Simplifying the selection of optical multi mode fibre
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How to Choose Fiber Optic Cable 1. Firstly, what is the technology requirement that needs to be linked by the fiber cabling? 2. Secondly, what is the desired transmission speed? 3. Specifically, how far is the distance between the transmitting and receiving equipment? 4. In particular, is the route exclusively internal or involve external runs outside of the building? 5. Furthermore if external, is there potential damaged problems such as rodents, damaged form outside machinery? 6. Finally, what is your budget?
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![For thispurpose differingbandwidthsof these cablesallow highnetworkspeedstobe maintained
overlongertransmissiondistances.
Optical Multimode Fibre Comparison Chart
Category
Minimummodal
bandwidth
850 nm /
1310 nm[10]
100 Mb
Ethernet
100BASE-FX
1 Gb(1000
Mb) Ethernet
1000BASE-SX
10 Gb
Ethernet
10GBASE-
SR
40 Gb Ethernet
100 Gb
Ethernet
OM1
(62.5/125)
200 / 500 MHz·km
up to 2000
meters
(FX)[11]
275 meters
(SX)[11]
33 meters
(SR)[11]
Notsupported
Not
supported
OM2 (50/125) 500 / – MHz·km
up to 2000
meters
(FX)[11]
550 meters
(SX)[2]
82 meters
(SR)[2]
Notsupported
Not
supported
OM3 (50/125)
*Laser
Optimized*
1500 /
2000 MHz·km
up to 2000
meters(FX)
550 meters
(SX)
300 meters
(SR)[11]
100
meters[2]
330
metersQSFP+
eSR4[12]
100
meters[2]
OM4 (50/125)
*Laser
Optimized*
3500 /
4700 MHz·km
up to 2000
meters(FX)
1000 meters
(SX)[2]
400 meters
(SR)[13]
150
meters[2]
550
metersQSFP+
eSR4[12]
150
meters[2]
For instance,the industrystandardminimumreachforOM3 cable at 10 Gbit/sspeedis300m.
However.whileOM1is capable of supportingsimilarspeeds,thisonlyholdstrue overshort
distances.OM4 howevercanmaintainitoveran evenlongerdistance (550m).
OM1 istherefore more widelyusedatthe slowerspeedof 1Gbit/s.Forthisreason,it supportsa
transmissionreachof 275m. Thus, OM1 isprettymuch phasedoutinmoderntechnology
requirements.
In the past,people were generallycontentwiththe 1Gbit/sspeedsthatwere possiblewithOM1.
However,inmore andmore cases thisisno longersufficient.
Therefore,inourexperienceworkingwitharange of clients,we are findingmore peoplewantingto
upgrade fromOM1 to the laser-optimizedOM3.Thus facilitatingfasternetworkspeedsandgreater
bandwidth.
Performance vs. Distance vs. Cost
Therefore,the decisiontowhichoptical multi-mode cable tochoose ultimatelycomesdowntoa
questionof performance,requirements,distance andcost.
Generally,the ISO11801 classificationshave greatlysimplifiedthisdecisionmakingprocess.To
beginwith,bydefininganindustryminimumstandardreachforvaryinglevelsof performance.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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The document describes Cisco ASR 9000 Series Ethernet Line Cards, which are carrier-grade networking components. The line cards deliver scalable, high-availability Ethernet and IP services to enable profitable business, residential, and mobile services. They provide dense QoS and support both Layer 2 and 3 services, allowing operators to reduce costs and quickly deploy new services. Key features include high port densities, support for various interface types and distances, extensive Layer 2 and 3 capabilities, carrier-class OAM functions, and timing synchronization.
cisco-cfp-100g-sr10=-datasheet.pdf
The Cisco 100GBASE CFP-SR10 module provides 100 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity over multimode fiber for data center and enterprise networking applications over short distances of up to 100 meters for OM3 fiber and 150 meters for OM4 fiber. It has dimensions of 144.8 x 82 x 13.6 mm and uses an 850nm wavelength transmitted over 10 lanes. The module does not support digital optical monitoring.
05. DF - Latest Trends in Optical Data Center Interconnects
This document discusses the latest trends in optical data center interconnects. It notes that data center connections are moving from 10G/40G to 25G/100G, and within and between data centers. New hyperscale data center architectures are flattening traditional tiered topologies. Interconnect technologies are seeing a significant increase in 100G and 25G port densities using smaller form factors like QSFP28 and SFP28. Standards organizations are working on 50G, 200G, 400G, and next-generation 100G Ethernet to support these increases in bandwidth.
cisco-qsfp-100g-sr4-s=-datasheet.pdf
The document is a datasheet for the Huawei compatible QSFP-100G-SR4-S= 100GBASE SR4 QSFP transceiver module. It provides specifications for the module such as dimensions of 13.5 x 18.4 x 72.4 mm, nominal wavelength of 850nm, support for transmission distances of 70m over OM3 fiber and 100m over OM4 fiber, power consumption of 3.5W, and beige colored pull tab. It also provides a comparison of this module to other similar 100G QSFP transceiver modules.
cisco-glc-sx-mm-datasheet.pdf
The GLC-SX-MM is a mini-GBIC transceiver module that operates at 1 Gbps over multimode fiber networks up to 550 meters in length using 50 μm fiber cable or 220 meters using 62.5 μm fiber cable. It is compliant with the IEEE 802.3z 1000BASE-SX standard and uses an LC connector interfacing with multimode fiber. The transceiver has a full duplex capability and hot-swappable module replacement, transmitting data at 1 Gbps with an optical wavelength of 850 nm.
