A comprehensive Report about one of the best healthcare system in the world. This report has taken a detailed view of the healthcare system in Singapore.
Chapter 3 - Managing Healthcare in SingaporeGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to illustrate the healthcare system in Singapore. Ranging from Medisave to Restructuring of Hospitals in Singapore, these slides aim to teach the concept of Singapore healthcare in the new Social Studies Secondary Three syllabus. At the end of the slides, they provide a brief snapshot of the healthcare system of Singapore using the various measures such as Medisave, Medishield and Medifund.
Any comments are welcome. Thank you.
Lessons 1, 2 and 3 on Healthcare
In this series of lessons, we began with a scenario where we had to provide free healthcare to one student with illness. We touched on some of the challenges facing healthcare systems across the world and looked at the examples of the US and the UK.
We finally moved on to the healthcare system in Singapore. We used the SAPEO acronym to recall the 4 key principles that have shaped Singapore's healthcare system, while learning about government initiatives such as Medishield, Medisave, Medifund and the different classes of wards in hospitals.
Chapter 3 - Managing Healthcare in SingaporeGoh Bang Rui
Follow me on slideshare.
http://www.slideshare.net/gohbangrui
These slides are used to illustrate the healthcare system in Singapore. Ranging from Medisave to Restructuring of Hospitals in Singapore, these slides aim to teach the concept of Singapore healthcare in the new Social Studies Secondary Three syllabus. At the end of the slides, they provide a brief snapshot of the healthcare system of Singapore using the various measures such as Medisave, Medishield and Medifund.
Any comments are welcome. Thank you.
Lessons 1, 2 and 3 on Healthcare
In this series of lessons, we began with a scenario where we had to provide free healthcare to one student with illness. We touched on some of the challenges facing healthcare systems across the world and looked at the examples of the US and the UK.
We finally moved on to the healthcare system in Singapore. We used the SAPEO acronym to recall the 4 key principles that have shaped Singapore's healthcare system, while learning about government initiatives such as Medishield, Medisave, Medifund and the different classes of wards in hospitals.
*Health Insurance in India and Genesis of the Ayushman Bharat PMJAY Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
*Critical review of the health insurance schemes
*SWOCh analysis of Ayushman Bharat PMJAY
Created - July 2019
Author- Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Academic Junior Resident, Community & Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
1. Health Policy,
2. Features of health policy,
3. Types of health insurance,
4. Ayushman Bharat,
5. Mediclaim Policy,
6. Types of Mediclain policy,
7. What mediclaim policy cover,
8. Types of Mediclaim policy,
9. What Mediclaim policy not covered,
10. Difference between Health Policy and Mediclaim policy
The National Health Stack will facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data across the country. Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making, it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.
The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.
*Health Insurance in India and Genesis of the Ayushman Bharat PMJAY Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
*Critical review of the health insurance schemes
*SWOCh analysis of Ayushman Bharat PMJAY
Created - July 2019
Author- Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Academic Junior Resident, Community & Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
1. Health Policy,
2. Features of health policy,
3. Types of health insurance,
4. Ayushman Bharat,
5. Mediclaim Policy,
6. Types of Mediclain policy,
7. What mediclaim policy cover,
8. Types of Mediclaim policy,
9. What Mediclaim policy not covered,
10. Difference between Health Policy and Mediclaim policy
The National Health Stack will facilitate collection of comprehensive healthcare data across the country. Designed to leverage India Stack, subsequent data analysis on NHS will not only allow policy makers to experiment with policies, detect fraud in health insurance, measure outcomes and move towards smart policy making, it will also engage market players (NGOs, researchers, watchdog organizations) to innovate and build relevant services on top of the platform and fill the gaps.
The design is geared to generate vast amounts of data resulting in some of the largest health databases with secured aggregated data that will put India at the forefront of medical research in the world.
This describes the background problem, concept of health insurance, enrollment procedure, benefits,and implementation status of health insurance in Nepal, issues/concerns (discussion), take home message
Public Health in Malaysia (2014)
This slide presentation contain
1.The Development of public health in Malaysia.
2.Public Health today in Malaysia
3.General Outlook of Public Health
4.Policy and action from our government.
