Skellig Michael is an island off the coast of County Kerry, Ireland that contains the well-preserved ruins of an early medieval monastery perched on steep cliffs. The island has been inhabited since at least the 5th century and was an important monastic settlement from the 6th to 13th centuries. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its spectacular natural beauty and the extreme isolation and difficult conditions endured by the early monks. Today it remains an important breeding ground for seabirds and is protected for its cultural and natural heritage.
Brú na Bóinne is an archaeological landscape in Ireland that contains passage tombs from the Neolithic period, including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth. This document provides information about the site's history and the monuments. It discusses how the passage tombs were constructed between 3400-2800 BC using materials transported from distant locations. Newgrange, the largest tomb, has a passage and chamber aligned with the winter solstice so that the rising sun illuminates the interior. While the tombs served as burial sites, they may also have had ritual and religious functions for the Neolithic people who built them. The site provides evidence of a skilled civilization that flourished in the area during the
Brú Na Bóinne is an important archaeological site in Ireland located along the River Boyne that contains several large passage tombs from the Neolithic period, including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its outstanding prehistoric monuments and archaeological significance. The Brú Na Bóinne Visitor Centre provides information about the site and its ancient peoples through exhibits and serves as the starting point for guided tours of Newgrange and Knowth tombs.
Early Christian monks in Ireland carved stone crosses between A.D. 500-800. The earliest crosses were simple stone slabs, but later crosses had arms and decorative circles. Examples discussed include the Duvillaun Slab with designs on both sides, one being a Greek cross and the other a crude crucifixion scene. The Fahan Mura Slab further developed the form with a raised Greek cross and interwoven strapwork decoration. High crosses from the 7th-9th century had intricate carvings, including the North and South Crosses of Ahenny with rope-like motifs and the Moone Cross depicting bible stories.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
The document summarizes Neolithic art found in passage tombs at Brú na Bóinne in Ireland. It notes that around 60% of all Western European Neolithic art is contained within the large monuments at Brú na Bóinne. The art is carved on a large scale and features complex combinations of spirals, lozenges, triangles, and parallel lines. Specific objects mentioned include a carved stone macehead found in the Eastern Tomb, the over 300 decorated orthostats in Knowth tomb, and a beautifully carved granite basin stone in the Eastern Tomb that is considered one of the great treasures of Knowth.
Project 1 stone age_bronze age_iron ageMartin Brown
1. The document discusses the development of megalithic tombs and wedge tombs in Ireland during the Neolithic period. It describes the different types of megalithic tombs including court tombs, portal dolmens, passage tombs, and wedge tombs.
2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
3. The document outlines some of the decorative motifs found on megalithic art in passage tombs, including circles, spirals, arcs, lozenges, and parallel lines.
The document describes several types of megalithic monuments found in Ireland dating back to 3200 BC, including portal dolmens, court cairns, and passage tombs. It focuses on the passage tombs of Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth located in the Boyne Valley area of Ireland, which have elaborate decorations and were built with astronomical alignments, such as allowing sunlight to enter the tombs at the winter solstice. The passage tombs have corbelled roofs and were used as burial chambers for cremated remains, with some stones decorated with spiral and abstract patterns.
Newgrange is a large Neolithic monument located in Ireland that was built around 3200 BC, making it older than both the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge. It sits atop a ridge along the Boyne River and consists of a large mound covering an inner chamber and passageway. During the winter solstice, sunlight enters through a small opening and illuminates the interior of the chamber for approximately 17 minutes. The complex construction suggests it was built by a highly organized community and may have had astronomical or religious significance.
Brú na Bóinne is an archaeological landscape in Ireland that contains passage tombs from the Neolithic period, including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth. This document provides information about the site's history and the monuments. It discusses how the passage tombs were constructed between 3400-2800 BC using materials transported from distant locations. Newgrange, the largest tomb, has a passage and chamber aligned with the winter solstice so that the rising sun illuminates the interior. While the tombs served as burial sites, they may also have had ritual and religious functions for the Neolithic people who built them. The site provides evidence of a skilled civilization that flourished in the area during the
Brú Na Bóinne is an important archaeological site in Ireland located along the River Boyne that contains several large passage tombs from the Neolithic period, including Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth. It has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its outstanding prehistoric monuments and archaeological significance. The Brú Na Bóinne Visitor Centre provides information about the site and its ancient peoples through exhibits and serves as the starting point for guided tours of Newgrange and Knowth tombs.
Early Christian monks in Ireland carved stone crosses between A.D. 500-800. The earliest crosses were simple stone slabs, but later crosses had arms and decorative circles. Examples discussed include the Duvillaun Slab with designs on both sides, one being a Greek cross and the other a crude crucifixion scene. The Fahan Mura Slab further developed the form with a raised Greek cross and interwoven strapwork decoration. High crosses from the 7th-9th century had intricate carvings, including the North and South Crosses of Ahenny with rope-like motifs and the Moone Cross depicting bible stories.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
The document summarizes Neolithic art found in passage tombs at Brú na Bóinne in Ireland. It notes that around 60% of all Western European Neolithic art is contained within the large monuments at Brú na Bóinne. The art is carved on a large scale and features complex combinations of spirals, lozenges, triangles, and parallel lines. Specific objects mentioned include a carved stone macehead found in the Eastern Tomb, the over 300 decorated orthostats in Knowth tomb, and a beautifully carved granite basin stone in the Eastern Tomb that is considered one of the great treasures of Knowth.