Cnam2015 m2 m -iot - course 2 - warming - v(0.2)
The document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, including both short and long range wireless technologies. It discusses low power wide area network standards like LoRaWAN and SigFox, as well as cellular technologies like LTE, LTE-Advanced, and 5G. It covers a wide range of topics like network architecture, spectrum fragmentation issues, carrier aggregation techniques, and voice over LTE. The presentation aims to provide insight into both current and emerging IoT/M2M technologies and their applications from both a technical and market perspective.
huawei-omxd30000-brochure-datasheet.pdf
The document is a datasheet for an OMXD30000 optical transceiver module. It is an SFP+ 10G multi-mode module that operates at 850nm over distances up to 0.3km using LC connectors. The module complies with the 10GBASE-SR standard and works in temperatures from 0°C to 70°C. It can be used in various Huawei switch models to provide 10G connectivity over multi-mode fiber.
latencyin fiber optic networks
Latency in fiber optic networks is introduced by several sources:
1. The optical fiber itself adds latency proportional to its length due to the finite speed of light in the fiber.
2. Optical components like amplifiers, dispersion compensation modules, and transponders introduce small delays ranging from nanoseconds to microseconds.
3. Digital signal processing, forward error correction, and the OSI protocol stack can each contribute delays of microseconds to milliseconds depending on their complexity.
Wireless Lab NUI 070610
The document provides an overview of RAN evolutions from a vendor's perspective. It discusses key market trends driving 1000x increases in network traffic and connections by 2020. It then summarizes technology advances like HSPA evolution, LTE speed increases up to 1000 Mbps, and the benefits of harmonized spectrum standards to facilitate global roaming. Carrier aggregation techniques are described to efficiently use fragmented spectrum and support wider channel bandwidths of up to 100 MHz for LTE Advanced.
cisco-cfp-100g-lr4=-datasheet.pdf
The document summarizes specifications for the Cisco 100GBASE CFP-100G-LR4= module, which provides 100 Gigabit Ethernet connectivity over single-mode fiber for distances up to 10 km. Key details include its dimensions, wavelength range in the 1310 nm band, support for single-mode fiber with G.652 core size, a maximum distance of 10 km, inclusion of digital optical monitoring, and an operating temperature range of 0-70°C. It also compares the CFP-100G-LR4= module to other Cisco 100G CFP modules that support different fiber types and distances.
cisco-cfp-100g-er4=-datasheet.pdf
The document provides specifications for the Cisco 100GBASE CFP-100G-ER4= module. It is a 100 Gigabit Ethernet module that plugs into Cisco switches and routers and provides connectivity for data centers, enterprise networks, and service provider applications over single-mode fiber for distances up to 40 km. Key features include supporting 100G Ethernet, being hot-swappable, and including digital optical monitoring. It is compared to similar Cisco 100G CFP modules for distance, fiber type, and other specifications. Contact and purchase information is provided at the end.
1 a vision on the evolution to 5 g networks
1. The document discusses the drivers and challenges for evolving mobile networks to 5G, which aims to significantly increase network performance and capacity to meet growing data demands.
2. Key challenges for 5G include supporting over 1000x capacity increase through small cells, carrier aggregation, advanced radio interfaces, and heterogeneous networks. More spectrum will also be needed to achieve multi-Gbps speeds.
3. Rural connectivity remains a challenge that 5G aims to address through technologies like LTE operating at 450MHz for wider coverage areas. Ubiquitous services could become a reality with 5G but further work is still needed to support applications such as machine-to-machine communications and public safety.
Long term evolution (lte) technology
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G mobile communication standard that aims to provide faster data speeds and network capacity. LTE targets peak download speeds of 100 Mbps for 20 MHz of spectrum and aims to reduce latency to less than 5 ms. It utilizes OFDM and MIMO technologies to achieve these goals. LTE has a simplified all-IP based architecture compared to 3G and supports spectrum bandwidths from 1.25-20 MHz. As of 2010, over 60 mobile operators had committed to deploying LTE networks in over 30 countries. LTE is expected to become the dominant next-generation mobile broadband technology globally.