5.The 1Care Program (1Care Concept)
6.1Malaysia Clinics
7.Vaccination
8.Disease Control For Vector Species
9.MySihat
10.Private Events For Public Health
11. etc.
Essential Package of Health Services and Health Benefit Plans Mapping BriefHFG Project
Many governments are scaling up health benefit plans, such as social health insurance, to increase population health coverage. This brief presents findings from a mapping between the services covered under the country’s prominent health benefit plan(s) to the country’s Essential Package of Health Services. The mapping analyzes the extent to which the plan(s) cover essential services.
The Durban Chamber's Health Professionals Business Forum met for a discussion on the Universal Health Insurance Coverage as a sustainable building block for the reform of the South African health system from a KZN Perspective.
Presented by: Mfowethu M Zungu Deputy Director – General: Macro Policy, Planning and National Health Insurance in the Department of Health, KwaZulu-Natal
(June 2016 - present) Responsible for Strategic Leadership of Health Reforms Macro Policy Planning, Development and implementation in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal in line with the National Department of Health NHI policy direction.
Making Quality Healthcare Affordable to Low Income GroupsIDS
This is a presentation on the Hygeia Community Health Plan Model that was given to a meeting hosted by Future Health Systems in Abuja in January 2009 www.futurehealthsystems.org.
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
Health systems are responsible for delivering services that improve, maintain or restore the health of individuals and their communities.
Common elements in virtually all health systems are primary healthcare and public health measures.
The materials were collected and compiled into the presentation as a study project for Public Speaking class (COMM 110) in Cañada College in Redwood City, CA. Made by students of Spring 2012 - Jenna Baleix, Inge Verschueren, Julia Meinhold, Lissette Saravia, Ja Juarez, Mikhail Maryakhin.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
3. Introduction
x Singapore is a small country with a total land area of 710 square
kilometres.
x Obtained independence from Malaysia on 9 August 1965.
x Singapore is a parliamentary republic.
x Singapore is characterized by a highly developed and successful free-market
economy.
x It has a very open and corruption-free business environment.
x The Singapore economy grew by 8% in 2009 and it is projected to
grow by 15% in 2010.
x Per capita gross domestic product amounted to US$ 39,951 in 2008.
x Literacy rate : 96.3%
4. THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN SINGAPORE
x Health Care Philosophy-
1. Aims to build up a healthy population through preventive health care programmes and
the promotion of healthy living.(Healthy family, healthy nation report 1991)
2. Responsibility to intervene in the health care sector where the market fails to keep health
care costs down
3. Personal responsibility for one’s health.
Emphasis on – a)Health education
b)Immunization
c)Health screening for early detection of diseases.
5. Ministry of Health-
Overall responsibility for the provision and regulation of health care services in
Singapore.
6. HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Singapore has a dual health care delivery system.
x Primary health care-x
80%provided by private practitioners
x 20% government polyclinics
Includes –
x curative out-patient medical treatment
x health screening
x preventive health programmes for school children,
x home nursing
x day care and rehabilitation for the elderly
x health education and promotion.
x Hospital Care-x
80% by public sector
x 20% by Private sector
9. Health Indicators
x The crude birth rate
x
x
x
9.9
4.4
1.3
0
3
x
per 1000 resident population.
The crude death rate
per 1000 resident population.
The total fertility rate per resident female
MMR
Under 5mortality Rate
10.
11. Demography
Population of Singapore = 4.9 millian (2009)
% of Total Population
Chinese 74.2%
Malaysian
13.4%
Indian
9.2%
Others
3.2%
17. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF BEDS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE
HOSPITAL
NUMBER OF BEDS
PUBLIC HOSPITALS
PERCENTAGE(%)
9091
2185
80.6
PRIVATE HOSPITALS 19.4
TOTAL 11276 100
3 beds per thousand population ratio.
Average length of stay is about 5.5 days in general hospital.
Occupancy rates - Public Hospital 84 %
Private hospital 65%
19. x Singapore's only Western-style Medical School, established in
1905 trains 150 doc/yr
Reason for growth in specialization -
Push FOR growth by forming
x Committee for Postgraduate Medical Education in 1970
x Up-gradation of hospitals with sophisticated technology.
x Sending doctors to higher medical centers in world for training
20.
