a case study in Istanbul,Turkey.In the case study,the Microsoft Bing Map is utilized in order to determine more accurate distance measures among the nodes.
http://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10729-014-9293-z
Economists analyze education as an economic system where resources like funding, buildings, and teachers are scarce. This requires policymakers to decide how much to spend on each level of education, how to deliver it efficiently, and who has access. Economic theory aims to establish facts about the system and inform values in decision-making. Society should arrange education to be efficiently produced and distributed equitably. However, expanding some levels of education may come at the opportunity cost of others due to scarce resources.
This document summarizes a review of published literature on the effects of high school start times on sleep and other outcomes. The review identified 18 relevant studies, including 10 cross-sectional studies and 8 prospective cohort studies. Meta-analyses found that later school start times, particularly over 60 minutes later, were associated with longer sleep durations on school nights, reduced daytime sleepiness, and smaller differences between school night and weekend night sleep. The evidence for effects on academic performance is less conclusive. Overall, the review found some benefits of delayed school start times but noted limitations in the quality of evidence.
An investigation of the relation between life expectancy & socioeconomic vari...Pronoy Roy
This paper explores which socioeconomic variables have the most impact on life expectancy and what necessary steps should be taken to achieve Bangladesh's SDG goals quickly.
1. Country is Egypt2. Review the grading rubric carefully prior TatianaMajor22
1. Country is Egypt
2. Review the grading rubric carefully prior to beginning to work, and frequently throughout the process.
3. Professional grammar, mechanics, and APA format and style are expected. Maintain a professional and academic tone.
4. Create a proposal for an evidence-based practice project that fully conforms to APA guidelines and uses the following level one headings (in the order provided and without the page numbers or clarifying information below). Additional headings are not permissible. A title page is required. The provided page limits must be adhered to. The total paper will be 8 pages not counting the title page or references. Identify an interprofessional healthcare disparity related to that country and develop an EBP project proposal to improve that disparity in the identified country. Do not create a research project--use appropriate EBP terminology.
5. Per APA guidelines, repeat the title of the paper on the first line of the first page of the body of the paper, followed by the introduction. (1/2 page)
6. Overview of Country (1/2-1 page). This sections provides an overview of/introduction to the country
7. Description of Healthcare System (1/2-1 page). This section provides a detailed description of the type of healthcare system, it's strengths and weaknesses, and pertinent additional information.
8. Identification of Healthcare Disparity (interprofessional) (1/2-1 page). This section identifies a healthcare disparity faced by this country. The disparity must be amenable to improvement through an evidence-based practice (EBP) project.
9. PICOT Question (1/2 page). This section states the PICOT question that will guide the evidence review for your EBP project. The PICOT must be in full PICOT format (the P before the I before the C, etc). State the PICOT in a single sentence and then provide operational definitions for each of the PICOT elements. Ensure the writing conforms to APA guidelines and flows well.
10. Evidence-Review (1-2 pages of at least 5 research studies). Provide a synthesis of the evidence review. This is not a study by study summary, but instead an integrative synthesis of the findings that seeks to answer the PICOT question. Provide the answer to the PICOT question in the final paragraph of this section.
11. Interprofessional Approach to Improve the Healthcare Disparity (1-2 pages). How will this EBP project focus on an interprofessional approach to improve the healthcare disparity to be improved? Be specific? Include at least three different healthcare disciplines that will be involved and state how the healthcare disparity benefits from each disciplines expertise.
12. Stakeholders & Overcoming Barriers (1 page). Who are the major stakeholders in this EBP project? How will their support be gained? What barriers must be overcome to make the project a reality?
13. Funding and Sustainability (1/2 page). What are the costs associated with this EBP project and how will funding be gained? How will ...
Linking political exposures to child and maternal health outcomes a realist r...Araz Taeihagh
Background: Conceptual and theoretical links between politics and public health are longstanding. Internationally comparative systematic review evidence has shown links between four key political exposures – the welfare state, political tradition, democracy and globalisation – on population health outcomes. However, the pathways through which these influences may operate have not been systematically appraised. Therefore, focusing on child and maternal health outcomes, we present a realist re-analysis of the dataset from a recent systematic review.
Methods: The database from a recent systematic review on the political determinants of health was used as the data source for this realist review. Included studies from the systematic review were re-evaluated and those relating to child and/or maternal health outcomes were included in the realist synthesis. Initial programme theories were generated through realist engagement with the prior systematic review. These programme theories were adjudicated and refined through detailed engagement with the evidence base using a realist re-synthesis involving two independent reviewers. The revised theories that best corresponded to the evidence base formed the final programme theories.
Results: Out of the 176 included studies from the systematic review, a total of 67 included child and/or maternal health outcomes and were included in the realist re-analysis. Sixty-three of these studies were ecological and data were collected between 1950 and 2014. Six initial programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, three theories in revised form were supported and formed the final programme theories. These related to a more generous welfare state leading to better child and maternal health especially in developed countries through progressive social welfare policies, left-of-centre political tradition leading to lower child mortality and low birth weight especially in developed countries through greater focus on welfare measures, and increased globalisation leading to greater child and infant mortality and youth smoking rates in LMECs through greater influence of multinational corporations and neoliberal trade organisations.
Conclusion: We present a realist re-analysis of a large systematically identified body of evidence on how four key political exposures – the welfare state, democracy, political tradition and globalisation – relate to child and maternal health outcomes. Three final programme theories were supported.
Keywords: Child health, Maternal health, Health policy, International health, Politics, Realist synthesis
The document provides an overview of life course theory and its application to maternal and child health. It discusses the five principles of life course theory - life span development, human agency, timing, linked lives, and historical time and place. It also covers three key concepts - trajectories, transitions, and turning points. The document then discusses how life course theory has been applied to areas like preconception health, adverse childhood experiences, and fetal origins of adult disease. It concludes by discussing the implications for policy and practice, including how adopting a life course perspective would require changes to policy focus and targets.
This document outlines the requirements for an assignment on preparing a state-of-the-science review of the literature. It includes instructions on writing an abstract, conducting a literature review, and developing a quality improvement plan. The literature review must analyze at least 6 scholarly sources to identify gaps in influenza vaccination rates. A sample quality improvement plan proposes using text messages to remind patients aged 30-70 to get their yearly flu shot, potentially increasing vaccination rates.
· Independent Design Project Literature Review and Research Log .docxodiliagilby
· Independent Design Project: Literature Review and Research Log: Entry 4
Literature Review and Research Log
Independent Design Project
Continue research for your independent design project paper by determining the application of advanced state-of-the-art robotics in relation to your design. Use these references to update or modify your design as necessary. Identify how your design reflects applicable categories of advanced state-of-the-art robotics.
Create a new entry to your research log (Module 4) and enter each reference you found relating to the application of robotic fundamentals (at least five). Place these references in alphabetical order, in the proper current APA format, with a brief description of the resource and its applicability.
Be sure to keep these files for use when you complete your week 9 final design project. You will need to add any applicable items from these logs to your final project.
The title for this Special Section is Developmental Research and Translational
Science: Evidence-Based Interventions for At-Risk Youth and Families, edited by
Suniya S. Luthar and Nancy Eisenberg
Processes of Early Childhood Interventions to Adult Well-Being
Arthur J. Reynolds, Suh-Ruu Ou, Christina F. Mondi, and Momoko Hayakawa
University of Minnesota
This article describes the contributions of cognitive–scholastic advantage, family support behavior, and school
quality and support as processes through which early childhood interventions promote well-being. Evidence
in support of these processes is from longitudinal cohort studies of the Child–Parent Centers and other pre-
ventive interventions beginning by age 4. Relatively large effects of participation have been documented for
school readiness skills at age 5, parent involvement, K-12 achievement, remedial education, educational attain-
ment, and crime prevention. The three processes account for up to half of the program impacts on well-being.
They also help to explain the positive economic returns of many effective programs. The generalizability of
these processes is supported by a sizable knowledge base, including a scale up of the Child–Parent Centers.
Growing evidence that early childhood experiences
can improve adult well-being and reduce educa-
tional disparities has increased attention to preven-
tion (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Power, Kuh, &
Morton, 2013). Early disparities between high- and
low-income groups are evident in school readiness
skills, which increase substantially over time in
rates of achievement proficiency, delinquency, and
educational attainment (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014;
O’Connell, Boat, & Warner, 2009). In this article, we
review evidence for three major processes by which
early childhood interventions (ECIs) promote well-
being and reduce problem behaviors. These are (a)
cognitive advantage, (b) family support behavior
(FS), and (c) school quality and support (SS).
The accumulated research widely supports these
processes as critical targets o ...
Social Health Insurance vs. Tax-Financed Health Systems—Evidence from the OECDEyesWideOpen2008
A WHO study that proves that Social Health Insurance healthcare systems DO NOT WORK.
It increases costs, have no positive effect on national health, and even has negative effects on employment and some areas of health.
This document discusses the future of sleep medicine in the US. It notes that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent but largely undiagnosed and untreated, affecting around 30 million people in the US. Current insurance policies require board-certified sleep specialists for reimbursement, but the number of these specialists is declining rapidly. To address the gaps in care, the document proposes increasing training in sleep medicine for pulmonologists, relaxing board certification requirements, simplifying equipment regulations, and enhancing training for general clinicians to manage uncomplicated OSA cases. It also calls for improving training pathways for future sleep scientists and clinicians to ensure the next generation of leaders in the field.