Project 1 stone age_bronze age_iron ageMartin Brown
1. The document discusses the development of megalithic tombs and wedge tombs in Ireland during the Neolithic period. It describes the different types of megalithic tombs including court tombs, portal dolmens, passage tombs, and wedge tombs.
2. It provides details on the wedge-shaped gallery grave located at Lough Gur, including that it dates to around 2500 BC and has two chambers - a main chamber and portico. Artifacts found inside included human bones and animal remains.
3. The document outlines some of the decorative motifs found on megalithic art in passage tombs, including circles, spirals, arcs, lozenges, and parallel lines.
The document describes several types of megalithic monuments found in Ireland dating back to 3200 BC, including portal dolmens, court cairns, and passage tombs. It focuses on the passage tombs of Newgrange, Knowth, and Dowth located in the Boyne Valley area of Ireland, which have elaborate decorations and were built with astronomical alignments, such as allowing sunlight to enter the tombs at the winter solstice. The passage tombs have corbelled roofs and were used as burial chambers for cremated remains, with some stones decorated with spiral and abstract patterns.
Newgrange is a large Neolithic monument located in Ireland that was built around 3200 BC, making it older than both the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge. It sits atop a ridge along the Boyne River and consists of a large mound covering an inner chamber and passageway. During the winter solstice, sunlight enters through a small opening and illuminates the interior of the chamber for approximately 17 minutes. The complex construction suggests it was built by a highly organized community and may have had astronomical or religious significance.
The Giant's Causeway is an area of approximately 40,000 interlocking basalt columns located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, which was formed by an ancient volcanic eruption. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 and is one of Northern Ireland's most popular tourist attractions. The basalt columns were formed approximately 60 million years ago during the separation of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, resulting in volcanic activity that produced lava flows which solidified into hexagonal columns as they cooled.
This document discusses different types of burial sites used in Neolithic Ireland, including dolmens, court cairns, and passage graves. Dolmens consisted of three standing stones supporting a large capstone and were moved into place using logs. Court cairns had chambers for burials and courtyards for rituals, and objects were sometimes buried with the deceased. The most impressive sites were passage graves like Newgrange, with long entrance passages leading to burial chambers. Newgrange was constructed around 5,000 years ago and its special feature is that it is illuminated by the rising sun on the winter solstice. These elaborate burial monuments show that Neolithic people in Ireland had advanced building skills and believed in an afterlife
The passage of the Western Tomb is described as being 34m long and narrowing to just 40cm at one point. It then broadens to form a rectangular chamber about 2m high, roofed by a large 2m capstone. The basin stone was originally located in the chamber area.
The Eastern Tomb originally had a passage about 35m long leading into a chamber, similar to Newgrange, with three side recesses and a beehive-shaped roof built using corbelling. The roof was sealed with a 6m high capstone. Each of the three side recesses contains a stone basin that once held cremated remains.
The document provides details on the layout and construction
The document provides an overview of developments in Ireland during the Bronze Age period from 2500-500 BC. Some key points:
- Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) was introduced and revolutionized lives through improved tools and weapons like sickles for farming and lunulae necklaces for ornamentation.
- People were buried in cist graves or wedge-shaped tombs and ate a similar diet to the Neolithic period but also used pits known as fulachta fiadh for cooking meat over fires.
- Other structures from this time included stone circles of unknown purpose, perhaps religious or agricultural, showing advances while maintaining connections to past farming traditions.
The document summarizes an archaeological investigation conducted to locate the precise site of the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland. Over 1,300 volunteers and experts used techniques like geophysics, aerial photography, metal detecting and excavation across multiple potential sites. Some key findings included medieval artifacts and coins found near Cambuskenneth Abbey, evidence of prehistoric standing stones on Monument Hill that may have been medieval landmarks, and discoveries of medieval settlements and artifacts in the previously thought uninhabited Carse region. Most significantly, metal detectors uncovered pieces of medieval armor - a helmet visor and stirrup - which may represent the first battlefield artifacts from Bannockburn and provide clues about the battle's outcome.
The document summarizes the history of ancient Ireland from the Mesolithic Stone Age to the Bronze Age. It describes how the first hunter-gatherers arrived around 8000 BC using stone tools. Farming was introduced in the Neolithic Stone Age around 4000 BC, bringing pottery, crops, and domesticated animals. Important Neolithic sites included passage graves like Newgrange and farming settlements such as Lough Gur. The Bronze Age began around 2000 BC, with people making tools and weapons from bronze and introducing new burial practices and jewelry.