21.
22.
23. Traditional medicine.
x Traditional medicine (Chinese)- attends 12% of OPD
patients hence government appointed a committee in 1994
to review the practice of traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM) which came out with recommendation of
accreditation of TCM training programme.
x Registration with the self regulatory body.
x Establishment of a Chinese Proprietary Medicines as a
Listing Unit in the Ministry of Health.
24. Programmes
x Chronic Disease Management Programme (CDMP) and
vaccinations (Oct 2006)
x Health Promotion Programmes:
BreastScreen Singapore, Cervical Screening Singapore, Childhood
Injury Prevention Programme, Community Health Screening, Mental
Health Education Programme, National Myopia Prevention
Programme, Physical Activity programme, Mental Health Education
Programme, National Smoking Control Programme, Nutrition
Programme, Osteoporosis Education Programme, Workplace Health
Promotion Programme.
x National AIDS Control Programme (since 1985)
x National Childhood Immunization Programme (NCIP)
x Singapore Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (STEP) (1997)
25. Important Acts
x Human Organ Transplant Act (Hota)
On 6 January 2004, the Human Organ Transplant (Amendment)
Bill was passed by Parliament which extending HOTA beyond
kidney to include liver, heart and cornea.
x Advance Medical Directive (AMD)-
It’s a legal document that one sign in advance to inform the
doctor to not to use any life sustaining treatment to prolong the
life in case of an event of one becoming terminally ill and
unconscious or imminent death.
To ensure that terminal patients die with dignity and to cater to
the medical demands of its ageing population the ministry is
planning to increase the number of hospice beds by about 20%
over the next five to seven years.
26. National Health Plan ‘83’
Government was prompt enough to think about solving the problem before it
arrived which lead to National Health Plan 1983, detailing health
infrastructure planned for the next 20 yrs
Objectives of the NHP were
x to secure a healthy, fit and productive population through active disease
prevention and promotion of healthy lifestyles
x to improve cost-efficiency in the health care system.
x meet the growing demand of a rapidly aging population for increased health
care.
x Under this plan, the Medisave scheme was introduced in 1984 to meet
rising medical expenditure. The Medisave account allows members to
withdraw funds from their accounts in the Central Provident Fund (CPF) to
pay for hospital services, within certain limits, of themselves and their
immediate family members.
28. HEALTH CARE FINANCING IN SINGAPORE
x Prior to the reform in the 1980s medical services generally were
provided free or at a nominal charge through public facilities which
were financed through general taxation.
x In 1981 Ministry of Health announced ‘a cradle to grave health
system’ like those of British NHS.
Included two major changes such as
a)shifting of financial burden of health care from government to individual and
employer.
b)Corporatization of Government Hospital.
29. HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
x Singapore has a dual health care delivery system.
Financing
x Primary health care.
x Hospital care
x Long term care.
x Dental services.
x Pharmaceutical.
30. FINANCING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
BASICALLY THE HEALTH CARE IS FINANCED BY FOUR PAYERS-x
The individual
x The employer
x The insurer
x The government
Financing of healthcare is mainly divided in to
x Public financing including Taxation and Medifund
x Private financing including the government-administered schemes,
Medisave and Medishield, private medical insurance and savings.
31.
32. Public health financing-x
Taxation-Personal income tax ranging from2% to 28% is levied on
residents of Singapore at progressive rates on the previous year’s income.
Companies are taxed on adjusted net profits less capital allowances. The
corporate income tax rate is 26%. In 1995, tax revenue amounted to S$19.6
billion.
Provides fund for subsidising and promoting health care services.
MediFund-
It’s a endowment fund set up by the government in April 1993.
x Medifund started with an initial endowment of S$200 million from
the government in 1993 which has increased to S$600 million in 1998.
x Since its inception 99% of the applicants were given financial
assistance.