This document discusses healthcare reform and cost control in the United States. It notes that the US spends a large portion of its GDP on healthcare but ranks lower than other countries on quality, access, efficiency and health outcomes. It identifies several ways to reduce costs such as reducing risks for certain conditions and increasing competition. It also discusses the Affordable Care Act and how it aims to expand access to insurance coverage and emphasizes preventative care. Recommendations include implementing preventative health education and care process models to improve outcomes and reduce costs.
This document discusses several economic issues related to healthcare management. It introduces concepts like cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which balances costs and benefits of different options to find the most efficient solution. Cost-effectiveness analysis measures costs and outcomes to determine the best use of limited resources. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are used to compare health outcomes and longevity. The Affordable Care Act has introduced new regulations and externalities that impact hospitals' costs and ability to focus on patient outcomes. Discounting is used to determine the present value of future healthcare costs and human lives, which raises ethical issues. Overall lifestyle and preventative education should be priorities to improve population health and efficiently allocate healthcare budgets.
This document summarizes a working paper that studies the effects of Luxembourg's 2009 expansion of subsidized childcare access through a universal childcare voucher. The voucher aimed to increase the use of formal childcare and support parental employment. Using a differences-in-differences strategy with longitudinal data, the paper finds that in response to more affordable childcare, maternal employment increased by 4-7 percentage points and hours worked rose by about 3 hours per week. Parents with younger children under age 3 were more likely to use daycare for longer hours, with no change in informal care use, suggesting no crowding out of existing arrangements. The results provide evidence that expanding access to existing subsidized childcare can effectively increase maternal employment, especially
A review on childhood disability and its direct and indirect cost to familiesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a review article on the direct and indirect costs of childhood disability on families. It discusses two relevant areas of economic theory: 1) how health in childhood affects future human capital and economic outcomes, and 2) how childhood disability impacts family labor supply and consumption decisions. The review examines empirical literature on the relationship between childhood disability and contemporaneous family costs as well as future outcomes. It aims to aggregate costs of childhood disability, including costs to public programs in the United States.
Health and wellness in the workplace - interactive white paperSteven Fidgeon
Employers will play an increasingly important role in addressing employee health issues as chronic disease shifts to affect younger workers and costs rise. While challenges exist, opportunities do as well - employers can use health analytics to understand risks and drive strategy. New technologies also allow greater engagement with employees to promote healthy behaviors in the workplace. A focus on prevention and wellness can help achieve sustainable healthcare costs versus just treating illness.
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic a.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic and there attachment carefully and summarize
1-Mon Oct 28: The Conflict over Religious Authority in Post-Safavid Iran
Attached Files:
Attachment : Momen Akhbari School (1).pdf
Moojan Momen,
An Introduction to Shi’i Islam,
ch.6, 12.
2- Wed Oct 30: Imperial Reform Movements
Attached Files:
Tanzimat Decree (1).pdf
Tobacco Concession (2)pdf
25 Reform Movements (3) pptx
Cleveland,
Modern Middle East,
ch.5-6
Primary Sources:
Gulhane Edict (1839)
Hatt-i Humayun (1856)
Tobacco Concession
3- Fri Nov 1: Social and Intellectual Movements in the Early 20th Century
Attached Files:
alAfghani (1)
Abduh Theology of Unity (2)
.
Write a page discussing why you believe PMI is focusing BA as the fi.docxedgar6wallace88877
PMI focuses business analysis as the first step in the project management model because understanding requirements upfront helps define the scope and prevent issues down the road. Poor business analysis can negatively impact a project's success if the wrong objectives are identified or user needs aren't understood correctly. Validating ideas with citations is important to support opinions on why analysis is important for setting projects up for success.
Write a page of personal reflection of your present leadership compe.docxedgar6wallace88877
This document asks the reader to write a journal entry reflecting on their present leadership competencies, possible adjustments to their leadership approach, and how it relates to concepts of communication, leadership, and power and politics. The reflection should demonstrate a high level of understanding by adequately integrating authoritative sources with in-text citations in APA format.
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personalit.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personality Model against the MBTI. Attached some info below.
Based on what you have learned thus far, how might the MBTI lack for strong supporting evidence as opposed to the Big Five Model? Thoroughly explain.
After doing so discuss how the Big Five Traits could predict behavior at your place of employment. What could be some advantage of doing so?
What might be some disadvantages? Thoroughly explain.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with intext citations and references in APA format.
.
Write a page of research and discuss an innovation that includes mul.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page of research and discuss an innovation that includes multiple innovation types (per Keely). Discuss the types of innovation involved and comment on how you feel this combination could potentially create a sustainable competitive advantage for the business. Be sure to include references in APA format with intext citations.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457Contents lists available at S.docx
Fuzzy Bi-Objective Preventive Health Care Network DesignGurdal Ertek
Preventive healthcare is unlike healthcare for a cute ailments, as people are less alert to their unknown medical problems.In order to motivate public and to attain desired participation levels for preventive programs,the attractiveness of the healthcare facility is a major concern.Health economics literature indicates that attractiveness to a facility is significantly influenced by proximity of the clients to it.Hence attractiveness is generally modeled as a function of distance.However, abundant empirical evidence suggests that other qualitative factors such as perceived quality, attractions nearby, amenities, etc. also influence attractiveness. Therefore, are alistic measures hould in corporate the vagueness in the concept of attractiveness to the model.The public policymakers should also maintain the equity among various neighborhoods, which should be considered as a second objective.Finally, even though general tendency in the literature is to focus on health benefits,the cost effectiveness is still a factor that should be considered.In this paper,a fuzzy bi-objective model with budget constraints of the problem is developed.Later,by modelling the attractiveness by means of fuzzy triangular numbers and treating the budget constraint as a soft constraint, a modified (and more realistic)version of the model is introduced. Two solution methodologies, namely fuzzy goal programming and fuzzy chance constrained optimization are proposed as solutions.Both the original and the modified models are solved within the framework of a case study in Istanbul,Turkey.In the case study,the Microsoft Bing Map is utilized in order to determine more accurate distance measures among the nodes.
http://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10729-014-9293-z
Economists analyze education as an economic system where resources like funding, buildings, and teachers are scarce. This requires policymakers to decide how much to spend on each level of education, how to deliver it efficiently, and who has access. Economic theory aims to establish facts about the system and inform values in decision-making. Society should arrange education to be efficiently produced and distributed equitably. However, expanding some levels of education may come at the opportunity cost of others due to scarce resources.
This document summarizes a review of published literature on the effects of high school start times on sleep and other outcomes. The review identified 18 relevant studies, including 10 cross-sectional studies and 8 prospective cohort studies. Meta-analyses found that later school start times, particularly over 60 minutes later, were associated with longer sleep durations on school nights, reduced daytime sleepiness, and smaller differences between school night and weekend night sleep. The evidence for effects on academic performance is less conclusive. Overall, the review found some benefits of delayed school start times but noted limitations in the quality of evidence.
An investigation of the relation between life expectancy & socioeconomic vari...Pronoy Roy
This paper explores which socioeconomic variables have the most impact on life expectancy and what necessary steps should be taken to achieve Bangladesh's SDG goals quickly.
1. Country is Egypt2. Review the grading rubric carefully prior TatianaMajor22
1. Country is Egypt
2. Review the grading rubric carefully prior to beginning to work, and frequently throughout the process.
3. Professional grammar, mechanics, and APA format and style are expected. Maintain a professional and academic tone.
4. Create a proposal for an evidence-based practice project that fully conforms to APA guidelines and uses the following level one headings (in the order provided and without the page numbers or clarifying information below). Additional headings are not permissible. A title page is required. The provided page limits must be adhered to. The total paper will be 8 pages not counting the title page or references. Identify an interprofessional healthcare disparity related to that country and develop an EBP project proposal to improve that disparity in the identified country. Do not create a research project--use appropriate EBP terminology.
5. Per APA guidelines, repeat the title of the paper on the first line of the first page of the body of the paper, followed by the introduction. (1/2 page)
6. Overview of Country (1/2-1 page). This sections provides an overview of/introduction to the country
7. Description of Healthcare System (1/2-1 page). This section provides a detailed description of the type of healthcare system, it's strengths and weaknesses, and pertinent additional information.
8. Identification of Healthcare Disparity (interprofessional) (1/2-1 page). This section identifies a healthcare disparity faced by this country. The disparity must be amenable to improvement through an evidence-based practice (EBP) project.
9. PICOT Question (1/2 page). This section states the PICOT question that will guide the evidence review for your EBP project. The PICOT must be in full PICOT format (the P before the I before the C, etc). State the PICOT in a single sentence and then provide operational definitions for each of the PICOT elements. Ensure the writing conforms to APA guidelines and flows well.
10. Evidence-Review (1-2 pages of at least 5 research studies). Provide a synthesis of the evidence review. This is not a study by study summary, but instead an integrative synthesis of the findings that seeks to answer the PICOT question. Provide the answer to the PICOT question in the final paragraph of this section.