Similar to Simplifying the selection of optical multi mode fibre (20)
05. DF - Latest Trends in Optical Data Center Interconnects
05. DF - Latest Trends in Optical Data Center Interconnects
More from Gary Crilly, RCDD/OSP
What are Wi-Fi networks.docx
Wi-Fi networks allow wireless devices to connect to the internet through wireless routers. Wi-Fi works by converting data into radio signals within wireless adapters in devices like laptops and smartphones, transmitting the signals to a wireless router via antenna, and decoding the signals at the router to send to the internet. Common standards like IEEE 802.11 are used to define Wi-Fi communications. Wi-Fi networking refers to connecting multiple devices to the internet without wires through a wireless router, differing from the internet which connects global networks using Internet Protocol. Wireless local area networks also connect devices but are used in larger spaces like schools and businesses to provide network connectivity anywhere within the building.
What is a data cabinet.docx
What is a data cabinet
A data cabinet is a piece of equipment that is used to store, organise and protect network equipment. Data cabinets are often referred to as racks, network cabinets or cab's. Cabinets are usually made of metal, plastic or glass. In addition, the cabinets will have multiple shelves. Each shelf will be used for various equipment such as, routers, switches and modems. Furthermore, data cabinets can also include features such as cooling fans and cable management systems. Data cabinets help to keep data organized and protected. They can also help to improve the efficiency of data retrieval .
Data cabinets come in different shapes and sizes. The size of the cabinet will be determined by the size of your cabling infrastructure and IT equipment. There are a number of options available when it comes to finding the correct cabinet for your needs.
What are the different types of Data cabinets?
As previously stated, data cabinets are often referred to as racks, network cabinets or cabs. Commonly when an individual uses one of these phrases their referring to the same thing. However, technically there is a difference. A cabinet is unit that is closed on all sides, including the top & bottom. Racks do not have sidewalls, they're open. Commonly, they're referred to as open frame racks.
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Fibre Optic FAQs.docx
Fibre Optic FAQ’s
What is fibre optic cabling?
Fibre optic cabling is a type of cable that is used to transmit data at high speeds. It is made up of tiny glass or plastic strands that are bundled together. Fibre optic cables can carry much more information than traditional copper cables, and they are also much faster.
Why do we need fibre optic cables?
Fibre optic cables are used in a variety of applications where high speed and large bandwidth are required. They are commonly used in long distance telephone and data communications, cable television, and internet connections.
How do fibre optic cables work?
Fibre optic cables work by transmitting light instead of electricity. The light is generated by a laser or LED, and is then sent through the fibre optic cable. The light signals are then converted back into electrical signals at the other end.
How are fibre optic cables installed?
Fibre optic cables must be installed by trained and certified professionals. The installation process can be quite complex, and it is important that it is done correctly in order to avoid any damage to the cables.
What are the benefits of fibre optic cables?
Fibre optic cables offer many benefits over traditional copper cables, including higher bandwidth, lower signal loss, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Fibre optic cables are also much thinner and lighter than copper cables, making them easier to install and work with.
If you are in need of high speed and large bandwidth data transmission, then fibre optic cables may be the right solution for you. Be sure to hire a trained and certified professional to complete the installation process.
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Passive Optical Network - FAQs.docx
Passive Optical Network: FAQ’s
What is Passive Optical Network?
Passive Optical Network (PON) is a type of fibre-optic access network. A PON reduces the amount of cabling and equipment required compared to an active optical network, where each user has a separate connection to the network hub. Generally, a PON configuration contains an optical line terminal (OLT) at the service provider's central office and a number of optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs) near end users.
How does it work?
PON uses an optical splitter to allow multiple subscribers to share a single fibre connection to the service provider's network. Furthermore, the splitter is a passive device that does not require any power.
The OLT contains a laser that sends an optical signal down the fibre to the splitter. As a result, the splitter then separates the signal into multiple signals, each of which is sent to a different ONU or ONT.
The ONU or ONT converts the optical signal back into an electrical signal that can be used by the customer's equipment.
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Alternating Current or Direct Current.docx
Alternating Current or Direct Current
Which is better alternating current or direct current?
We've all heard the terms AC and DC current but what's the difference and which is better?
Electricity is a powerful form of energy that can be dangerous if not treated with respect. In order to keep you safe and help you understand electricity better, we're going to look at both alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
What is difference between AC and DC current?
AC and DC are two different categories of electricity. AC is when the electricity alternates between positive and negative, while DC is when the electricity flows in only one direction.
Which one is safer? Well, that depends on who you ask. Some people say that AC is more dangerous because the voltage can be much higher than DC, while others say that DC can be more dangerous because it can cause more electrical shocks.
In the end, it's important to remember that both AC and DC can be dangerous if not handled properly. So always use caution when working with electricity, and if you're ever unsure about something, don't hesitate to ask for help.
What is Alternating Current?
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that systematically reverses direction. It is produced by a generator, and it is the type of current used in homes and businesses.