33. Medisave
x Introduced in 1984 as an extension of CPF(1955) Medisave allows
Singaporeans to put aside part of their income into an account to meet future
personal or immediate family’s hospitalisation, day surgery or certain
outpatient expenses.
x Under Medisave, between 6 and 8 per cent - according to age of every
member's CPF account, subject to a ceiling of Sin $16000.
x From 1 March 2010 Singapore residents can use the medisave account to
pay for overseas hospitalisations.
x Amount with drawn from Medisave accounts-
2008-SGD 590mn
2oo9-SGD 660mn.
34. x For the year 2006, the salary ceiling for the Central Provident Fund
contribution is S$4,500/month.
x Additional Medisave Contribution Scheme made by the employer as an
incentive to employee which is limited to S$1,500per employee/peryear.
x For all self-employed persons who earn more than s$6,000 are required to
contribute.
x Accumulated savings in a Medisave Account are subjected to a Medisave
Contribution Ceiling . The Medisave Contribution Ceiling for 2006 is
S$32,500.
x Medisave Account savings that exceeds S$27,500 can only be withdrawn.
x If the Medisave A/C Balance is lower than required amount (S$8,300)then
amount from other two sub-account is transfered
35. x Starting from 1 March 2010 the Ministry Of Health announced that the
Singapore residents will be allowed to utilise National Medical saving
scheme or Medisave for overseas hospitalisation and day surgeries at
hospital in Malaysia.
x This scheme has been initiated with two providers-
1. Health Management International (HMI)
2. Parkway Holdings
x Boost to the Palliative care with the Health Ministry’s decision to liberalise
the use of Medisave for home palliative care in September 2009.
x Some SGD500mn (US$347mn) is to be spent on elderly care, with a focus
on home care, rehabilitation and palliative services.
36. Marriage and Parenthood Schemes
x Medisave Maternity Package provides for the delivery and
pre-delivery medical expenses of your first four children.
x For normal delivery withdrawal upto SGD 2,100 for Non-
Medisave Maternity Package while for Medisave Maternity
package SGD 450 more will be alloted.
x Claim only upto the mentioned amount will be provided for
maternity expenses.
37. Interim Disability Assistance Programme for
the Elderly(IDAPE)
x Provides financial help to needy and disabled elderly
Singaporeans, who are not eligible for ElderShield because
of their age or pre-existing disabilities.
x IDAPE provides with $100 or $150 a month, for a maximum
period of 72 months.
Eligibility-x
If one is unable to perform 3 or more of the 6 Activities of Daily Living
(ADLs; washing, feeding, dressing, toileting, mobility and
transferring).
x If one is aged 70 and above as at 30 September 2002. If you are aged 40 to 69
years as at 30 September 2002, your disability must occur before 30 September
2002.
x If one’s per capita monthly household income is less than $1000.
38. Payment schedule for IDAPE
Per capita monthly household
income *
$700 and below
Monthly payout
$150
$701 - $1,000 $100
Above $1,000 Not eligible for IDAPE payout
39. Primary Care Partnership
x To provide convenient and affordable healthcare for needy
elderly and disabled Singaporeans, the Ministry of Health
(MOH) started the Primary Care Partnership Scheme (PCPS).
x In this scheme needy patients can receive subsidised treatment at
General Practitioners (GPs) and dental clinics near their homes.
x To provide common outpatient medical treatments and basic
dental services for this group of patients
x The scheme will also cover treatment for 3 chronic diseases:
Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Hypertension (High blood pressure)
and Lipid Disorders (e.g. High cholesterol).
40. INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM
CARE (ILTC)
x After the patients are well enough to be discharged from the hospital but due to their
medical condition may require further care and treatment at centres. Such care is
provided through ILTC.
Refers to services such as
Community Hospitals
Chronic Sick Facilities
Nursing Homes
Hospices
Day Rehabilitation Centres
Home care services such as home nursing and home medical.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Realizing the fact that the cost of such care will be higher as they require care for
longer period of time hence the government subsidizes such care to those who need
it.
41.