11. Interprofessional Approach to Improve the Healthcare Disparity (1-2 pages). How will this EBP project focus on an interprofessional approach to improve the healthcare disparity to be improved? Be specific? Include at least three different healthcare disciplines that will be involved and state how the healthcare disparity benefits from each disciplines expertise.
12. Stakeholders & Overcoming Barriers (1 page). Who are the major stakeholders in this EBP project? How will their support be gained? What barriers must be overcome to make the project a reality?
13. Funding and Sustainability (1/2 page). What are the costs associated with this EBP project and how will funding be gained? How will ...
Linking political exposures to child and maternal health outcomes a realist r...Araz Taeihagh
Background: Conceptual and theoretical links between politics and public health are longstanding. Internationally comparative systematic review evidence has shown links between four key political exposures – the welfare state, political tradition, democracy and globalisation – on population health outcomes. However, the pathways through which these influences may operate have not been systematically appraised. Therefore, focusing on child and maternal health outcomes, we present a realist re-analysis of the dataset from a recent systematic review.
Methods: The database from a recent systematic review on the political determinants of health was used as the data source for this realist review. Included studies from the systematic review were re-evaluated and those relating to child and/or maternal health outcomes were included in the realist synthesis. Initial programme theories were generated through realist engagement with the prior systematic review. These programme theories were adjudicated and refined through detailed engagement with the evidence base using a realist re-synthesis involving two independent reviewers. The revised theories that best corresponded to the evidence base formed the final programme theories.
Results: Out of the 176 included studies from the systematic review, a total of 67 included child and/or maternal health outcomes and were included in the realist re-analysis. Sixty-three of these studies were ecological and data were collected between 1950 and 2014. Six initial programme theories were generated. Following theory adjudication, three theories in revised form were supported and formed the final programme theories. These related to a more generous welfare state leading to better child and maternal health especially in developed countries through progressive social welfare policies, left-of-centre political tradition leading to lower child mortality and low birth weight especially in developed countries through greater focus on welfare measures, and increased globalisation leading to greater child and infant mortality and youth smoking rates in LMECs through greater influence of multinational corporations and neoliberal trade organisations.
Conclusion: We present a realist re-analysis of a large systematically identified body of evidence on how four key political exposures – the welfare state, democracy, political tradition and globalisation – relate to child and maternal health outcomes. Three final programme theories were supported.
Keywords: Child health, Maternal health, Health policy, International health, Politics, Realist synthesis
The document provides an overview of life course theory and its application to maternal and child health. It discusses the five principles of life course theory - life span development, human agency, timing, linked lives, and historical time and place. It also covers three key concepts - trajectories, transitions, and turning points. The document then discusses how life course theory has been applied to areas like preconception health, adverse childhood experiences, and fetal origins of adult disease. It concludes by discussing the implications for policy and practice, including how adopting a life course perspective would require changes to policy focus and targets.
This document outlines the requirements for an assignment on preparing a state-of-the-science review of the literature. It includes instructions on writing an abstract, conducting a literature review, and developing a quality improvement plan. The literature review must analyze at least 6 scholarly sources to identify gaps in influenza vaccination rates. A sample quality improvement plan proposes using text messages to remind patients aged 30-70 to get their yearly flu shot, potentially increasing vaccination rates.
· Independent Design Project Literature Review and Research Log .docxodiliagilby
· Independent Design Project: Literature Review and Research Log: Entry 4
Literature Review and Research Log
Independent Design Project
Continue research for your independent design project paper by determining the application of advanced state-of-the-art robotics in relation to your design. Use these references to update or modify your design as necessary. Identify how your design reflects applicable categories of advanced state-of-the-art robotics.
Create a new entry to your research log (Module 4) and enter each reference you found relating to the application of robotic fundamentals (at least five). Place these references in alphabetical order, in the proper current APA format, with a brief description of the resource and its applicability.
Be sure to keep these files for use when you complete your week 9 final design project. You will need to add any applicable items from these logs to your final project.
The title for this Special Section is Developmental Research and Translational
Science: Evidence-Based Interventions for At-Risk Youth and Families, edited by
Suniya S. Luthar and Nancy Eisenberg
Processes of Early Childhood Interventions to Adult Well-Being
Arthur J. Reynolds, Suh-Ruu Ou, Christina F. Mondi, and Momoko Hayakawa
University of Minnesota
This article describes the contributions of cognitive–scholastic advantage, family support behavior, and school
quality and support as processes through which early childhood interventions promote well-being. Evidence
in support of these processes is from longitudinal cohort studies of the Child–Parent Centers and other pre-
ventive interventions beginning by age 4. Relatively large effects of participation have been documented for
school readiness skills at age 5, parent involvement, K-12 achievement, remedial education, educational attain-
ment, and crime prevention. The three processes account for up to half of the program impacts on well-being.
They also help to explain the positive economic returns of many effective programs. The generalizability of
these processes is supported by a sizable knowledge base, including a scale up of the Child–Parent Centers.
Growing evidence that early childhood experiences
can improve adult well-being and reduce educa-
tional disparities has increased attention to preven-
tion (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014; Power, Kuh, &
Morton, 2013). Early disparities between high- and
low-income groups are evident in school readiness
skills, which increase substantially over time in
rates of achievement proficiency, delinquency, and
educational attainment (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014;
O’Connell, Boat, & Warner, 2009). In this article, we
review evidence for three major processes by which
early childhood interventions (ECIs) promote well-
being and reduce problem behaviors. These are (a)
cognitive advantage, (b) family support behavior
(FS), and (c) school quality and support (SS).
The accumulated research widely supports these
processes as critical targets o ...
Social Health Insurance vs. Tax-Financed Health Systems—Evidence from the OECDEyesWideOpen2008
A WHO study that proves that Social Health Insurance healthcare systems DO NOT WORK.
It increases costs, have no positive effect on national health, and even has negative effects on employment and some areas of health.
This document discusses the future of sleep medicine in the US. It notes that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent but largely undiagnosed and untreated, affecting around 30 million people in the US. Current insurance policies require board-certified sleep specialists for reimbursement, but the number of these specialists is declining rapidly. To address the gaps in care, the document proposes increasing training in sleep medicine for pulmonologists, relaxing board certification requirements, simplifying equipment regulations, and enhancing training for general clinicians to manage uncomplicated OSA cases. It also calls for improving training pathways for future sleep scientists and clinicians to ensure the next generation of leaders in the field.
This document discusses healthcare reform and cost control in the United States. It notes that the US spends a large portion of its GDP on healthcare but ranks lower than other countries on quality, access, efficiency and health outcomes. It identifies several ways to reduce costs such as reducing risks for certain conditions and increasing competition. It also discusses the Affordable Care Act and how it aims to expand access to insurance coverage and emphasizes preventative care. Recommendations include implementing preventative health education and care process models to improve outcomes and reduce costs.
This document discusses several economic issues related to healthcare management. It introduces concepts like cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which balances costs and benefits of different options to find the most efficient solution. Cost-effectiveness analysis measures costs and outcomes to determine the best use of limited resources. Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are used to compare health outcomes and longevity. The Affordable Care Act has introduced new regulations and externalities that impact hospitals' costs and ability to focus on patient outcomes. Discounting is used to determine the present value of future healthcare costs and human lives, which raises ethical issues. Overall lifestyle and preventative education should be priorities to improve population health and efficiently allocate healthcare budgets.
This document summarizes a working paper that studies the effects of Luxembourg's 2009 expansion of subsidized childcare access through a universal childcare voucher. The voucher aimed to increase the use of formal childcare and support parental employment. Using a differences-in-differences strategy with longitudinal data, the paper finds that in response to more affordable childcare, maternal employment increased by 4-7 percentage points and hours worked rose by about 3 hours per week. Parents with younger children under age 3 were more likely to use daycare for longer hours, with no change in informal care use, suggesting no crowding out of existing arrangements. The results provide evidence that expanding access to existing subsidized childcare can effectively increase maternal employment, especially
A review on childhood disability and its direct and indirect cost to familiesIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a review article on the direct and indirect costs of childhood disability on families. It discusses two relevant areas of economic theory: 1) how health in childhood affects future human capital and economic outcomes, and 2) how childhood disability impacts family labor supply and consumption decisions. The review examines empirical literature on the relationship between childhood disability and contemporaneous family costs as well as future outcomes. It aims to aggregate costs of childhood disability, including costs to public programs in the United States.
Health and wellness in the workplace - interactive white paperSteven Fidgeon
Employers will play an increasingly important role in addressing employee health issues as chronic disease shifts to affect younger workers and costs rise. While challenges exist, opportunities do as well - employers can use health analytics to understand risks and drive strategy. New technologies also allow greater engagement with employees to promote healthy behaviors in the workplace. A focus on prevention and wellness can help achieve sustainable healthcare costs versus just treating illness.
Similar to Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457Contents lists available at S.docx (17)
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic a.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page to a page and half for each topic and read each topic and there attachment carefully and summarize
1-Mon Oct 28: The Conflict over Religious Authority in Post-Safavid Iran
Attached Files:
Attachment : Momen Akhbari School (1).pdf
Moojan Momen,
An Introduction to Shi’i Islam,
ch.6, 12.