There are many benefits of using AC over other types of currents. Some of these benefits include:
1. It can be transmitted over long distances without losing too much power
2. It is relatively cheap to produce
3. It can be used to power a wide variety of devices
AC has been around for well over a century, and it is still the most popular type of current in the world. If you're looking for an efficient, reliable way to power your home or business, then AC is the way to go.
What is Direct Current?
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What Does a Data Centre Do.docx
What Does a Data Centre Do?
A Data Centre is a facility that houses network computers, storage systems and computing infrastructure.
We live in the age of big data, where the sheer volume of data processed on a day-to-day basis dwarfs anything that businesses have been involved with in the past. As a result, this 'big data' needs to be handled correctly.
It is, after all, crucial that you can analyse all of your data, at all times. Establishing such efficient data handling will not only allow your business to remain productive, but also provide an edge over your competition. And the best way to handle this data is with a data centre.
What is a Data Centre?
It's important that your IT infrastructure is equipped to handle and process your data. The demands of the modern age mean that you constantly need your data to be available. Traditional solutions, such as hard drives and physical storage mediums, simply aren't able to cope with the amount of data being processed in the 21st century. And it was this problem which led to the development of data centres.
A data centre is, in its simplest form, a facility used to centralise an organisation's IT infrastructure and provide data storage. Generally, this setup enhances a company's ability to maintain data continuity. In addition, it provides backup power support and deliver an environment which ensures IT equipment runs at its optimum efficiency. These data centres can be based onsite or remotely through a number of different options.
What Types of Data Centres Are There?
Every business is unique and, accordingly, has different needs when it comes to IT and data processing. Therefore, a number of different data centre models have evolved as IT has advanced. The four main types of data centre are:
1. Enterprise:
One of the most common data centres, enterprise solutions are based on-site; it's a type of data centre which provides a wide range of benefits to the end user. Performance is enhanced as the equipment is located so close to the business. Scalability can easily be analysed and implemented whilst security is high as the owner can directly monitor the data centre.
2. Colocation Facilities:
These data solutions are provided by external businesses who rent dedicated data processing space to numerous organisations. As well as providing valuable real estate, these colocation facilities also offer 24-hour maintenance and security services to provide customers with peace of mind. Although smaller colocation facilities will only provide racks as part of their service, large facilities are able to provide entire data centre units.
3. Edge:
Not all businesses have room for a dedicated on-site data centre, but neither are they willing to compromise on performance. Therefore, edge data centres provide a fine compromise
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What is Ethernet.docx
What is Ethernet?
What is the Ethernet and how does it work?
We all use the internet and associated technology which is part of the Ethernet. But what is ethernet and how does it work?
IT networks are crucial for productivity in the modern world. Connecting a variety of IT devices together allows you to combine technologies for the maximum gain e.g. connecting a PC to storage devices and printers to facilitate data transmission. Such networks, of course, have been in place for decades and one of the simplest and most common examples uses ethernet technology.
What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a form of technology used in both local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN) to connect IT devices together. These networks rely on ethernet cables to connect devices and transmit data between them. An ethernet network will be localised geographically due to the involvement of ethernet cables, so they are commonly found in schools, colleges and small businesses rather than connecting different organizations to one another.
How Does Ethernet Work?
Networks are powered by ethernet through several pieces of hardware. Firstly, ethernet cards are installed in PCs, and these are then connected to a network through the installation of an ethernet cable. These ethernet cables, which are available in a number of different categories, are used to transmit and carry data between the PC and the network. Completing an ethernet setup is the router; this device is used to manage and direct data across the network. The router ensures that the relevant PCs have access to not only the available data, but also the internet.
Ethernet Cable Types
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What are the main data cable categories and what is the difference.docx
What are the main data cable categories and what is the difference
Understanding Data Cable Categories
Telecommunications and data transfer are two of the most elements of modern business. Without the correct handling of these two aspects, it’s going to be a struggle to be competitive in the business landscape. Thankfully, you can minimise this struggle by working with the best cables for the job. But there are a lot of cables available on the market. How exactly do you know which one is best? And what are the differences between data cables and phone cables? Understanding the answers to these key questions is the only way to succeed.
What are the Main Data Cable Categories?
Cabling comes in a variety of specifications, lengths and even colours. Whilst the colour of your cabling is far from important, it’s crucial that you understand what the main categories are and their capabilities. The most common type of cabling used in business is data cabling, and it can be found holding IT infrastructures and IP phone networks together. The most common forms of data cabling are:
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Common Fuse Box Problems.docx
Common Fuse Box Problems
What is a fuse box?
A fuse box is a type of electrical cabinet in which fuses, and circuit breakers are used to protect the wiring system from overloads, short circuits and ground faults. Fuse boxes help to distribute electricity more efficiently, with safety as a primary concern. Before we dive into the most common fuse problems, lets have a look at how a fuse box works.
How does a Fuse box work?