42. Health insurance plans
x Health insurance plans approved by either the Central Provident Fund
Board or the government serve the function of pooling health care
resources which include-x
(a) Medisave-approved health insurance schemes; and
x (b) employer-sponsored schemes.
x Medisave approved insurance schemes consists of MediShield,
Integrated MediShield (which includes IncomeShield) and ElderShield
43. MEDISHIELD
x Is a voluntary low-cost catastrophic medical insurance scheme
launched in 1990.
x It covers hospitalization expenses for major or prolonged illness
according to the extent of limit chosen.
x Element deductible and co-insurance (20 per cent)present along with
upper age limit of 70 years for participation.
x At the end of 1995, Medishield covered 1.5 million lives or 87 per cent
of eligible CPF members as well as a quarter million of their
dependants.
In an Integrated Medishield Scheme additional benefits are coupled with
the benefits by charging an additional fee paid to the insurance
company by the consumer
x In 2005, there were five health insurance companies in Singapore
providing 15 integrated MediShield insurance products
44. ELDERSHIELD
x Is a severe disability insurance scheme for those who need
long-term care, especially during old age.
x Provides a monthly cash payout to help pay out-of pocket
expenses for the care of a severely disabled person.
x Till 2007, the market was controlled by just two local
providers –
1)Great Eastern Life Assurance
2)NTUC Income Insurance Cooperative
Aviva now is also present.
x From September 2007, the disability insurance scheme was
introduced in two tiers – Basic ElderShield and ElderShield
Supplements
45. Employer-sponsored schemes
x The Manpower Ministry announced in September 2007 that from early
2008 employers must provide insurance for all those on a work permit or
an S pass (i.e. overseas employees).
x Employers are encouraged to provide employees with medical benefits by tax
incentives.
x This schemes include Portable Medical Benefits Scheme or the Transferable
Medical Insurance Scheme
x The Portable Medical Benefits Scheme is an institutionalized scheme.
x Involves Employers making monthly contributions to employees’ Medisave
Accounts which is limited to S$1,500 per employee per year.
x The Transferable Medical Insurance Scheme is an employer-sponsored group
insurance plan. At present, 19 health insurance companies provide transferable
medical insurance products.
Provides coverage for 12 months even if the employee leaves the job for whatever
reason.
46. Patient safety and EMR
x Being committed to patient safety Singapore introduced a project to
document the prevalence of medical errors in 2003 which documented 1000
death annually due to inappropriate use of pharmaceuticals and medical
devices.
x Accordingly, the government started making electronic medical records
(EMRs) compulsory.
x Nine polyclinics affiliated with the National Healthcare Group (NHG)
started to use the scheme in October 2009 and now is slated out for the
remainder.
x The creation of the new electronic records system is supported by the
investment of around SGD200mn (US$139mn).
47. Health Promotion Board
x Established in 2001, the Health Promotion Board (HPB) has a
vision to build a nation of healthy and happy people.
x Main driver for national health promotion and disease prevention
programmes.
x Goal is to increase the quality and years of healthy life and
prevent illness, disability and premature death.
x About 36 programmes are listed in HPB-A few of them worth
mentioning are-
Adult Oral Health Promotion Programme , AIDS Education Programme,
BreastScreen Singapore, Healthy Eating in Schools Programme, National Brisk
Walking Programme, Nurture Your Mind For Older Persons (NYMOP), Physical
Activity Programmes Schedule, RESPECT and STI/AIDS Prevention Programmes
for Youths
48. Health expenditure analysis
x Total health care expenditure in Singapore in 1995 reached S$3,545
million in 1995. It represented nearly 42 times(S$85million) that in
1960 and 2.7(S$1312) times that in 1986 .
x GDP fluctuated at around 3% to 4% since 1960.
x Health care expenditure per person has increased more than two times between
1986 (S$524.8) and 1995 (S$1,181.7).
55. x WHO Health System Rank 6th in the world
The story behind the scenes….
56.
57. Political
x Political Stability since 1965( PAP)Effectiveness of policy of
delivery mechanism of public services and no disruption of policy
implementation. Singapore enjoys a very stable political system
x Strong foundation with regulation and guidelines
( Intellectual and property rights)
x Official promises have been made to eradicate Singapore’s
reputation as an overprotective nanny-state, with efforts to
enhance freedom of expression.
x Strong relationship between the public and the govt that help
overcome barrier in the process of building , maintaining and
developing the nation.