2- Wed Oct 30: Imperial Reform Movements
Attached Files:
Tanzimat Decree (1).pdf
Tobacco Concession (2)pdf
25 Reform Movements (3) pptx
Cleveland,
Modern Middle East,
ch.5-6
Primary Sources:
Gulhane Edict (1839)
Hatt-i Humayun (1856)
Tobacco Concession
3- Fri Nov 1: Social and Intellectual Movements in the Early 20th Century
Attached Files:
alAfghani (1)
Abduh Theology of Unity (2)
.
Write a page discussing why you believe PMI is focusing BA as the fi.docxedgar6wallace88877
PMI focuses business analysis as the first step in the project management model because understanding requirements upfront helps define the scope and prevent issues down the road. Poor business analysis can negatively impact a project's success if the wrong objectives are identified or user needs aren't understood correctly. Validating ideas with citations is important to support opinions on why analysis is important for setting projects up for success.
Write a page of personal reflection of your present leadership compe.docxedgar6wallace88877
This document asks the reader to write a journal entry reflecting on their present leadership competencies, possible adjustments to their leadership approach, and how it relates to concepts of communication, leadership, and power and politics. The reflection should demonstrate a high level of understanding by adequately integrating authoritative sources with in-text citations in APA format.
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personalit.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page of compare and contrast for the Big Five Personality Model against the MBTI. Attached some info below.
Based on what you have learned thus far, how might the MBTI lack for strong supporting evidence as opposed to the Big Five Model? Thoroughly explain.
After doing so discuss how the Big Five Traits could predict behavior at your place of employment. What could be some advantage of doing so?
What might be some disadvantages? Thoroughly explain.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with intext citations and references in APA format.
.
Write a page of research and discuss an innovation that includes mul.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page of research and discuss an innovation that includes multiple innovation types (per Keely). Discuss the types of innovation involved and comment on how you feel this combination could potentially create a sustainable competitive advantage for the business. Be sure to include references in APA format with intext citations.
.
Write a page answering the questions below.Sometimes projects .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a page answering the questions below.
Sometimes projects fail. Such failure can be contributed to unreasonable time constraints, poorly estimated financial estimates, poorly systematized planning process or organizational goals not understood at lower organizational levels.
As a project manager, what key factors are absolutely vital to prevent such failure?
Discuss the role of the leader and manager in a project environment or project initiative.
Be sure to identify how the duties of project managers reinforce the role of leadership. Use real-life examples.
Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with citations and references in APA format.
.
Write a one-paragraph summary of one of the reading assignments from.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-paragraph summary of one of the reading assignments from the textbook.
Reading assignments to choose from are
from Beowulf - trans. Burton Raffel
Children - Slawomir Mrozek
The Jar - Luigi Pirandello
Death of a Tsotsi - Alan Paton
Judges Must Balance Justice vs. Young Lives - Patricia Edmonds
Youth Violent Crime Keeps Climbing - J.L. Albert
Action Will Be Taken: An Action-Packed Story - Heinrich Boll
from The Life of Henry the Fifth - William Shakespeare
Speech, May 13, 1940 - Winston Churchill
The Thrill of the Grass - W.P. Kinsella
from Night - Elie Wiesel
This Too Is Everything - Shu Ting
A Marriage Proposal - Anton Chekhov
There's plenty more reading assignments in the book. If you can help me but need more choices let me know. Thanks
.
Write a one-paragraph summary of this article.Riordan, B. C..docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-paragraph summary of this article.
Riordan, B. C., Flett, J. A. M., Hunter, J. A., Scarf, D., & Conner, T. S. (2015). Fear of missing out (FoMO): the relationship between FoMO, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences in college students.
Journal of Psychiatry and Brain Functions
,
2
(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.7243/2055-3447-2-9
.
Write a one-paragraph response to the following topic. Use the MLA f.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-paragraph response to the following topic. Use the MLA format, and do not write in the first or second person. In addition, do not use contractions. Give specific details and examples to support your stance.
Many people in America still struggle with the concept of interracial dating. Is dating people of other races a sign of tolerance or of self-hatred? Should individuals date within their own race as a show of cultural pride or date other races as a way of combating racism and moving closer to equality? Originate your own ideas with vivid details and examples to support your stance. No secondary sources should be included in this response.
.
Write a one-page rhetorical analysis in which you analyze the argume.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one-page rhetorical analysis in which you analyze the argument in the passage from “The Crisis” through three lenses:
•Identify the parts of his argument and explain how they work together to build an effective argument
•Identify and explain the impact of persuasive techniques
•Explain how Paine “enters the conversation” about the topic in his argument
.
Write a one pageliterature review of your figure( FIGURE A.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page
literature review of your figure
( FIGURE ASSIGNED 6 d-g)
Abstract: What is the question they were trying to answer, and what were their overall conclusions
Introduction: Introduce, briefly, the endomembrane system and how proteins move back and forth. Describe the importance of the KDEL sequence. What is the question they are trying to answer in your figure? How does this question relate to the larger context of the whole paper?
Body: What technique are they using? Briefly describe the technique. For each experiment tell me specifically what the variables are from that technique for that experiment (so which antibody are they using, and how did they prepare the samples) . How can that particular antibody or preparation help them to answer their question. What were their observations? What do they see?
Conclusions: What do they conclude from this figure or part of a figure?
This description, must be IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Focus, on the parts of the signaling cascade that they are trying to understand.
.
Write a one page-paper documenting the problemneed you wish to .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page-paper documenting the problem/need you wish to address for the
Community Need Project Proposal, due in Week 6
, and the important stakeholders related to your project. Why is this a need in your community? Who is involved in this problem and why are they important?
homelessness in San Antonio TX
.
Write a one page report on Chapter 1 and 2 with the same style of mo.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page report on Chapter 1 and 2 with the same style of module 1 assignment and it's requirement. Please add subtitle to your paper including a name for your paper, major topics under consideration, conclusion (a paragraph of personal
experience
) and a reference list. Keep your citations and references as a evidence for the midterm and final.
.
Write a one page reflection about the following1) Identify .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page reflection about the following:
1) Identify the key messages about being female that you saw in tv and magazine adds, including movies.
2) Do you feel the media/images affect both sexes the same? If not, why not?
3) Have you found your sense of self affected by media images? In what ways?
.
Write a one page paper on the question belowSome of the current.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page paper on the question below:
Some of the current trends in the delivery of value (channels, logistics, supply chain) include e-commerce; VMS; use of multi-channel approaches; mobile commerce; social retailing; and more. From your own research, discuss how two companies are using are using these techniques to improve their delivery of value to consumers.
.
Write a one page paper (double spaced) describing and discussing the.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page paper (double spaced) describing and discussing the following ethical concepts found in chapter 1; logical, factual and normative. You may use definitions or scenarios in your writing. The goal of this paper is to gain a level of understanding of all three (logical, factual and normative).
Textbook:
1.
Logical, or formal, statements
are definitions or statements derivable from
definitions, including the entirety of mathematical discourse (e.g., “2
+
2
=
4,”
or “A square has four equal sides”). Such statements can be
verified by a for
-
mal procedure
(“recourse to arithmetic”) derived from the same definitions
that control the rest of the terms of the field in question (i.e., the same axioms
define “2,” “4,” and the procedure of “addition”; the four equal sides and right
angles define the “square”). True formal statements are
analytic
:
they are true
logically, necessarily, or by the definitions of the terms
. False statements in
this category are
self–contradictory
. (If you say, “2
+
2
=
5,” or start talking
about “round squares,” you contradict yourself, for you assert that which can-
not possibly be so—you conjoin ideas that are incompatible). A logically true
or logically valid statement can never be false, or disproved by any discovery
of facts; it will never be the case that some particular pairs of 2 do not add up
to 4, or some particular squares turn out to be circular—and if you think you’ve
found such a case, you’re wrong! “2
+
2
=
4” is true, and squares are equi-
lateral rectangles, as philosophers like to say,
in all possible worlds
. For this
reason we say that these statements are “
true a priori
”: we can know them to
be correct prior to any examination of the facts of the world, without having to
count up lots of pairs of pairs, just to make sure that 2
+
2 really equals 4.
2.
Factual, or empirical, statements
are assertions about the world out there, the
physical environment of our existence, including the entirety of scientific dis-
course, from theoretical physics to sociology. Such statements are
verifiable by
controlled observation
(“recourse to measurement,” “recourse to weighing”)
of that world, by experiment or just by careful looking, listening, touching,
smelling, or tasting. This is the world of our senses, the world of space, objects,
time and causation. These empirical statements are called
synthetic,
for they
“put together” in a new combination two ideas that do not initially include or
entail each other. As a result they cannot be known a priori, but can be deter
-
mined only
a posteriori, that is, after investigation of the world
. When they
are true, they are
true only contingently, or dependently, as oppo.
write a one page about this topic and provide a reference.Will.docxedgar6wallace88877
write a one page about this topic and provide a reference.
Will making changes to the built environments (adding parks, sidewalks, healthy food stores, playgrounds, green-spaces, safer streets, etc.) of low-income neighborhoods be adequate enough to help community members combat health disparities based upon income or race? Why or why not?
.
Write a one or more paragraph on the following question below.docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one or more paragraph on the following question below:
The three characteristics required by an individual to be considered a dependent of another taxpayer by the IRS.
