This document discusses side effects of bright light exposure, including from the sun, blue light, indoor light, and lasers. Direct sunlight can cause eye cancers, cataracts, and sunburns on the eye. Blue light is particularly harmful and may cause temporary or permanent retinal damage or blindness. Indoor fluorescent and LED lights can cause eye strain. Welding arcs emit ultraviolet radiation that can cause welder's flash or burn the skin with prolonged exposure. Light therapy using bright light boxes is a common treatment for seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Sunglasses how to choose the best lensesOliviaDunn9
Sunglasses are not only an indispensable summer fashion accessory, but they are also essential for protecting your eyes from the harmful sun rays.
Especially in summer, when the opportunities to spend a very long time outdoors are greater and exposure to reflective surfaces (beaches, sea or meadows) is more likely, the eyes are strongly stressed and need special attention, like the skin in the sun.
Before buying sunglasses, a question might strike in your mind that why should anyone wear sunglasses or what are the advantages of wearing sunglasses. In this slide, you will have answer of both questions. There are many reasons that people wear sunglasses and amidst all reasons the most common reasons are, this is a very cool style statement and it prevents many disease.
Presentation containing information about all types of absorptive lenses its manufacturing, uses, advantages and disadvantages and some information about lens coatings.
Whether it is sunny, cloudy, or rainy, any time spent outdoors leaves your delicate skin vulnerable to sun damage. You may be spending a hot summer day at a local resort or simply sitting outside during your lunch break; it is vital to protect your skin with the right sun protection options.
We’ve heard the importance of applying sunscreen since childhood, but how does sunscreen work to protect our skin?
Natural sunlight contains, among other things, UV photons. These photons are shorter in wavelength and higher in energy than visible light. Because they fall outside the visible spectrum, the human eye cannot perceive them. When it comes to sunlight, what you can’t see will hurt you. When these high-energy photons strike your skin, they generate free radicals and can also directly damage your DNA. Over the short term, this UV-induced damage can produce a painful burn. Over the long term, it causes premature aging of the skin and new skin cancer cases each year.
Sunglasses how to choose the best lensesOliviaDunn9
Sunglasses are not only an indispensable summer fashion accessory, but they are also essential for protecting your eyes from the harmful sun rays.
Especially in summer, when the opportunities to spend a very long time outdoors are greater and exposure to reflective surfaces (beaches, sea or meadows) is more likely, the eyes are strongly stressed and need special attention, like the skin in the sun.
Before buying sunglasses, a question might strike in your mind that why should anyone wear sunglasses or what are the advantages of wearing sunglasses. In this slide, you will have answer of both questions. There are many reasons that people wear sunglasses and amidst all reasons the most common reasons are, this is a very cool style statement and it prevents many disease.
Presentation containing information about all types of absorptive lenses its manufacturing, uses, advantages and disadvantages and some information about lens coatings.
Whether it is sunny, cloudy, or rainy, any time spent outdoors leaves your delicate skin vulnerable to sun damage. You may be spending a hot summer day at a local resort or simply sitting outside during your lunch break; it is vital to protect your skin with the right sun protection options.
We’ve heard the importance of applying sunscreen since childhood, but how does sunscreen work to protect our skin?
Natural sunlight contains, among other things, UV photons. These photons are shorter in wavelength and higher in energy than visible light. Because they fall outside the visible spectrum, the human eye cannot perceive them. When it comes to sunlight, what you can’t see will hurt you. When these high-energy photons strike your skin, they generate free radicals and can also directly damage your DNA. Over the short term, this UV-induced damage can produce a painful burn. Over the long term, it causes premature aging of the skin and new skin cancer cases each year.
Light has beneficial roles when it
comes to synchronising our day-night
rhythm and driving our skin’s natural
production of vitamin D. However, the
sun’s rays can also burn our skin and
eyes, and give rise to skin cancer.
Must we be cautious when using
artificial light?