Skara Brae is a late Neolithic settlement located in Orkney, Scotland that was inhabited between 3200 BC and 2200 BC. It was uncovered in 1850 after a storm eroded the sand dunes. Archaeologists excavated eight stone houses connected by narrow passageways, containing stone furniture such as beds, dressers, and seats. The site provides a rare glimpse into Neolithic life in northern Europe due to its excellent preservation beneath thick shell midden refuse.
This document summarizes the different stone ages in Ireland's history, from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. It notes that the first humans settled in Ireland during the Mesolithic at Mount Sandel in Antrim. During the Neolithic, tombs like Newgrange were built. The Bronze Age saw the creation of copper tools and jewelry. Finally, the Iron Age lasted from 1400 BC to recent times. The document also provides some details about metalworking and archaeology.
Introduction to Early Irish Bronze age artifacts 2000 BC 500 BCOona O'Reilly
The Beaker People came to Ireland around 2000 BC from Central Europe in search of copper and gold deposits. They made distinctive coil-built pottery that was used to bury cremated remains and store food. During the Bronze Age, they mined copper, gold, tin and other metals. Bronze tools and weapons were produced by mixing copper and tin. Gold and bronze jewelry from this period such as disks, lunulas, torcs and armbands were decorated with geometric patterns using techniques like repousse and incision.
The document provides information about Durham Cathedral and Castle. It describes the cathedral as a house of prayer for 900 years that overlooks the River Wear and contains the remains of St. Cuthbert and Bede. It notes that the cathedral and castle have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007 and are a popular tourist attraction. It also gives brief histories of Durham Castle, how Durham became a World Heritage Site, and venerable figures from the cathedral's past like Bede and Cuthbert.
This document appears to be a quiz about artifacts from the Bronze Age in Ireland. It includes multiple choice and fill in the blank questions about techniques used to make and decorate artifacts, their decorations, factual statements, and the functions of different artifacts like sun discs, armlets, fibulae (brooches), torcs (neck rings), and gorgets (neck ornaments). The artifacts mentioned include examples from counties Monaghan, Offaly, Clare, Kildare, and Meath.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England consisting of a ring of standing stones set within earthworks. Archaeologists believe it was constructed between 3000 BC to 2000 BC, with the earliest earthworks dated to around 3100 BC. It is one of the most famous landmarks in the UK and is regarded as a culturally significant site, protected as an ancient monument.
The document discusses the ritual monuments in Wiltshire from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, including Avebury henge, West Kennet Long Barrow, Silbury Hill, and Stonehenge. It provides background information on each site and assigns tasks for students to research aspects of religious use and ceremonial functions, such as layouts indicating processions or orientations marking solstices. Students are asked to study evidence for practices like ancestor worship, design presentations on construction phases and timelines, and analyze how sites fit into the wider ceremonial landscape.
Stonehenge was built between 3600 BC and 2000 BC in England by indigenous people. It consists of fifty-six large stones transported over 250 km and arranged in concentric circles, with an entrance and altar at its center. Though now in ruins, archaeologists believe Stonehenge was used as a religious site where rituals were conducted to honor gods. It remains an important spiritual site for some who practice the ancient druid religion.
1) A pillion was an upholstered seat that was suspended from a horseman's saddle, allowing two people to ride comfortably - the man in front and a woman sitting sideways behind. They were originally used by the upper class and made of expensive scarlet cloth.
2) A stone claims to be the "Treaty Stone" where a treaty guaranteeing religious liberty to the Irish was signed by England, though it later violated this treaty. However, historians are skeptical this specific stone is the actual Treaty Stone.
3) Selca is a small town located on a hillside on the island of Brac, Croatia, known for its stone masonry. Stone cutting and tourism are the
The document summarizes a geology trip led by Scott to Pontefract, UK. The trip involved 23 participants examining rock formations from the Carboniferous and Permian periods exposed in the landscape. Key stops included viewing stained rock, sandstone deposits showing evidence of wind erosion, and a private garden with an exposure of yellow sandstone and limestone. The group also toured the ruins of Pontefract Castle and All Saints Church to examine building stones and learn about the areas' intertwined histories before concluding with a tour of the castle dungeon.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
This document provides keywords related to objects, techniques, decoration, and materials from the Bronze Age, including pottery vessels, shields, tools, and types of jewelry made from gold, bronze, and other materials. The objects served decorative, status, and ceremonial purposes and were crafted using techniques like incision, repoussé, and casting. Common decorative motifs included raised circles and dots, hatched triangles, and concentric circles. Materials mentioned include gold, bronze, copper, tin, and lead.
This score sheet tracks 5 teams' performance across 6 rounds of a table quiz, including technique, pictures, decorations, true or false, function, and audio rounds. Scores are totaled at the end to determine the overall winner of the table quiz competition.