The four tests stipulated by the IRS that a taxpayer must satisfy to claim a dependent as a qualifying child
What do you think are the reasons the IRS included the four tests for a qualifying child to be claimed as a dependent?
.
Write a one or more page paper on the following belowWhy are .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one or more page paper on the following below:
Why are systems for collaboration and social business so important and what technologies do they use? Explain the benefits of collaboration and social business. Describe what organizational culture is necessary for business processes and collaboration.
.
Write a one page dialogue in which two characters are arguing but .docxedgar6wallace88877
Write a one page dialogue in which two characters are arguing but are speaking every thought, every iteration of subtext. Then go back and cut the dialogue so that no line is longer than five words without losing any of the meaning.
1. I'd like for you to submit both versions of your dialog.
The first version (with all the subtext written out) and the second version (with only 5 words per line.)
2. Be sure to write it in dialog format.
That means it should look like the plays in our text--
James: Starting with the character's name?
Carrie: And with little or no narration outside of the dialog?
Prof.: Yes to both questions!
3. Notice how little narration / stage direction there is in most of the sample dialogs.
Your dialog should be almost entirely dialog!
Try to resist the urge to get carried away explaining every little detail of what the characters are doing.
And resist the urge to add modifiers like (angrily) (with great emotion) (etc.) before each line of dialog.
You want to put everything into the dialog itself-- the emotion should be obvious from what the characters say!
.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
2. Keywords:
School start times
Adolescent sleep
Cost–benefit analysis
Economics
Economic modeling
Numerous studies have shown that later school start times (SST)
are associated with positive student
outcomes, including improvements in academic performance,
mental and physical health, and public
safety. While the benefits of later SST are very well
documented in the literature, in practice there is
opposition against delaying SST. A major argument against
later SST is the claim that delaying SST will
result in significant additional costs for schools due to changes
in bussing strategies. However, to date,
there has only been one published study that has quantified the
potential economic benefits of later SST
in relation to potential costs. The current study investigates the
economic implications of later school
start times by examining a policy experiment and its subsequent
state-wide economic effects of a state-
wide universal shift in school start times to 8.30 AM. Using a
novel macroeconomic modeling approach,
the study estimates changes in the economic performance of 47
US states following a delayed school
start time, which includes the benefits of higher academic
performance of students and reduced car
crash rates. The benefit–cost projections of this study suggest
that delaying school start times is a cost-
effective, population-level strategy, which could have a
significant impact on public health and the US
economy. From a policy perspective, these findings are crucial
as they demonstrate that significant
economic gains resulting from the delay in SST accrue over a
relatively short period of time following the
4. bio-
logical shift in adolescent sleep–wake cycles leading to later
bedtimes
and later wake-times, major medical organizations recommend
that
middle and high schools start no earlier than 8:30 AM.14,15
Despite
these recommendations, a Centers for Disease Control and
Preven-
tion (CDC) study estimated that 82% of middle and high schools
start before 8:30 AM, with an average start time at 8:03 AM,
showing
significant variance of SST across different states.16 While the
benefits
of later SST are well-documented in the literature, in practice
there is
often opposition against delaying SST. A major argument
against later
SST is the claim that delaying SST will result in significant
additional
costs for schools due to changes in bussing strategies.
To our knowledge, however, there has only one been one pub-
lished study to date that has aimed to quantify the potential
benefits
of later SST in relation to potential costs. Specifically, the
analysis by
the Brookings Institution17 examined the cost-benefits of
delaying
school start times and found a benefit–cost ratio of 9:1 for a
1hour
.
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.sleh.2017.0
8.007&domain=pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.007
5. mailto:[email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.007
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/23527218
http://www.sleephealthjournal.org23527218
1 In economics this is referred to as a ‘multiplier effect’, which
is when extra income
leads to more spending in the economy which subsequently can
create more income.
452 M. Hafner et al. / Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457
later start time among middle and upper grades. In other words,
for
every $1 spent, the return is $9. Costs were estimated to be
$150
per year per student, based on data from a single district in
North
Carolina18 and were determined by a change in the school bus
system,
from a three-tiered bus system to a single-tier system.
Cumulatively,
the study estimated an average $17,500 gain per student in
terms of
lifetime earnings compared to $1950 in costs per student over
his/her
school career. While the Brookings Institution analysis shows a
high
benefit to cost-ratio, it is important to highlight that the time
horizon
for the potential benefits is protracted over the average working
life
of an individual (e.g., about 45 years). However, from a
policymaker's
perspective, it is important to have a more granular
understanding of
6. the timeframe for when these benefits are likely to accrue.
Against this background, the current study examines the po-
tential economic impact from delaying SST for middle and high
schools to 8:30 AM. That is, the main research question this
study aims to answer is: what are the economic implications of
a
state-wide universal shift in start times to at least 8:30 AM and
how do they vary regionally by state and what is the expected
time horizon for the benefits to occur?
Specifically, this study runs a hypothetical policy experiment in
order to estimate the potential year-by-year state-wide economic
changes for several US states which may occur from a state-
wide uni-
versal shift to 8.30 AM SST compared to the current start times
in
each of the states [cross-state average of 8:03 AM, as reported
by
the CDC16]. The analysis departs from the approach taken in
the
Brookings Institution study in several ways. First, instead of
assuming
a one hour later school start time, the current distribution of
school
start times across different states is taken into account and the
impact
of an 8:30 AM SST is modeled. Second, when calculating the
benefits
of SST, this study takes into account the effects on student
lifetime
earnings as well as the potential impact of reduced car crashes
among adolescents, which can have a negative impact on future
labor
supply of an economy if young adults die prematurely. Third,
the
7. Brookings analysis focused only on a general potential gain per
student,
whereas this study looks at potential economic effects for
different re-
gions, taking into account the variation of school start times and
eco-
nomic factors across different US States. Finally, this study also
takes
into account potential multiplier effects of increased lifetime
earnings
of individuals. For instance, at any given point in time the
additional
money these individuals save or consume will create further
opportu-
nities through further income for other agents in the economy.
Methods
General modeling approach
The analysis is based on a theoretical dynamic general
equilibrium
model related to a system of mathematical equations to
characterize
the economic interaction of different agents in an economy such
as
households, firms, or the government. The economic model
builds
on the long tradition of computable general equilibrium (CGE)
models, which have been extensively applied for economic
policy
analysis.19–21 CGE models are based on a detailed theoretical
frame-
work simulating the behavior of various agents and depicting
rela-
tionships between subjects in an economy described by a set of
8. parameters, equations and conditions that are to be satisfied
simulta-
neously. The equations are then evaluated using mathematical
software,22 giving a set of numerical results representing, for
exam-
ple, the levels of labor or capital in a simulated economy. CGE
models
explicitly allow for the analysis of multiple comparable
scenarios
which differ only in the selected set of parameters, for example
by
creating both a baseline (or status quo) and a ‘what if’ situation
show-
ing how the economy would evolve under different policy
scenarios.
The specific model applied in this study is a so-called
‘Overlapping
Generations (OLG) model, which simulates the behavior of
different
cohorts of individuals over their lifecycle (see a more detailed
de-
scription of the model in Appendix A).
Estimates of potential benefits and costs associated with a state-
wide
shift in SST
As a first step, the model simulates the economic forecast of
each
of the states under consideration in the baseline scenario, using
the
current distribution of SST across middle and high schools in 47
US
states which is provided by the CDC.16 In a second step, under
a dif-
ferent ‘what if’ scenario (compared to current start times), the
9. model predicts how the economic output (e.g. measured as gross
do-
mestic product) of each state would change if the state
implemented
a universal shift to 8:30 AM SST. The population affected by
the policy
change are students from grade 6 to grade 12. In the applied
economic
model, it is assumed that delaying SST leads to extended sleep
duration
for adolescents,14 which subsequently could impact the
economy in a
given state through different “channels”. Specifically, we only
included
effects for which there were sufficient and robust parameters
from the
existing literature. In particular, this study focuses on two
specific ben-
eficial channels that could be derived from later SST:
The first channel is mortality from motor vehicle crashes. The
data
for car crash mortality includes the underlying cause of death
data
provided by the CDC23 on weekday motor vehicle fatalities
among
teenagers age 16 to 18, combined with parameters from a study
by
the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, which revealed that
about one
fifth of fatal motor vehicle crashes involved a driver impaired
by sleep-
iness, drowsiness or fatigue.24 Together with the estimate by
Danner &
Phillips,25 which suggests that the car crash rate decreases by
16.5 per-
10. cent due to an hour delay in SST, the potential reduction of car
crash
mortality rates for each state is calculated. Note that in the
model, re-
duced mortality levels among adolescents increase the potential
future
labor population and therefore has a positive effect on the
economy.