A fuse is designed to "blow" (or melt and separate the fusible link) under too high of an electrical current. A circuit breaker, on the other hand, interrupts electrical service through the use of tripped switches. These two main types of protection are then complemented by various other forms of devices, such as ground fault protection, arc fault protection and surge protectors.
Fuses are typically divided into two types: cartridge fuses and link or cable fuses. The cartridge fuse is a small tube that holds the fusible metal link in place. After the circuit has become overloaded or shorted, the link melts and the circuit is broken. The tube then cools down again to reform the link, allowing normal operation to resume.
The Most Common Fuse Box Problems
The average person can notice signs of a failing fuse box. You don’t need to be a qualified electrician to understand you may have a problem on your hands. The two most common symptoms are: An overloaded circuit which will blow the fuses in question. As a result, this will cause any associated devices to disconnect. Lastly, the smell of burning is another clear indication of a faulty fuse, as well as the smell you will notice burn marks on the fuse box. If you notice either of these signs within your premises, it’s a clear sign of a problematic fuse box. To resolve these issues, you must contact a qualified electrician.
What causes the most common fuse box problems?
Faulty Appliances: A faulty fuse box can be the result of a single appliance. For example, a hairdryer, kettle, laptop, or any other appliances in use. Regardless of the appliance, any electrical fault present can lead to your fuse box tripping repeatedly. The way to identify the issue is by disconnecting all appliances and then plugging them back in one at a time until the circuit trips.
Poor Wiring: Fuse boxes generally undergo a lot of maintenance work during their lifespan. This continuous maintenance can lead to the installation of poor wiring or installation of the wrong size wire. Both of these examples pose major risks such as, electric shock or electrical fire. All wiring issues must be investigated and dealt with by a professional electrician. In addition, if poor wiring is the reason for your faulty fuse box, it must be dealt with as top priority.
Overloaded Circuits: Present day buildings are generally full of electrical devices, and this can lead to significant strain on your fuse box. In addition, this highly noticeable when extension leads are in use.
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Can I Use VoIP on My Network.docx
Can I Use VoIP on My Network
Can my internet handle VoIP?
The Voice over Internet Protocol technology, as we know, allows users to make calls over the existing internet network or infrastructure. So how do we ascertain whether the networks available in our place will be able to support VoIP services? Also, what could be the requirements for the installation of a VoIP system? And what are the benefits and costs of VoIP? Let’s take a look at some of the key points that should be considered for VoIP to function on a particular network.
Requirements for VoIP
Network Internet Connection
As we know that VoIP functions in conjunction with the internet so it is one of the main prerequisites for establishing VoIP communication. The options available include both wired internet infrastructure based on broadband services and wireless internet such as Wi-Fi modems. Both systems utilize their specific hardware to establish VoIP services. In the case of wired broadband services, Ethernet cables and VoIP gateway can be used. On the other hand, the wireless network utilizes wireless internet modems in addition to Ethernet cables and VoIP gateways.
Network Bandwidth
Once the network is enabled with the internet, an analysis shall be conducted about the number of VoIP devices that are needed to be integrated into the system. The increase in the number of devices may slow down the network and cause problems such as network congestion especially if the bandwidth of the internet connection is low. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the network bandwidth to allow for a specific spare percentage of the bandwidth so that the devices can function properly. It is recommended to use 0.1 Mbps of bandwidth for every device/phone.
VoIP Service Provider
For a VoIP system to work a VoIP service provider has to be selected. Communication between VoIP phones or devices is made possible through the connection provided by the VoIP service provider as they allocate numbers and allow you to make calls to each other’s devices.
Benefits and Costs for VoIP
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Considerations When Choosing Fibre Optic Cable.docx
Fibre optic cables transmit data using beams of light through thin strands of glass or plastic. There are two main types: multi-mode fibre used for shorter distances in LANs and single-mode fibre used for longer distances like telecommunications. Key considerations when choosing a fibre optic cable include distance, speed, durability, interference resistance, cost and maintenance requirements.
Common Electrical Hazards In The Workplace.docx
Common Electrical Hazards In The Workplace
Electrical safety in the workplace is extremely important for many reasons. As one of the most common sources of workplace injuries, electrical hazards should be regularly assessed and eliminated. Poor maintenance of electrical equipment can lead to electrocution, electric shocks, life changing injuries and in extreme circumstances, death. In this article we'll look at some of the most common electrical hazards found in the workplace.
As a business owner there are legislations in place to ensure health & safety in the workplace remains a focal point. For example;
Electricity At Work Regulation 1989
Health & Safety At Work Act Of 1974
The Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regulation Of 1999
The Provision Use Of Work Equipment Regulation Of 1998
Failure to comply with the above legislations can result in a monetary fine or imprisonment. Furthermore, employers are expected to report certain workplace injuries and incidents to the health and safety executive. Lastly, All UK insurers require you to comply with the law in order to be covered correctly. Failure to comply with any of the above could result in a claim being refused.