The Giant's Causeway is an area of approximately 40,000 interlocking basalt columns located in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, which was formed by an ancient volcanic eruption. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 and is one of Northern Ireland's most popular tourist attractions. The basalt columns were formed approximately 60 million years ago during the separation of the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, resulting in volcanic activity that produced lava flows which solidified into hexagonal columns as they cooled.
This document discusses different types of burial sites used in Neolithic Ireland, including dolmens, court cairns, and passage graves. Dolmens consisted of three standing stones supporting a large capstone and were moved into place using logs. Court cairns had chambers for burials and courtyards for rituals, and objects were sometimes buried with the deceased. The most impressive sites were passage graves like Newgrange, with long entrance passages leading to burial chambers. Newgrange was constructed around 5,000 years ago and its special feature is that it is illuminated by the rising sun on the winter solstice. These elaborate burial monuments show that Neolithic people in Ireland had advanced building skills and believed in an afterlife
The passage of the Western Tomb is described as being 34m long and narrowing to just 40cm at one point. It then broadens to form a rectangular chamber about 2m high, roofed by a large 2m capstone. The basin stone was originally located in the chamber area.
The Eastern Tomb originally had a passage about 35m long leading into a chamber, similar to Newgrange, with three side recesses and a beehive-shaped roof built using corbelling. The roof was sealed with a 6m high capstone. Each of the three side recesses contains a stone basin that once held cremated remains.
The document provides details on the layout and construction
The document provides an overview of developments in Ireland during the Bronze Age period from 2500-500 BC. Some key points:
- Bronze (a copper-tin alloy) was introduced and revolutionized lives through improved tools and weapons like sickles for farming and lunulae necklaces for ornamentation.
- People were buried in cist graves or wedge-shaped tombs and ate a similar diet to the Neolithic period but also used pits known as fulachta fiadh for cooking meat over fires.
- Other structures from this time included stone circles of unknown purpose, perhaps religious or agricultural, showing advances while maintaining connections to past farming traditions.
The document summarizes an archaeological investigation conducted to locate the precise site of the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland. Over 1,300 volunteers and experts used techniques like geophysics, aerial photography, metal detecting and excavation across multiple potential sites. Some key findings included medieval artifacts and coins found near Cambuskenneth Abbey, evidence of prehistoric standing stones on Monument Hill that may have been medieval landmarks, and discoveries of medieval settlements and artifacts in the previously thought uninhabited Carse region. Most significantly, metal detectors uncovered pieces of medieval armor - a helmet visor and stirrup - which may represent the first battlefield artifacts from Bannockburn and provide clues about the battle's outcome.
The document summarizes the history of ancient Ireland from the Mesolithic Stone Age to the Bronze Age. It describes how the first hunter-gatherers arrived around 8000 BC using stone tools. Farming was introduced in the Neolithic Stone Age around 4000 BC, bringing pottery, crops, and domesticated animals. Important Neolithic sites included passage graves like Newgrange and farming settlements such as Lough Gur. The Bronze Age began around 2000 BC, with people making tools and weapons from bronze and introducing new burial practices and jewelry.
Skara Brae is a late Neolithic settlement located in Orkney, Scotland that was inhabited between 3200 BC and 2200 BC. It was uncovered in 1850 after a storm eroded the sand dunes. Archaeologists excavated eight stone houses connected by narrow passageways, containing stone furniture such as beds, dressers, and seats. The site provides a rare glimpse into Neolithic life in northern Europe due to its excellent preservation beneath thick shell midden refuse.
This document summarizes the different stone ages in Ireland's history, from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. It notes that the first humans settled in Ireland during the Mesolithic at Mount Sandel in Antrim. During the Neolithic, tombs like Newgrange were built. The Bronze Age saw the creation of copper tools and jewelry. Finally, the Iron Age lasted from 1400 BC to recent times. The document also provides some details about metalworking and archaeology.
Introduction to Early Irish Bronze age artifacts 2000 BC 500 BCOona O'Reilly
The Beaker People came to Ireland around 2000 BC from Central Europe in search of copper and gold deposits. They made distinctive coil-built pottery that was used to bury cremated remains and store food. During the Bronze Age, they mined copper, gold, tin and other metals. Bronze tools and weapons were produced by mixing copper and tin. Gold and bronze jewelry from this period such as disks, lunulas, torcs and armbands were decorated with geometric patterns using techniques like repousse and incision.
The document provides information about Durham Cathedral and Castle. It describes the cathedral as a house of prayer for 900 years that overlooks the River Wear and contains the remains of St. Cuthbert and Bede. It notes that the cathedral and castle have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007 and are a popular tourist attraction. It also gives brief histories of Durham Castle, how Durham became a World Heritage Site, and venerable figures from the cathedral's past like Bede and Cuthbert.