Thus, the labor supply effect derived from motor vehicle
mortality
data consists of two factors: (1) the direct impact of the
individual
being alive and productive; and (2) the impact on the
individual's po-
tential future offspring, which will subsequently be missing and
hence
will not contribute to the economy in the future.26
The second channel potentially contributing to the benefits of
later SST is the impact on academic performance. Using data on
the
effect of adolescent sleep on academic performance and
graduation
rates from Wang et al.,9 the model predicts that longer sleep
will
lead to increased high-school and college graduation rates.9
Specifi-
cally, Wang et al.9 estimate that one additional hour of sleep is
esti-
mated to increase the probability of high school graduation on
an
average by about 8.6% and the college attendance rate by
13.4%,
both with decreasing marginal returns for each hour of
additional
sleep. Due to the non-linear effect of sleep duration, Wang et
11. al.’s
findings suggest that later school start times may create longer-
run
human capital benefits especially for those adolescents that
sleep
on average below seven hours a night, which has been estimated
to
affect more than 40 per cent of the adolescent population.1 The
pos-
itive effect on adolescents' academic performance and
likelihood of
high school graduation, in turn, impacts the jobs they are able
to ob-
tain in the future. This in turn, has a direct effect on how much
a par-
ticular person contributes towards the economy in future
financial
earnings. Due to the dynamic nature of the model, at any given
point in time, the increased income these individuals save or
con-
sume will create further opportunities through additional
income
for other agents in the economy and hence increase overall
economic
output of each of the states.127 In essence, the effects of
changes in
2 Both benefits and costs per student are discounted and
presented in present-day
values. The future benefits and costs have been discounted by a
rate of 4% which is
common among the macroeconomic literature.
453M. Hafner et al. / Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457
12. lower car crash rates and higher educational attainment are
translat-
ed into economic benefits the moment an individual enters the
labor
market and continues to progress throughout his/her career until
retirement.
Note that a shift to 8:30 AM SST is likely to come with some
costs,
and hence it is relevant to compare the economic benefits of the
delayed SST to its potential costs. As mentioned, one of the
most
important factors driving costs is a change in the bus system
from a
three-tier to a one- or two-tier system, which would incur
additional
costs. The Brookings Institution analysis uses a cost estimate of
$150
per student per year for the cost–benefit analysis, based on
estimates
from a school district in Wake County, North Carolina.18
Obviously,
the cost will depend on the local circumstances of each state,
and
even at the more granular school district level it is impossible
to rep-
resentatively estimate them across the USA. Hence, for the
purpose of
illustration of the potential benefit–cost ratios four different
cost esti-
mates are used in the present analyses to provide a more
comprehen-
sive range of potential costs: $150, $350, $500 and $700. We
assume
that the cost per student will occur in perpetuity after the policy
shift
13. to 8:30 AM SST. This is likely overestimating the actual costs
as the
majority of the costs would probably accrue at the beginning of
the
policy shift in the form of upfront investments for new bus
routes.
Calibrating the economic model with data from different
sources
In the simulated model, the economic output of each state is
pro-
duced using different production factors including capital and
so
called ‘effective labor’, which combines physical labor units
(e.g.
number of workers) with labor efficiency units (e.g.
productivity of
each unit of labor), where the latter includes units of human
capital
(e.g. level of education). To address the first component,
physical
labor, a cohort-component model is applied to predict the size
of
the future populations in each state using current base
population es-
timates from the Census Bureau,28–31 as well as mortality and
fertility
rates data provided by the CDC.23,32 In essence, the base
population
evolves over time by applying assumptions on mortality and
fertility
so that the state population changes according to a ‘natural’
increase
(births minus deaths), providing a projection of a state's
population
14. by one-year cohort groups into the future. In order to address
the sec-
ond component, labor efficiency, several sources of data from
the US
Census Bureau are utilized. First, in order to inform what share
of the
total population belongs to each one-year cohort group, we
deter-
mine, the proportions of individuals in each state according to
their
age, gender and ethnicity33 and complement this data with
detailed
information on school and college attainment. Second, in order
to
translate the changes in SST into potential personal financial
gains
of potentially higher academic performance data on the average
earnings by the highest educational attainment level is used,
which
is collected by United States Census Bureau.34 In addition, a
variety
of parameters were used to calibrate the model, including,
among
others, the hours of work, capital-labor ratios, capital stock
deprecia-
tion rates and the growth rate of technological change. A full
model
specification and a complete description of model parameters is
re-
ported in Hafner et al. (2017).34
Results
This study illuminates the link between a state-wide universal
delay in SST to 8:30 AM and economic gains to different US
states.
15. In what follows, the predicted cumulative gains in present-day
values
(2016 $ figures) aggregated across all 47 states are presented,
follow-
ed by a breakdown of the benefits by student and the
comparison
against the potential costs per student. Finally, the overall
benefit–
cost ratios by state are presented.
Predicted cumulative gains and benefit–cost ratios across the
USA
Fig. 1 depicts the cumulative economic gains from delayed SST
in
present-day value across the 47 US states included in the
analysis.
The economic gains are displayed as higher levels of economic
output
that would occur if SST would be delayed compared to the
status quo.
Economic output is measured as gross state product (GSP),
which is
the equivalent of gross domestic product (GDP) at country
level.
In the first year of the shift to 8:30 AM SST, the model projects
no
immediate economic gain, given that the first cohort of students
graduating from high school is only experiencing one-year of
change
in the SST policy before graduation. However, as more students
will
benefit over time from the delayed SST as they enter the labor
mar-
ket, the gains are increasing over time. For instance, after year
two
16. of the policy shift, the model projects an economic gain of
about
$8.6 billion which represents about 0.04% of total US Gross
Domestic
Product (GDP). After five years, the economic gain increases to
about
$37 billion, and to $83 billion and about $140 billion after 10
and 15
years, respectively. On average, this corresponds to an annual
gain
of about $9.3 billion, which is roughly the annual revenue of
Major
League Baseball.35
Furthermore, Fig. 2 reports the average benefit–cost ratio per
stu-
dent across the 47 US states using four different estimates for
costs in
order to capture a range of relevant scenarios for different
school dis-
tricts: $150, $350, $500, and $700.2 Under the assumption that
the
costs per student are $150, as in the Brookings Institution
analysis,
the benefits are predicted to outweigh the costs per student (e.g.
benefit–cost ratio is larger than 1) after about 2 years of
delaying
SST to 8:30 AM. After 13 years, the benefit–cost ratio would
reach
3:1, meaning that every $1 invested would yield a return of $3.
The
ratio increases annually, reaching 4:1 after 20 years. Assuming
a
higher cost of $350 per student per year, a universal state-wide
delay in SST to 8:30 AM on average is predicted to outweigh
the
17. cost after 7 years. Remarkably, assuming a high cost of $500,
the
“break-even” point would be 16 years. Even when assuming an
ex-
tremely high cost of $700 per student per year, which is more
than
four times larger than the suggested cost per student used in the
Brookings study, the economic benefits of delaying SST would
out-
weigh the cost per student after 25 years.
Variation across states: Gains per student and benefit–cost
ratios
The findings presented thus far represent average figures across
the 47 US states, but a state-by-state analysis reveals significant
re-
gional variation in the effects. For instance, Table 1 reports the
gains
per student across 47 states after the policy change to delay SST
to
8:30 AM.
For instance, in Alabama, the economic gain per student after 2
years is estimated to be about $31 per student. This is
significantly
lower than the average of $346 per student across the 47 states.
Other states with relatively low gains per student are Arkansas,
Idaho and Mississippi (between $177 and $190). On the other
hand,
states such as Delaware and Massachusetts would proportionally
gain more than $700 per student after 2 years. Other states with
rel-
atively large gains per student are Connecticut, New Jersey,
Ohio,
Rode Island and Virginia. Note that the difference is mainly
18. driven
by variation in the state-wide initial average SST and
underlying eco-
nomic factors which also vary significantly by state (e.g. the
industrial
composition or average productivity levels).
Table 2 reports the benefit–cost ratios by state assuming the
cost
per student to implement the delayed SST to 8:30 AM would be
$150
Fig. 1. Predicted cumulative economic gains from delayed SST
to 8:30 AM across 47 US States. Note: The figure plots the
predicted discounted cumulative gains of delayed SST to 8:30
AM
aggregated across 47 US states since the change of policy (from
one to fifteen years).
454 M. Hafner et al. / Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457
per student per year. The findings suggest that with the
exception of
Alabama, in every other state, the economic benefits for
delaying SST
would outweigh the costs within 5 years after the change. The
pre-
dicted benefit–cost ratio after five years varies from 0.4
(Alabama)
to 4.4 (Delaware). Even after two years, a majority of states are
pre-
dicted to reach a benefit–cost ratio of at least 1:1, meaning that
for
every $1 spent, there is a $1 return on investment.
19. Discussion
The current study is the first to measure the economic gains
asso-
ciated with delaying school start times in states across the US.