Common Electrical hazards In The Workplace
Faulty equipment
The continuous use of faulty or damaged electrical equipment such as, power tools and extension leads can lead to electric shocks. All electrical equipment should be regularly PAT tested to ensure their safe to be used.
Frayed/Exposed electrical cables
Electrical cords on your equipment act as a jacket for the internal live wires. When this jacket is frayed it can leave the live wires exposed. Without the additional layer of protection, the risk of electrical fires or shocks is increased.
Electricity near water
Electricity and water do not mix. Exposure to water can lead to an electrocution which can result in life changing injuries or death. If any of your electrical equipment gets wet it should be unplugged and inspected by a qualified electrician before its used again.
Incorrect Grounding
Electrical devices must be grounded or earthed to avoid the risk of electrocution. This must be checked periodically by a qualified individual. The most common test that analysis this is a PAT Test.
Overloaded Sockets
With the advancement of technology, our offices and homes are flooded with equipment that requires electricity. This often leads to extension cables being used to accommodate for the many appliances.
Ideally, extension leads used for multiple appliances should be fused, multi-way bar leads with with surge protection. In addition, do not overload the extension leads maximum electrical capacity. This can lead to electrical fires. Lastly, basic block adapters are more likely to cause an electrical fire when multiple heavy duty appliances are plugged in at the same time.
Weird smells from your equipment
If your electrical appliances or electrical sockets smell like hot plastic
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Data Cabling for Schools.docx
Data Cabling for Schools
As the world increasingly moves towards a digital age, the need for fast and reliable data cabling is more important than ever. From small businesses to large schools, data cabling forms the backbone of many operations. Here at NM Cabling, we understand the importance of having a high quality data cabling infrastructure in place, and we are here to help you get the most out of your system. Furthermore, data cabling for schools requires a great deal of attention to detail due to the environment. As a result, it's ideal to use a reputable company that complies with all the relevant regulations and guidelines.
Complying with the guidelines set by the Department Of Education, NM Cabling offers a comprehensive data cabling service. That covers everything from design and installation to maintenance and repairs. In addition, We only use the highest quality materials and components, so you can be sure that your data cabling will be reliable and fit for purpose.
www.nmcabling.co.uk
Why do circuit breakers commonly trip.docx
Why do circuit breakers commonly trip?
What is a circuit breaker?
A circuit breaker is a safety device that interrupts the flow of electricity in an electrical circuit. The purpose of a circuit breaker is to prevent damage from overload or short circuit. There are two main types of circuit breakers: thermal-magnetic circuit breakers and solid-state circuit breakers. Thermal-magnetic circuit breakers use a combination of heat and magnetic force to trip the breaker, while solid-state circuit breakers use semiconductor devices to detect an overload or short circuit and then interrupt the flow of electricity. Lastly, circuit breakers are typically installed in household and commercial buildings, as well as in industrial and utility applications.
Overcurrent
Overcurrent is a condition of an electrical circuit when it exceeds the maximum current allowed. As a result, too much current is flowing through the circuit. This can lead to fires, damage to the conductor insulation, and equipment damage. Overcurrent can be caused by a number of things, such as short circuit, overload, ground fault or arc. Due to the potential damage caused by an overcurrent its important to shut off the power to the affected circuit as soon as possible.
Overload
An overload happens when equipment is operating in excess of its normal full-load rating. When this is sustained over a long period of time it causes overheating and damage. An overload can be caused by a number of things, for example an overloaded circuit or faulty appliances. Overloads can cause damage to electrical components and pose a fire hazard, so it's important to shut off the power to the affected circuit as soon as possible.
Short Circuit
A short circuit is caused when an overcurrent extremely exceeds the recommended full load current of the circuit. As the name suggests, a short circuit is when the current travels along an unintended path, taking a short-cut around the load and then back to the power source. As a result, this leads to an excessive current flowing through the circuit. A short circuit can be caused by a loose wire, damaged appliances, or an overloaded circuit.
Why do circuit breakers commonly trip?
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Low Smoke Zero Halogen Cable - LSZH or LSOH Cable.docx
Low Smoke Zero Halogen Cable - LSZH or LSOH Cable
Why Use LSOH (Low Smoke Zero Halogen) Cable?
Electrical cables are part and parcel of modern life, without them, we would lose all the luxuries we take for granted such as lighting, heating and power. Cables, therefore, are essential, but they do come with drawbacks.
One of the most obvious downsides with traditional cables is that they don’t perform well when exposed to flames. Cables manufactured with PVC sheathes, for example, create thick, black clouds of toxic smoke when they come into contact with fire. Accordingly, there’s a need for cables which are safer and less toxic. Thankfully, LSOH cables deliver exactly this.
What is LSOH Cable?