This document appears to be a quiz about artifacts from the Bronze Age in Ireland. It includes multiple choice and fill in the blank questions about techniques used to make and decorate artifacts, their decorations, factual statements, and the functions of different artifacts like sun discs, armlets, fibulae (brooches), torcs (neck rings), and gorgets (neck ornaments). The artifacts mentioned include examples from counties Monaghan, Offaly, Clare, Kildare, and Meath.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England composed of earthworks and standing stones. Archaeologists believe it was erected around 2500 BC and served as a burial ground from its earliest existence. It went through three phases of construction, with Stonehenge III being the stone circle of sarsen stones still visible today. While its exact purpose remains unknown, theories suggest it functioned as an astronomical observatory or religious site.
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in Wiltshire, England consisting of a ring of standing stones set within earthworks. Archaeologists believe it was constructed between 3000 BC to 2000 BC, with the earliest earthworks dated to around 3100 BC. It is one of the most famous landmarks in the UK and is regarded as a culturally significant site, protected as an ancient monument.
The document discusses the ritual monuments in Wiltshire from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, including Avebury henge, West Kennet Long Barrow, Silbury Hill, and Stonehenge. It provides background information on each site and assigns tasks for students to research aspects of religious use and ceremonial functions, such as layouts indicating processions or orientations marking solstices. Students are asked to study evidence for practices like ancestor worship, design presentations on construction phases and timelines, and analyze how sites fit into the wider ceremonial landscape.
Stonehenge was built between 3600 BC and 2000 BC in England by indigenous people. It consists of fifty-six large stones transported over 250 km and arranged in concentric circles, with an entrance and altar at its center. Though now in ruins, archaeologists believe Stonehenge was used as a religious site where rituals were conducted to honor gods. It remains an important spiritual site for some who practice the ancient druid religion.
1) A pillion was an upholstered seat that was suspended from a horseman's saddle, allowing two people to ride comfortably - the man in front and a woman sitting sideways behind. They were originally used by the upper class and made of expensive scarlet cloth.
2) A stone claims to be the "Treaty Stone" where a treaty guaranteeing religious liberty to the Irish was signed by England, though it later violated this treaty. However, historians are skeptical this specific stone is the actual Treaty Stone.
3) Selca is a small town located on a hillside on the island of Brac, Croatia, known for its stone masonry. Stone cutting and tourism are the
The document summarizes a geology trip led by Scott to Pontefract, UK. The trip involved 23 participants examining rock formations from the Carboniferous and Permian periods exposed in the landscape. Key stops included viewing stained rock, sandstone deposits showing evidence of wind erosion, and a private garden with an exposure of yellow sandstone and limestone. The group also toured the ruins of Pontefract Castle and All Saints Church to examine building stones and learn about the areas' intertwined histories before concluding with a tour of the castle dungeon.
Two burial chambers located within 25 meters of each other were found in the mound during excavations in 1847. Artifacts from the Early Christian period and animal bones were uncovered. The mound contains two tombs facing west surrounded by an estimated 115 surrounding stones. One tomb is smaller with a short passageway and circular chamber. The larger tomb's passageway divides into a cruciform chamber with three side recesses and annexes containing additional chambers.
This document provides keywords related to objects, techniques, decoration, and materials from the Bronze Age, including pottery vessels, shields, tools, and types of jewelry made from gold, bronze, and other materials. The objects served decorative, status, and ceremonial purposes and were crafted using techniques like incision, repoussé, and casting. Common decorative motifs included raised circles and dots, hatched triangles, and concentric circles. Materials mentioned include gold, bronze, copper, tin, and lead.
This score sheet tracks 5 teams' performance across 6 rounds of a table quiz, including technique, pictures, decorations, true or false, function, and audio rounds. Scores are totaled at the end to determine the overall winner of the table quiz competition.
Methodology background bronze age quiz 0Martin Brown
- Three students were responsible for compiling a quiz on Bronze Age metalwork using a methodology approach.
- The teacher found that this gave the students responsibility and ownership over their own learning.
- The students agreed to the task table quiz and encouraged each other to engage with the topic more than a conventional class would have done.
- The students managed the entire 45 minute class period well and ensured the questions were appropriate.
This worksheet tests knowledge of Iron Age stonework by asking students to: list 3 stone idol heads and 2 dressed stones from the Iron Age; describe 2 techniques La Tene Celts used to decorate dressed stones; and draw and label the Turoe Stone and Castlestrange Stone while explaining the term "La Tene."
The document discusses Celtic art from the Iron Age in Ireland, specifically among the La Tene Celts. It describes how the Celts migrated to Ireland from Switzerland and established communities. They worked with iron and created decorative art styles inspired by nature. Examples discussed include stone idols, dressed stones, and Ogham stones that were carved with designs including spirals, scrolls, and plant motifs. Two dressed stones - the Turoe Stone and Castlestrange Stone - had intricate La Tene designs cut or incised into their surfaces.
Methodology background 19th, 20th and contemporary sculpture 0Martin Brown
The document provides information about a sculpture project for students. It outlines that students will:
- Visit sculpture parks and galleries in Cork and Dublin to study contemporary Irish sculpture.
- Research relevant sculptors and apply materials, techniques and concepts appropriately for their own design proposal.