Using a
novel macroeconomic modeling approach, the findings suggest
that
delaying SST to 8:30 AM could lead to significant economic
gains
over a relatively short period of time in the form of increased
overall
Fig. 2. Predicted average Benefit–Cost Ratios of Delayed SST
to 8.30 AM across 47 US States. N
47 U.S states after the change of policy).
economic performance. Departing from the previous cost–
benefit
analysis provided by the Brookings Institution, this study
reports
the estimated year-by-year and state-by-state changes in
benefits
from delaying SST which average across the states from 1.2
(after 2
years) to 3.2 (after 15 years). From a policy perspective, these
find-
ings are crucial as they demonstrate that significant economic
gains
resulting from the delay in SST accrue over a relatively short
period
of time following the adoption of the policy shift. In
comparison,
the Brookings Institution estimated a benefit–cost ratio of 9:1
per
student, but calculated the benefits and costs over the working
life
of an individual, which is about 45 years on average, and hence
20. the
benefit–cost ratio cannot directly be compared to the ratios
predicted
in this study, which are year-on-year. However, if we apply the
annu-
al cost in perpetuity assumption of $150 per student per year to
the
Brookings Institution analysis, which found that the overall
lifetime
ote: The figure plots the predicted benefit–cost (B-C) ratios of
delayed SST to 8:30 AM across
Table 1
Predicted cumulative economic gain
Years after policy change (gain $ per student)
State 2 5 10 15 20
Alabama 31 246 953 2220 3712
Arizona 374 1498 3325 5440 7619
Arkansas 190 904 1908 3349 4867
California 335 1357 3097 5216 7523
Colorado 294 1199 2876 5158 7515
Connecticut 517 2209 5193 8863 12,639
Delaware 733 3061 7242 12,278 17,275
Florida 456 1783 3943 6525 9145
Georgia 269 1098 2485 4109 5835
Hawaii 476 2295 4688 7553 10,653
Idaho 180 735 1676 2802 4044
Illinois 259 1082 2539 4499 6700
Indiana 273 1273 2824 5097 7459
Iowa 395 1625 3681 5756 7983
Kansas 289 1478 3117 5215 7500
22. student of delayed SST to 8:30 AM across all 47 US states,
compared to the status
quo with current distribution of SST.
455M. Hafner et al. / Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457
gain of a student is $17,500 for a one-hour shift in SST, and
further as-
sume a 45 year time horizon, then the predicted adjusted
benefit–
cost ratio of the Brookings Institution analysis is approximately
6:1,
instead of 9:1. By taking a more comprehensive and more
detailed
national approach, the figures presented in Table 2 suggest that
after only 15 years (about a third of the working life of an
individual),
the benefit–cost ratio across the 47 states is about half of the
benefit–
cost ratio of the Brookings analysis. If the estimates reported in
Table 2 would be extended to 45 years, the ratio is predicted to
in-
crease to about 7.5:1, which is about 1.2 times larger than the
esti-
mated adjusted benefit–cost ratio by Brookings Institution (of
6:1),
even though the current analysis implies generally a net
increase in
SST of less than an hour (approximately 30 minutes).
Overall, this study only applies parameters in the calibration
pro-
cess of the model for which robust empirical evidence is
available
concerning the impact of sleep loss on affects adolescents'
health
and academic performance. Specifically, we utilized available
23. data
on car crash mortality and impaired academic performance.
There-
fore, our models are conservative in nature, as we did not take
into
account other potential impacts of insufficient sleep, such as the
ef-
fects on mental health, including depression and suicide, or
other po-
tential negative effects related to obesity or other morbidities
that are
also associated with insufficient sleep. Hence, the reported
benefits in
this study are likely an underestimation of the full benefits
related to
delaying SST.
On the cost side, this study uses a previous estimate of $150 per
student per year but also uses higher cost estimates to assess the
ef-
fectiveness of the policy change at a broader range of costs.
Since
costs will vary by school district, the costs applied in the
current
model serve for illustration purposes, but represent ostensible
ranges. Furthermore, beyond increased transportation costs, it is
pos-
sible that there could be other costs which are not included in
our
model calculations, such as the costs of having to reschedule
after-
school activities. In addition, due to later school start time
costs, par-
ents could incur costs associated with having to go to work later
or
before-or after school childcare and there could be a potential
24. loss
of income associated with a reduction in after-school
employment
for adolescents. However, in our analysis, on average, the delay
SST
to 8:30 AM only reflected an average delay of 30 minutes. In
reality,
given that many schools start before 8 AM, it is also possible
that a
greater “dose” of the intervention (i.e., more than a 30 minute
change) could result in even greater benefits to outweigh the
costs.
Nevertheless, even if higher cost estimates (e.g. $500 per
student
per year) are applied, which likely would cover some of these
difficult
to quantify additional potential costs to parents and the wider
socie-
ty, the benefits from delaying SST would still outweigh the
costs after
fifteen years. Moreover, in conjunction with the highly
consistent and
robust data showing the widespread consequences of adolescent
sleep loss on health, safety, and academic performance,36–42
these
benefit–cost projections suggest that delaying school start times
is a
cost-effective, population-level strategy which could have a
signifi-
cant impact on public health and the US economy.
These findings must be interpreted within the constraints of the
study and the specific modeling approach. First, our model is a
simu-
lated or hypothetical “natural experiment” that presupposes a
state-
25. wide universal shift in school start times to 8:30 AM or later.
This pre-
supposition may seem unjustified given that start times are
generally
determined at the local district level. However, there are several
examples of proposed policy initiatives in states across the
country,
including a bill in California that mandates that California
middle
and high school start no earlier than 8:30 AM.43 Thus, the
hypothetical policy shift modeled in the current analysis is
potential-
ly a conceivable strategy. Second, we focused on the cost-
benefits of
later SST for the 47 states for which there was available data
from
the CDC on SST and the average start time was before 8:30
AM, and
therefore do not have estimates for Maryland, District of
Columbia,
North Dakota, and Alaska. Third, the specific modeling
approach
taken in this study is in part based on assumptions that may
influence
the modeling outcome. It is important to emphasize that
whenever
an assumption had to be made, we aimed to make sure that the
spe-
cific assumption would be conservative, hence leading to a
potential
underestimation of the potential true effect. Finally, as
mentioned,
our model focuses on two specific factors that drive costs: the
impact
of sleep insufficiency on motor vehicle crashes/mortality and
academic achievement/high school graduation rates. These
26. factors
were chosen because we were able to collect and derive robust
estimates from the literature. However, as mentioned, there are
nu-
merous other costs associated with mental and physical
morbidity
that were not included in our model. For instance, the combined
pub-
lic health costs of the obesity epidemic in children and
adolescents
and its associated cardiovascular morbidities are estimated at
$45
Table 2
Predicted benefit–cost ratio by state: cost $150 per student per
year
Years after policy shift
State 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years
Alabama 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.8
Arizona 1.3 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.6
Arkansas 0.7 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.3
California 1.1 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.6
Colorado 1.0 1.7 2.3 3.0 3.5
Connecticut 1.8 3.2 4.1 5.1 6.0
Delaware 2.5 4.4 5.7 7.1 8.2
Florida 1.6 2.6 3.1 3.8 4.3
Georgia 0.9 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Hawaii 1.6 3.3 3.7 4.4 5.0
Idaho 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9
Illinois 0.9 1.6 2.0 2.6 3.2
Indiana 0.9 1.8 2.2 2.9 3.5
28. 456 M. Hafner et al. / Sleep Health 3 (2017) 451–457
billion a year, and sleep loss is longitudinally associated with
in-
creased risk of obesity in children and adolescents.38 Further,
insuffi-
cient sleep among teens is associated with an increased risk of
engaging in property and violent crime.40 The direct and
indirect
costs of crime, including direct economic losses, increased
insurance
rates, loss of productivity, and various aspects of the criminal
justice
system, from police, to courts, to juvenile facilities and prisons
are
estimated in the billions of dollars.44 In addition, the robust
associa-
tion between insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality and
adolescent
risk for mental health problems and other risk-taking behaviors,
including substance use, could also contribute to substantial
societal
costs. Taken together, our estimates suggest substantial benefits
rela-
tive to costs on a state-wide basis related to a universal change
in SST
and, if anything, these estimates are likely conservative
estimates of
the true cost savings.
In summary, it is important to put this economic data in context.
The findings of this study, as well as the Brookings Institution
find-
ings, suggest that the benefits of later start times far out-weigh
the
immediate costs. Moreover, when paired with the substantial
literature demonstrating the dire public health consequences of
29. in-
sufficient sleep among adolescents, the multitude of health and
aca-
demic benefits associated with later start times, and the lack of
any
scientific evidence to suggest that there are benefits to having
adoles-
cents start school earlier, these data provide a strong case to
counter
the argument that changing school start times is too costly to
endeav-
or a change. Policymakers, educators, and community members
should shift from the narrow and often short-sighted focus on
the
costs of shifting to healthy start times to a focus on the
significant
benefits associated with later SST, including demonstrable
long-
term public health and economic benefits.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.007.
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40. ratios across the USAVariation across states: Gains per student
and benefit–cost ratiosDiscussionReferences
10 February 2019 District Administration
OnTopic Nathaniel F. Watson
Before reading your report (damag.me/
sleep), I was unaware that so many
biological and physical conditions that
affect teens are tied to a lack of sleep.
Yes. As children age, particularly as they
become adolescents, their circadian
rhythms get delayed a little bit, and
they require later bedtimes and later
wake times. We know that these chil-
dren have difficulty falling asleep before
11 p.m., and they need eight to 10
hours of sleep per night to support op-
timal health. When you have these early
start times, there’s just not enough time
for them to get the healthy sleep they
need. It’s really tragic because we know
that sleep deprivation is associated with
obesity, behavioral issues, increased
risk for motor vehicle accidents, and
reduced academic performance.