58. Economic
x Strong market foundations consistent growth
x Imports most of resources and largely export dependent
x Other weaknesses are the public feelings of insecurity and concern
xxx
x
about making mistakes and being fined
The SARS outbreak in 2003
The war in Iraq in 2002
long-term economic problems. Competition from low-cost
neighbouring countries is on the increase and its population is ageing
rapidly.
In the face of regional competition for both exports and investment, the
government is encouraging economic diversification to boost
competitiveness. New areas being promoted include biomedical
sciences, medical and financial services, and tourism.
59. Social
x Ethnic diversity of Chinese, Malaysians and Indians.
x Worlds cleanest city and the least corrupt city
x HDI 27th rank in the world
x The worlds only slum free city
x 100% Urban population
x The social strengths of Singapore have been demonstrated by
an educational system that produces a well-educated
workforce .
x Not only developing its own pool of local talents, Singapore
also recruits foreign talents to work in both the public and
private sectors.
60. Technology
x Technologically, Singapore has a high-tech based economy.
x
x
x
x
x
Well-prepared infrastructure and the latest technology
contribute to the rapid development.
IT literate and English Proficient
Nationwide electronic Citizen (e-Citizen) programme.
The Ministry of Health website
Opening up of the market.
Personal Health Records and Electronic Medical Records.
62. Individual Responsibility
Political will
3 M Medical Savings Account
stable government and economy.
availability of skilled medical professional
latest medical technology.
E Health
In terms of accessibility, location and air links
Strengths Strong intellectual property (IP) protection laws.
Favourable tax climate for foreign investment.
World-class capabilities across the entire value chain, (research to support
services).
x Well-established research infrastructure backed by strong supporting
industries.
x Singapore is the least corrupt country in Asia,(Transparency International)
xxxxxxxxxxx
Strengths
63. Weakness
x Ageing Population “silver industry”
x Hospital based Health Care system
x Resource poor
x Shortage of health care professionals
x Small population size, which limits longer-term
market potential.
x The Singapore government censors the media and
limits the distribution of foreign publications. The
judiciary’s record of siding with prominent
politicians calls into question the true extent of its
neutrality in any contract dispute involving a
politically sensitive issue
64. Opportunities
x Medical tourism
x Government focused on developing Singapore into a hub
x
x
x
x
for pharmaceuticals
Medical devices, clinical trials and biotechnology,
attracting both foreign investment and patients.
There is currently a government-inspired push to 'go
regional', strengthening Singapore's position as a hub of
medical excellence in SE Asia.
ASEAN Countries Trade policies
Also planned is the creation of a multi million-dollar
medical services park, to be co-located with a tertiary
hospital.
65. Threats
x Changing Disease Profiles
x Costs via high technology and high standards
x Rising AIDS,TB
x Lifestyle related Diseases
x There are fears that Singapore’s foreign policy alignment
with the US will cause the city-state to become a target for
terror attacks launched by Muslim extremists. Terorism
66. Challenges
x The number of seniors will increase from 8.4% in 2005 to
18.7% in 2030. In absolute terms, seniors will increase from
about 296,900 in June 2005 to 873,300 in 2030
x Healthier. In terms of mobility, about 87% of seniors are
ambulant and physically independent. They will also be living
longer
x Better educated. The proportion of seniors aged 65 – 74
with at least a secondary education is projected to increase from
13.9% in 2005 to 28% by 2010 and to 63% by 2030.
x Richer. Each successive cohort of older people will be
increasingly affluent and wield greater economic power. As
consumers, they represent a potentially large and untapped
market sector.
67. Challenges Cont.
x Cost containment vis-a-vis a rapidly ageing population: increasing
x
x
x
x
x
health care costs due to advances in medical specialisation as well as
the use of expensive medical technologies.
Quality of care, while medical audit and quality assurance are
currently still relatively underdeveloped
Medical manpower planning: especially in nursing home nursing and
ancillary health personnel.
Harnessing information technology: Singapore is working towards a
National Health Information System that will allow the seamless flow
of information, such as electronic medical records, across all health
care establishments;
Increased demand and expectations from the more affluent and
educated population.