- Present a detailed proposal for a site-specific sculpture to be placed on school grounds, including drawings, materials and critical analysis.
The project aims to give students experience in appreciating and critiquing sculpture while developing their own design skills through practical application. Site visits and research will provide historical and cultural context to inform their creative work.
The document contains questions for an applicant submitting a sculpture design to a selection committee. It asks about the title, materials, size, design concept, intended audience, inspiration, ability for people to interact with it, modifications, public display, consultation process, site relevance, social context, research, artistic influences, funding, construction process, maintenance issues, technical considerations, and why the design should be selected. It then has additional questions for the final selection process regarding the design's suitability for the school, ability to enhance the school, clarity of concept, broad appeal, impressiveness, emotional impact, risk level, timelessness, aging process, and which design is preferred and why.
Methodology background early irish stone carvingMartin Brown
Students will learn about early Christian stone carving by creating scale models. They will develop skills in using tools and techniques appropriately for research and development. Students will gain aesthetic and cultural knowledge parallel to their acquisition of practical skills. The lesson examines chronological sequences of carved stones and discusses how weathering affected the carvings. Students select a carving to replicate, producing line drawings and shaping their clay models. They reflect on the process and technical aspects of the stonemason's craft.
Methodologies high christian stonework 0Martin Brown
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Skellig tourist information leaflet 2009 1Martin Brown
Skellig Michael is a remote island off the coast of County Kerry that has been inhabited since the 6th century CE. A monastery was founded there in the 6th century and it grew to include several small stone dwellings called beehive huts that housed monks. The monastery was dedicated to the archangel Michael in the 11th century and included St. Michael's Church. The isolated location and sheer cliffs provided an ideal home for many seabirds. The monastery was abandoned in the 13th century but the island remains an important nature site and a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved medieval monastery.
Skellig Michael is a mountainous island off the coast of Ireland famous for its appearance in Star Wars. It has the largest bird colony in Ireland with over 4,000 puffins. Skellig Michael was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 due to its unique early Christian monastery built on pyramidal rock in the ocean, which illustrates the extremes of monasticism. The monastery survived Viking raids in the 9th century and was expanded around the year 1000. It was inhabited by approximately 12 monks and an abbot who obtained fish, shellfish, eggs, and vegetables for sustenance. The site remains relevant for the island's people as it benefits tourism and cultural exchange.
The Wicklow Mountains were formed during the Pleistocene epoch through glacial activity that carved out U-shaped valleys. Due to clearing, forests in the area had to be replanted in the early 20th century. While Irish elk and wolves used to live in the mountains, now the main animals are sheep and sika deer. St. Kevin's Bed is a small Bronze Age tomb where St. Kevin lived. The Round Tower of Glendalough was built as a landmark and place of sanctuary. Glendalough cemetery has been used for burials since the monastic settlement up to the present day.
Vancouver Island BC Alpine Hiking - A Nature Tour from the Mountains - Mount ...lelandhorn7
In more different options than a single, you receive a completely different look at the globe coming from a mountaintop" say scientists Richard and Sydney Cannings in Bc, An organic History. Rugged valleys, icy streams, and sloping meadows of wildflowers undulating inside the subalpine wind: they're what catch the eye when hiking Vancouver Island's mountains.
The document discusses island hopping opportunities around Scotland without needing long-haul international flights. It summarizes several islands to visit in Orkney and Shetland, including Mainland, Unst, and Yell in Shetland which offer scenic landscapes, opportunities for wildlife viewing, and cultural experiences. It also mentions the islands of Hoy, Lamb Holm, and Westray in Orkney which provide dramatic coastal scenery, historic sites, and the chance to see puffins and other seabirds. Island hopping around Scotland allows exploration of a variety of islands with unique beauty and heritage.
This presentation provides an overview of the island of Anglesey, located off the north coast of Wales. It summarizes that Anglesey is a scenic place to relax and get away from it all, known for its coastline, beaches, and historic sites like Beaumaris Castle. It also notes that Anglesey is the home of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and highlights several attractions for visitors to explore, including coastal paths, beaches, and the Trac Mon race track.
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Skellig tourist information leaflet 2009
1. History
Geology
Getting there
The word Sceillic means a rock, particularly a steep rock. The
first reference to Skellig occurs in legend when it is given as the
burial place of Ir, son of Milesius, who was drowned during the
landing of the Milesians. A fifth century reference describes the
flight of Duagh, King of West Munster, to the Skelligs. We have
no means of knowing whether a monastery existed on the site
at that time.
The pinnacles of the Skellig Islands (Great Skellig, also known
as Skellig Michael and Little Skellig), which rise 218m above the
ocean, are formed from the durable Old Red Sandstone that
also forms the backbone of the mountainous regions of South
West Kerry and West Cork. These rocks began life as sediments
deposited in the Devonian period some 400 million years ago.