Your younger years are when you de-
velop many long-term habits regarding
your health. When the system creates
this crunch, in which we’re not allow-
ing these adolescents adequate time to
sleep, we are, in a sense, setting them up
41. for a lifetime of sleep deprivation, or at
the very least, teaching them at an early
age that sleep isn’t as important as it ac-
tually is to their health and well-being.
Many people assume that our use
of smartphones and tablets keeps us
from sleeping.
Our physiology is linked to light-dark
cycles and much of it has to do with the
secretion of melatonin from our pineal
gland, which occurs when it gets dark.
It’s a physiological phenomenon, not
a social media/smartphone phenome-
non as many think—although certainly
screens and media and things like that
are not necessarily conducive to sleep.
�e blue wavelengths from these de-
vices can suppress melatonin secretion.
As they go through adolescence,
kids naturally get this delay in their
circadian rhythms. We have to be
sensitive to that at such a crucial time
in their growth and development. To
respect their physiology and optimize it
is really what we’re getting at here.
Your report also lists metabolic dys-
function, cardiovascular morbidity,
increased depressive symptoms and
suicidal ideations as side effects of
sleep deprivation.
Right, and you can take that a step fur-
42. ther. In progressive school districts that
have changed bell times to 8:30 a.m. or
later for middle and high schools, they
have higher graduation rates, reduced
truancy and improved academic perfor-
mance. �ese are tangible benefits that
have been observed in school districts
that have made these changes.
If I could tell any school board there
was one thing they could do—one
simple change they could make that
would increase graduation rates, reduce
truancy, increase mental health, reduce
motor vehicle accidents, and, frankly,
increase the mood and feeling of well-
being in the school—I think they
would do it.
Does the current evidence support
the idea that later start times result in
higher grades?
By Tim Goral
School districts around the country
are experimenting with starting
classes later to allow students to get
extra sleep. While some dismiss the
idea as pampering, Nathaniel F.
Watson says there are solid scientific
reasons to consider it.
As we age, our internal
circadian rhythms and biological
sleep drives change, resulting in
43. later sleep and wake times. Lack
of sleep hampers a student’s
preparedness to learn, negatively
impacts physical and mental health,
and impairs driving.
Watson, a University of
Washington professor of neurology
and co-director of the UW Medicine
Sleep Center, says that changing the
start time of the school day can help
remedy many of these problems.
“Everyone who deals with this
issue wants the same thing—for
children to be as healthy and happy
and as successful as possible in school
and life,” Watson says. “�is is one
way to move in that direction.”
Delayed school start times can have a big impact
on student health
Sleep now, learn later
DAmag.me/watsonsleep
12 February 2019 District Administration
OnTopic Nathaniel F. Watson
I think the evidence is strongest for
reduced truancy rates and increased
graduation rates. �e grade-related
44. comment is less strongly supported by
the evidence. But, presumably, if gradu-
ation rates are increasing, grades are
increasing and academic performance
is improving. As more school districts
make these changes, more evidence will
be available.
�e objections to changing start times
often revolve around transportation
issues and after-school activities.
Any problems with bus schedules or
practice schedules or things like that are
just issues to be solved. In particular for
practice schedules, a well-rested child is
going to be far more efficient and atten-
tive and successful in their practice, and,
ostensibly, you could have shorter, more
effective practices.
Later start times are being discussed
in a number of districts, but so far not
broadly. Do you think it will catch on
nationally?
I’d like to think that we could have
legislation that would address this issue,
either on a statewide basis or nation-
ally. �e California Legislature recently
passed a bill to have school start times
delayed in accordance with teenage
physiology, but unfortunately Gov. Jerry
Brown vetoed the measure.
We’re at a point where these changes
are made one school district, one school
board at a time.
45. And the only way you get to change
is to form an activated community that
shows up to school board meetings and
that elects school board members who
take this issue seriously. �at’s what hap-
pened here in the Seattle area a few years
ago. It was concerned parents, teachers
and the medical community—in par-
ticular, the sleep medicine community—
who got together, gathered all the neces-
sary information, went to school board
meetings, pressed the issue, educated
school board members, and brought
forth this change.
If parents, teachers and the medical
community are driving the issue, is the
resistance coming from school boards?
I think school boards in general try to
avoid controversy, and it takes courage to
make these changes. We live in an age in
which the zeitgeist, unfortunately, is that
sleep is not important. So a lot of school
board members, through no fault of
their own, are swimming in an ocean of
“sleep de-prioritization” and don’t know
any better.
You have to educate them about the
importance of sleep first, and I think
from a societal basis, we’re starting to
move the needle on that a bit by getting
the word out. We spend a third of our
lives sleeping, so it must be important
46. for human physiology.
�e transportation problem seems to
be a common sticking point.
When it comes to bus schedules, con-
sider this: Younger children have a differ-
ent physiology. �ey get up earlier. �ey
can start school earlier. �ey need to go
to bed earlier. So a lot of times, all you
have to do is flip it. Oftentimes, school
districts will bus the younger elementary
school children last and the high school
and middle school kids first, and that’s
completely antithetical to human physi-
ology. If you just flipped that around,
you could go a long way toward solving
that problem.
I realize that for some parents, their
work schedules and their younger chil-
dren’s childcare schedules need to be ad-
dressed and solved. �ose are the road-
blocks and they’re real, but they can be
solved. �at’s what has to be conveyed to
school boards.
Another potential criticism of mak-
ing this change is that we can do this,
but it doesn’t necessarily mean that kids
are going to sleep more. If we make the
change, then kids will just stay up even
later at night. But, in fact, there’s a study
here in Seattle that showed that middle
and high school students were actually
47. getting an additional 30 minutes of sleep
when the bell times were moved back.
What can readers do to help sell this
idea to their respective school boards?
�e American Academy of Sleep Medi-
cine has a position statement (DAmag
.me/0219-aasm), which was published
in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.
�e American Academy of Pediatrics
(www.aap.org) has a number of papers
on this issue. Bring these resources to the
board meetings. �ere are national orga-
nizations, such as StartSchoolLater.net,
that are looking into this as well.
�is really is a movement that’s going
across the country, and it’s a flat-out op-
portunity. �e reason that school leaders
do what they do is to optimize the op-
portunity for success for their students,
and this is an opportunity for leaders to
really move the needle on that. DA
Tim Goral is senior editor.
We live in an age in which the zeitgeist,
unfortunately, is that sleep is not important.
We spend a third of our lives sleeping, so it
must be important for human physiology.
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Mijares: L at er school st art t imes is no - L ompoc Record
(CA) - Oct ober 17,
2019
October 17, 2019 | Lompoc Record (CA) | Staff Writer
Editor's note: T his commentary is in response to: "A trifecta
for children?" A Dan Walters column
published Oct. 1.
As educators, we are always looking to improve the well-being
and success of each of our
students. In his column, Dan Walters opines that Senate Bill
328 furthers that g oal by mandating
later start times for middle and hig h school classes.
It may be true that students with better sleep patterns can be
more successful, and, let's face it,
we all want our kids to be well-rested as they start their days.
Yet a multi-year study in the research journal SLEEP and
finding s from researchers at the UC Davis
Sleep Laboratory challeng e the arg ument that students would g
et persistent benefits from a shift
in their school start time.
Not only would mandating a later start time across the board
not have the desired effect, it would
impose a hardship on too many working families. In fact, this
49. bill would disproportionately burden
students whose socio-economic status is already a sig nificant
educational barrier.
While it may be easy enoug h for some families with flexible
schedules to adjust, in some
communities, parents who are working just to make ends meet
don't have the luxury of delaying
the start of their workday.
T he indisputable reality in many of our communities is that
students have to beg in their day at the
same time as their parents.
T hese children are already arriving early to school if their
parents are commuting , are
farmworkers, or work in construction, restaurants or retail. Even
with later start times, many of
these parents will still have to drop their kids off at school
before they g o to work.
T hese students won't be g etting any more sleep, and the
additional idle unsupervised time alone
could put them in dang er. Parents shouldn't have to choose
between keeping their jobs and
ensuring the safety of their children.
And this doesn't take into account the back end of the school
day, when many families rely on
older sibling s to look after young er children. SB 328 by Sen.
Anthony Portantino, Democrat from
La Cañada Flintridg e, would also push after-school activities
later into the evening s.
In California, 45% of children live in low-income households
and 46% of those families are sing le-
50. parent families. T he idea that SB 328 will not harm any
students ig nores the real-world constraints
under which working -class families and sing le parents operate.
I am disappointed that Mr. Walters falls into the trap of
characterizing arg uments ag ainst SB 328
as adult "convenience above the welfare of the children they are
supposed to be educating ."
Maybe he assumes that every community has the means to
adjust their work schedules. Perhaps
a few can, but certainly not all. And each community is in a
better position than the state to decide
what is best for local students and their parents.
CI T AT I ON ( M LA S T YLE)CI T AT I ON ( M LA S T
YLE)
Writer, Staff. "Al Mijares: Later school start times is no
solution for teenag ers." Lompoc Record,
T he (CA), sec. Columnists, 17 Oct. 2019. NewsBank: Access
World News,
infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?
p=AWNB&docref=news/176A7CC214CD9F60. Accessed 28
Oct. 2019.
Copyrig ht, 2019, T he Lompoc Re cord, Lompoc, CA
Mijares: Later school start times is no - Lompoc Record (CA) -
October 17, 2019