Diseases that are 'lifestyle-related'. 'Westerners'. HIV-infected people
are very often considered as isolated cases who have been 'exposed
‘to foreigners.
68. x What Do the people of Singapore feel about their healthcare
system??
69. Public Perceptions of Healthcare in
Singapore: Case Study (August 2006)
x
x
x
x
Jeremy FY Lim, Veena Dhanajay Joshi, conducted a survey of Singapore residents to
determine perceptions of the affordability and quality of healthcare in Singapore.
A sampling frame comprising 6146 random telephone numbers from the 2005/2006 of
the Singapore telephone directory was generated.
Trained interviewers then conducted the survey via telephone using a questionnaire that
was purpose designed for this survey.
Respondents were asked to rank their agreement with statements pertaining to
healthcare cost and quality on a 5-point Likert scale.
x There were 1783 respondents to the survey.
72. x Conclusion: Singaporeans are confident in the Singapore healthcare system and sentiments appear to be
more positive when compared to other countries.
76. Key components of a well functioning health
system ----WHO
x Leadership and Governance
x Health financing
x Human resources for health
x Essential medical products and technologies
x Service delivery
x Health information systems
77. Leadership and Governance
x Ensuring that health authorities take responsibility for
steering the entire health system (including the private sector)
x Set clear direction through transparent and inclusive process of
--
-- planning and strategy
-- accountability
-- monitoring and evaluation
78. …Leadership and Governance ctd…
Responsibility
/ governance
Planning &
strategy
Monitoring &
evaluation
Accountability
France
Germany
UK
US
Singapore
No
…yes…
yes
…yes…
yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
…yes…
Yes
79. Health Financing
x A system to raise sufficient funds for health fairly
x A system to pool financial resources
x Ensure efficient use of funds
80. …Health Financing ctd…
Fairness
France
Germany
UK
US
Singapore
Pooling
…yes…
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes / no
Efficient utilisation
Yes /no
Yes
Yes/ no
No
Yes
…yes…
Yes
Yes /no
No
Yes
81. Human Resources for Health
x Arrangements for achieving sufficient health professionals in
right mix
x Ensure system wide deployment and distribution according to
needs
82. …Human Resources for Health ctd…
Sufficient no. Right mix Efficient
deployment
?Yes
?Yes
France
Germany
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
UK
US
Singapore
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
83. Essential Medical Products and
Technology
x Medical products regulatory system (marketing, safety,
quality, etc)
x National list of essential medical products
x Availability and price monitoring system
x A national programme to promote rational prescribing
84. …Essential Medical Products and
Technology ctd…
Regulatory
system
List of
essential
medical
products
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Monitoring of
availability
and price
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Programme
for rational
prescription
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Partly yes
France
Germany
UK
US
Singapore
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Partly yes
85. Service Delivery
x Network of close-to-client primary care and back-up of
specialized care
x Standard norms and guidelines to ensure access, quality,
safety andpeople-centeredness
x Mechanisms to hold providers accountable for access and
quality, and to ensure consumer voice
86. …Service Delivery ctd…
Close-to-pt
primary care
Norms to
ensure
access/quality
/safety
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes / no
Yes
People
centeredness
Accountability
of providers
France
Germany
UK
US
Singapore
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes /no
Yes /no
Yes / no
…Yes…
Yes / recently ?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes / no
Yes
88. …Health Information System ctd…
HMS
France
Germany
UK
Yes and developing
Yes and developing
Yes and developing
HMIS
Yes
Yes
Yes
US
Singapore
Yes
Yes and developing
Yes
Yes
89. Health Indicators
Country
France
Germany
UK
US
Life expectancy in yrs
(m/f/both)
78/85/81
77/83/80
78/82/80
76/81/78
HALE in yrs
(m/f/both)
71/76/73
71/75/73
71/73/72
68/72/70
Singapore 79/83/81 71/75/73
90. …Health Indicators ctd…
IMR / 1000
live births
France
Germany
3
4
Less than 5 yrs
MR / 1000
4
4
MMR / 1000
deliveries
8
6
Adult MR
(prb death 15-
49)/1000
87
78
UK
US
Singapore
5
7
2
6
8
3
7
13
8
78
107
64