These rocks were subsequently altered in a period of folding
and mountain building some 100 million years later. Sea level
subsequently rose, forming the deep marine inlets of southwestern Ireland and isolating the Skelligs from the mainland.
Skellig Michael is 11.6 km from
the mainland and is accessible
by boat between the months
of
May
and
September,
subject to weather conditions.
Boats carrying passengers to
Skellig Michael operate from
Knightstown,
Portmagee,
Ballinskelligs and Caherdaniel.
During the tourist season there
is a guide service (located
at the monastery) on Skellig
Michael. On the mainland you
can visit the Skelligs Experience on Valentia Island, just opposite
Portmagee, where a visitor centre gives an insight into the island
and its history.
A monastery may have been founded as early as the 6th century
but the first reference to monks on the Skelligs dates to the 8th
century when the death of ‘Suibhni of Scelig’ is recorded. It is
referred to in the annals in the 9th and 10th centuries and its
dedication to Saint Michael, the Archangel, appears to have
happened some time before 1044 when the death of ‘Aedh of
Scelic-Mhichíl’ is recorded. It is probable that this dedication to
Saint Michael was celebrated by the building of Saint Michael’s
church in the monastery. The church of Saint Michael was
mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis in the late 12th Century. His
account of the miraculous supply of communal wine for daily
Mass in St. Michael’s church implies that the monastery was in
constant occupation at that time.
In the 13th century a general climatic deterioration resulted in
colder weather and increased storms in the seas around Skellig.
This, together with changes in the structure of the Irish Church,
signalled the end of the eremitical community on Skellig. The
monks appear to have moved to the Augustinian Priory of
Ballinskelligs on the mainland at about this time. The Prior of
Ballinskelligs was referred to as the Prior of St. Michael’s (de
Rupe) implying that the site still formed an important part of their
monastery at that time.
In 1578, following the dissolution of the monasteries, the island
passed to the Butler family although the site continued to be a
place of pilgrimage into the 18th century.
In the early 19th century the island was purchased by the
predecessors of the Commissioners of Irish Lights in order to
erect two lighthouses. They built the present east landing and
built a road along the south and west side of the island to facilitate
the construction of the two lighthouses situated on the west side
of the island.
In 1880 the Office of Public Works took the monastic remains
into State guardianship and commenced the repair of collapsed
structures. Since that time the OPW has continued to repair and
conserve the monastic remains. In 1989 the State purchased the
island from the Commissioners of Irish Lights, with the exception
of the lower (working) lighthouse. In 1996 the site was inscribed
on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Fauna and Flora
The Skellig Islands are two
of Ireland’s most important
sites for breeding seabirds
and are remarkable both for
the size of their colonies and
diversity of species. They
support some of the biggest
breeding populations of
manx shearwater and storm
petrel in the world. Other
birds that breed on Skellig
Michael
include
puffin,
fulmar, kittiwake, guillemot,
peregrine falcon, chough,
raven, rock pippet and
wheatear. Puffins can be
seen on the island until early
August every year. Little Skellig hosts the second largest colony
of breeding gannets in the world and these can be viewed from
the boat on the way to the island.
Grey seal haul out onto the rocky edges of the island and can be
seen in the summer months. Rabbits and house mice can also
be found on the island.
Due to its ornithological importance Skellig Michael is designated
as a Statutory Nature Reserve, a Special Protection Area, and is
a proposed Natural Heritage Area. Visitors are asked to please
remember not to interfere in any way with the wildlife.
Much of Skellig Michael is composed of poorly vegetated habitats
such as rocky sea cliffs and exposed rock. The vegetation that
does occur is typical of highly exposed maritime conditions,
limited by thin soil, steep ground, salt spray and high winds.
Common plant species include Thrift, Sea Campion and Rock
Sea-Spurrey, with patches of Red Fescue, Dock, Sea Spinach
and Sea Mayweed occurring frequently.
Visiting the Site
The seas can be quite rough and the weather unpredictable.
So visitors should wear warm clothing and carry waterproofs.
Visitors should also wear appropriate footwear for the climb as
the steps can be slippery, particularly in wet weather. There are
no toilets on the island and travellers should be aware that the
trip in its entirety can be up to 6 hours. Visitors are advised to
bring food and drink with them. Visitors are asked not to leave
a trace of their visit on the island and bring back any litter to the
mainland where it should be disposed of responsibly.
Visiting the Hermitage on the South Peak is discouraged as
those without climbing experience could get into difficulties.
Health and Safety
Skellig Michael is a precipitous rock and there are
about 600 steps on the ascent to the monastery. Any
person with health issues should consider carefully
before visiting the site. Visitors are requested to give
serious consideration before deciding to bring small
children to the island. If young children are brought
they should be under strict supervision at all times.
For safety reasons, and to minimise disturbance and
damage to seabird breeding habitats, visitors must
remain on recognised visitor routes while on the island.
In order to protect the wildlife, dogs are prohibited
from the island. Visitors should comply with all
Safety Notices on the island. The Guides are the
official monitors on the island and their instructions,
particularly in relation to safety, must be complied with
at all times.