The main difference between LSOH cables and conventional cables is that the LSOH variety is designed with a unique thermoplastic jacket. This jacket is designed using a combination of thermoplastic compounds – usually polyolefin-based – which maximise LSOH cables fire retardant quality. Most typically, these cables are designed with fire safety and reliability in mind; LSOH cables provide a perfect solution for cabling in confined spaces which are poorly ventilated. Once exposed to fire, LSOH cables will produce little to no smoke and ensure that visibility and air quality is not compromised.
What Are the Testing Procedures for LSOH ?
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Comms Room & Cabinet Tidy.docx
Our Comms Rooms & Cabinet Tidy Services
Relabelling
Re-organise cabling
Patching
Equipment upgrade
Comms room relocation
Future proof infrastructure
Decommission of equipment & cables
Comms Room & Data cabinet relocation
Effects of a messy comms room
Comms rooms and cabinets can become cluttered over time, making it difficult to find the equipment you need when you need it. This can lead to frustration and wasted time when trying to locate a specific piece of equipment. A Comms room & cabinet tidy will help you keep your data centre organized so that you can easily find the equipment you need, when you need it.
Common Electrical Hazards In The Workplace.docx
Common Electrical Hazards In The Workplace
Electrical Safety In The Workplace
Electrical safety in the workplace is extremely important for many reasons. As one of the most common sources of workplace injuries, electrical hazards should be regularly assessed and eliminated. Poor maintenance of electrical equipment can lead to electrocution, electric shocks, life changing injuries and in extreme circumstances, death. In this article we'll look at some of the most common electrical hazards found in the workplace.
As a business owner there are legislations in place to ensure health & safety in the workplace remains a focal point. For example;
Electricity At Work Regulation 1989
Health & Safety At Work Act Of 1974
The Management Of Health & Safety At Work Regulation Of 1999
The Provision Use Of Work Equipment Regulation Of 1998
Failure to comply with the above legislations can result in a monetary fine or imprisonment. Furthermore, employers are expected to report certain workplace injuries and incidents to the health and safety executive. Lastly, All UK insurers require you to comply with the law in order to be covered correctly. Failure to comply with any of the above could result in a claim being refused.
Considerations When Choosing Fibre Optic Cable.docx
Considerations When Choosing Fibre Optic Cable
Fibre optic is a type of cable that is made up of very thin strands of glass or plastic. These cables are used to transmit data much faster than traditional copper cables. Fibre optic cables can be used for both long-distance and short-distance transmission, making them ideal for a variety of applications. As a result, fibre optic is becoming the go-to for a variety of businesses. Specifically those with a requirement for high transmission speeds. However, how do you know which fibre solution is suitable for your needs? In this article, we'll look at the main considerations when choosing a fibre optic cable.
Multi mode fibre
Multi mode fibre is a type of optical fibre that is used to transmit data over shorter distances. It is made up of two or more layers of glass or plastic that allow multiple beams of light to travel through it at different angles. These beams are then received by a photodetector on the other end which converts them into electrical signals. Multi mode fibre is most commonly used in short-range applications such as LANs and Fibre Channel.
Single mode fibre
Single mode fibre is a type of optical fibre that is used to transmit data over long distances. It consists of a single layer of glass or plastic that allows only one beam of light to travel through it. This beam is then received by a photodetector on the other end which converts it into an electrical signal. Single mode fibre is most commonly used in long-range applications such as telecommunications and cable television.
Why do circuit breakers commonly trip.docx
Why do circuit breakers commonly trip?
There are a few reasons why circuit breakers commonly trip, such as:
1. Overloaded circuits: Too many devices drawing power from the same circuit can cause it to overload and trip.
2. Short circuits: A direct connection between the hot and neutral wires of an electrical circuit can cause it to overheat and trip.
3. Ground faults: When the hot wire of an electrical circuit comes into contact with the ground, it can cause the circuit to trip.
