The document explains bit manipulation in programming using macros like setbit and clearbit. It demonstrates how to set or clear a specific bit in a binary representation of an address using shift operations. Examples are provided along with the expected outcomes of these operations.

2. If you have forgotten
AND – Multiply OR – ADD

3. #define SETBIT(ADDRESS,BIT) (ADDRESS |= (1<<BIT))
• Understanding (1<<BIT)
• 1 = 00000001
• BIT = any = 4(Ex)
• 1<<4 = 00000001<<4 (1 is left shifted 4 times)
• (1<<BIT) = 00010000

4. #define SETBIT(ADDRESS,BIT) (ADDRESS |= (1<<BIT))
• ADDRESS = PORTX = 00100100 (suppose)
• ADDRESS |= (1<<BIT))
⇒ ADDRESS = ADDRESS | (1<<BIT)
• ADDRESS | (1<<BIT) ⇒ 00100100 | 00010000
• Updated ADDRESS = 00110100
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5. #define CLEARBIT(ADDRESS,BIT) (ADDRESS &=~ (1<<BIT))
• ADDRESS = PORTX = 00110100 (suppose)
• ADDRESS &= ~(1<<BIT))
⇒ ADDRESS = ADDRESS & INVERTED(1<<BIT)
• ADDRESS & ~ (1<<BIT) ⇒ 00110100 & 11101111
• Updated ADDRESS = 00100100
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