Skellig Michael, Co. Kerry
World Heritage Site
Visitor’s Guide
2. Skellig Michael
A World Heritage Site
Introduction
Skellig Michael, comprising a well preserved monastery
and a remote hermitage perched on a rock in the Atlantic,
is the most spectacularly situated of all the early medieval
Irish monastic sites. The island’s isolation has helped to
preserve and protect the monastic remains, allowing the
visitor to marvel at the remarkable achievements of the
monks. Skellig Michael is also an internationally renowned
site for breeding seabirds with its steep rock slopes and
cliffs providing nesting places for a variety of seabirds. It is
this combination of cultural and natural history which imbues
the island with a strong sense of beauty and spirituality.
When inscribing the site on the World Heritage List in 1996
UNESCO described Skellig Michael as a unique example of
early religious settlement which illustrates, as no other site
can, the extremes of Christian monasticism.
Your visit
Your visit begins at Blind Man’s Cove. The landing can be difficult
in windy weather and caution is advised when disembarking from
the boat. There was an original monastic landing at this point but
it, and the lower 40 metres of steps, were removed in the 1820s
in order to construct the present landing and the lighthouse road.
Leaving the landing, you walk along the lighthouse road that
skirts the south side of the island, gradually ascending as you
go. After about 300 metres you reach Cross Cove where you can
see guillemots, fulmars and razorbills nesting on the cliffs. You
pass under the wooden canopy and, just past the helicopter pad,
you can see below you another of the original monastic pathways
up to the monastery. From this point you continue for about 50
metres to the beginning of the steps to the monastery. Here, if
you look westward along the lighthouse road, you will see the
lower of the two lighthouses, the only one still operational. The
road is closed to the public from this point forward.
As you ascend the steps, after about 30 metres you will see a
large vertical piece of bedrock known as the Wailing Woman.
From the Wailing Woman you continue your ascent, following
the steps as they rise steeply to the right, bringing you to Christ’s
Saddle – an area of flat ground between the two peaks of the
island. Visitors are encouraged to consume any food they have
brought with them in this area. The South Peak, which rises
above you on the left as you arrive on Christ’s Saddle, is the
location of a hermitage built by the monks on the steep slopes
and narrow ledges. This area poses challenges to those without
climbing experience and visitors are discouraged from exploring
it without prior permission (see Health and Safety section below).
Images of the terraces, oratory and other structures on the South
Peak may be viewed on www.worldheritageireland.ie.
On your left, as you look at the South Peak, there is a small cave
modified by the monks. Visitors will see a cross cut into the rock
on the right hand side of the entrance. In front of you there is a
fence which prevents access to the North Steps. These steps are
closed to the public.
From Christ’s Saddle another steep flight of steps continues up to
the monastery. About half way up, you can see a cross-inscribed
slab on your left side. In windy conditions extreme caution is
needed on these steps.
The current entrance to the monastery, opened in the 19th
century, leads in to the Upper Monks’ Garden – an open area
surrounded by dry-stone walls. Visitors gather here to commence
their guided tour of the monastery.
In front of you is the Lower Monks’ Garden with steps leading
down to one of the original entrances to the monastery. The walls
in this area collapsed on several occasions in antiquity and the
large stones visible in the garden are part of this collapse. At
the eastern end of the garden the remains of a monastic cell or
clochán (Cell G) can be seen with its entrance facing you.
Continuing through the entrance in the inner enclosure wall, you
enter the core area of the monastery. The first and largest of
the beehive huts or cells (Cell A) must have served a communal
function for the monks, while the others (Cells B-F) were most
likely the residential cells. The cells date from different periods
and represent a unique record of the development of drystone
construction throughout the early medieval period. Beneath the
plinth upon which the cells stand are two cisterns that collected
rainwater from the site and stored it for use. A third cistern exists
west of Cell A, outside the area of the monastic buildings.
Saint Michael’s Church, the only mortared structure in the
monastery, was probably built in the 11th century and remodelled
in the 12th century. Behind this is the Large Oratory which may have
been built in the 9th century. This oratory is roughly contemporary
with the majority of the Cells. Next to the oratory is a leacht with a
large upstanding cross. Behind the oratory is a pair of conjoined
leachta known as the Monks’ Graveyard. Excavations on the
east and south sides of the monastic enclosure have revealed
the presence of two early entrances to the inner enclosure (see
plan). These indicate periods of collapse and rebuilding during
the occupation of the monastic site and give us an insight into the
evolution of the monastery into the form we see today.
Behind Cell F a set of steps leads you to the Small Oratory Terrace
which contains a second oratory, a small leacht, a cross and a
latrine. Structures in this area are fragile and can be viewed by
visitors, but direct access to the terrace is not allowed.
Further Information
Further information on the Skelligs can be accessed on
www.worldheritageireland.ie www.archaeology.ie,
www.environ.ie and on www.heritageireland.ie.