4. Appliance failures: A faulty appliance can cause a circuit to trip.
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Simplifying the selection of optical multi mode fibre
- 1. Simplifying the Selectionof Optical MultiModeFibre How do you choose fiber optic cable? In summary,the volume of datapassingovercorporate networkshasincreasedata staggeringrate overrecentyears.In addition,technologyhasbecome avital partof everydaybusinesslifeand investmentinthese systemshastherefore alsogrownata similarpace.Furthermore,Optical MultiMode Fibre andSinglemode Fibre have beenpartof thatacceleration To illustrate,developmentsintechnologysuchasdesktopvirtualizationandunifiedcommunication toolshave placedfurtherstrainonthe network.Thus,the importance of datacablinghas increased as part of the widerecosystemthatimpactsthe enduser. Therefore,ITcabling,be itcopperor fibre,tendstoevolve withthe new hardware beingproduced. Therefore,itisimportantthatsufficientfocusisplacedonthe choice of cablingas part of a well roundedITsolution. How to Choose FiberOpticCable 1. Firstly,whatisthe technologyrequirementthatneedstobe linkedbythe fibercabling? 2. Secondly,whatisthe desiredtransmissionspeed? 3. Specifically,howfaristhe distance betweenthe transmittingandreceivingequipment? 4. In particular,isthe route exclusivelyinternal orinvolveexternal runsoutsideof the building? 5. Furthermore if external,isthere potentialdamagedproblemssuchasrodents,damaged formoutside machinery? 6. Finally,whatisyourbudget? Choosing the correct fibre optic cabling Recognise the significance ofyour cablingchoices. Selectingthe rightcable will ensure thatyougetthe bestpossible performance fromyourIT infrastructure.Furthermore,providinguserswithfastaccesstothe large amountsof data theyneed. Thisin summarymaximizesthe productivityandeffectivenessof the workforce. For example,failuretogive proportionateattentiontonetworkcablingwill hamperperformance. Furthermore,itwill ultimatelyundermine investmentsthathave beenmade elsewhere. Meanwhile,the international standardISO11801 specifiesfourmainclassesof multi-modeoptical fibre cables.Forthe mostpart theyare basedon the modal bandwidth.Likewise,this hashelpedto simplifythe processforchoosingthe appropriatecabling.Infact,choice isevermore importantfor the correct operationof yourtechnology. OM1 – 62.5µm core;200 MHz-km @ 850nm OM2 – 50µm; 500 MHz-km @ 850nm OM3 – 50µm; 1500 MHz-km@ 850nm OM4 – 50µm; 3500 MHz-km@ 850nm
- 2. For thispurpose differingbandwidthsof these cablesallow highnetworkspeedstobe maintained overlongertransmissiondistances. Optical Multimode Fibre Comparison Chart Category Minimummodal bandwidth 850 nm / 1310 nm[10] 100 Mb Ethernet 100BASE-FX 1 Gb(1000 Mb) Ethernet 1000BASE-SX 10 Gb Ethernet 10GBASE- SR 40 Gb Ethernet 100 Gb Ethernet OM1 (62.5/125) 200 / 500 MHz·km up to 2000 meters (FX)[11] 275 meters (SX)[11] 33 meters (SR)[11] Notsupported Not supported OM2 (50/125) 500 / – MHz·km up to 2000 meters (FX)[11] 550 meters (SX)[2] 82 meters (SR)[2] Notsupported Not supported OM3 (50/125) *Laser Optimized* 1500 / 2000 MHz·km up to 2000 meters(FX) 550 meters (SX) 300 meters (SR)[11] 100 meters[2] 330 metersQSFP+ eSR4[12] 100 meters[2] OM4 (50/125) *Laser Optimized* 3500 / 4700 MHz·km up to 2000 meters(FX) 1000 meters (SX)[2] 400 meters (SR)[13] 150 meters[2] 550 metersQSFP+ eSR4[12] 150 meters[2] For instance,the industrystandardminimumreachforOM3 cable at 10 Gbit/sspeedis300m. However.whileOM1is capable of supportingsimilarspeeds,thisonlyholdstrue overshort distances.OM4 howevercanmaintainitoveran evenlongerdistance (550m). OM1 istherefore more widelyusedatthe slowerspeedof 1Gbit/s.Forthisreason,it supportsa transmissionreachof 275m. Thus, OM1 isprettymuch phasedoutinmoderntechnology requirements. In the past,people were generallycontentwiththe 1Gbit/sspeedsthatwere possiblewithOM1. However,inmore andmore cases thisisno longersufficient. Therefore,inourexperienceworkingwitharange of clients,we are findingmore peoplewantingto upgrade fromOM1 to the laser-optimizedOM3.Thus facilitatingfasternetworkspeedsandgreater bandwidth. Performance vs. Distance vs. Cost Therefore,the decisiontowhichoptical multi-mode cable tochoose ultimatelycomesdowntoa questionof performance,requirements,distance andcost. Generally,the ISO11801 classificationshave greatlysimplifiedthisdecisionmakingprocess.To beginwith,bydefininganindustryminimumstandardreachforvaryinglevelsof performance.
- 3. Therefore,OM3 andOm4 are becomingthe normto achieve a10 Gbit/snetwork.Subsequently, thisissuitable if yourequire consistentlyhighspeedstosupportarange of IP basedtechnologies across yoursite. Optical MultiMode Fibre Summary In conclusion,if youare unsure whichcablingsolutionisrightforyou,NMCablingoffersafree networksurvey.Furthermore,thisincludesexpertadvice onyouroptionsforinstalling,upgradingor growingyourexistingnetwork. Similarly,thisdocumentcanbe viewedasaPDF file Simplifyingthe Selectionof Optical Multi-Mode Fibre Accordingly,for more informationonFibre OpticCabling ContactNMCabling 01923 888588 or see our page on Fibre OpticCablingInstallations NMCablingisa technologyandstructured cablingintegratorworkingthroughoutthe United Kingdom. We have createda comprehensive KnowledgeCentre forourindustrywhichcanbe viewed at https://www.nmcabling.co.uk/knowledge-centre/