How to avoid overexposure to sunlight for the photosensitive - Ann HaylettGraham Atherton
Ann Haylett gives a detailed talk on the avoidance of sunlight for patients suffering from acute sensitivity to sunlight e.g. a side effect of taking voriconazole
The sun and our eyes: protection against sunlight julbo-eyewear
Sunlight is vital for all of us. However, our eyes are very sensitive to it and it is essential to protect them properly.
A specialist in solar protection in high-risk environments and extreme conditions, Julbo has been providing its expertise to people who love to look at the world for over 120 years. Julbo develops its frames and lenses through a combination of innovation and careful attention to detail.
This presentation contains essential information on the dangers of sunlight and how to protect against it. Because your eyes are unique and the world needs your vision.
Clearing the vision a general know how on cataractssamcoe08
A cataract is a damaging eye condition that clouds aperson’s eyesight. It affects the lens of an eye, the part responsible for focusing a person’s vision. As the cataract develops, the lens clouds gradually.
Tinted lenses, also known as colored or tinted eyeglass lenses, serve various purposes in optometry. These lenses are designed to provide specific benefits depending on the tint or color chosen.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Light has beneficial roles when it
comes to synchronising our day-night
rhythm and driving our skin’s natural
production of vitamin D. However, the
sun’s rays can also burn our skin and
eyes, and give rise to skin cancer.
Must we be cautious when using
artificial light?
How to avoid overexposure to sunlight for the photosensitive - Ann HaylettGraham Atherton
Ann Haylett gives a detailed talk on the avoidance of sunlight for patients suffering from acute sensitivity to sunlight e.g. a side effect of taking voriconazole
The sun and our eyes: protection against sunlight julbo-eyewear
Sunlight is vital for all of us. However, our eyes are very sensitive to it and it is essential to protect them properly.
A specialist in solar protection in high-risk environments and extreme conditions, Julbo has been providing its expertise to people who love to look at the world for over 120 years. Julbo develops its frames and lenses through a combination of innovation and careful attention to detail.
This presentation contains essential information on the dangers of sunlight and how to protect against it. Because your eyes are unique and the world needs your vision.
Clearing the vision a general know how on cataractssamcoe08
A cataract is a damaging eye condition that clouds aperson’s eyesight. It affects the lens of an eye, the part responsible for focusing a person’s vision. As the cataract develops, the lens clouds gradually.
Tinted lenses, also known as colored or tinted eyeglass lenses, serve various purposes in optometry. These lenses are designed to provide specific benefits depending on the tint or color chosen.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Side effects of bright light.pptx
1. Side effects of bright light
Prepared by:
Omnia Abdelmenem Mohamed
Nourhan khalaf Mansour
Yosra amr bastwisy
Rania Mahmoud asaad
Noha mohamed abdelrehim
Nahla abdelhamid ali
2. Which light is the harmful light ?
Direct looking at the sun light
Blue light
In door light
Lasers
3. Sun light
Sunlight is the main source of UV radiation
Exposure to UV rays raises the risk of eye cancers, cataracts, growths on the
eye and sunburn on the eye.
4. Even though the sun is 93 million miles away, it can still cause serious and irreversible damage.
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation will cause harmful effects which may be acute (short lived and reversible) Or
chronic that may be life threatening and include immune suppression, eye damage. The from eyes can absorb
more than 99% of ultraviolet radiation So cataract, corneal and macular damage all are possible chronic effects
from UV radiation and this can lead to blindness, melanoma ( skin cancer ) may develop within the eye causing
intraocular melanoma and it is common malignancy in the eye in whites.
Over exposure to both artificial and natural UV radiation is a public health concern.
Many years ago, there was a common belief that blindness and solar retinitis were caused from the sun’s ray to
the retina due to thermal injuries.
Damage type depends on specific parameters such as : power level , exposure time, wavelength and anatomy of
the eyebrow and eyelids.
Why parents tell their children not to look direct to the sun?
5. The human eye and ocular tissue is sensitive organ to light even
ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays are more vulnerable to damage
than the skin.
There are three critical ocular structure may be affected by
ultraviolet spectrum: the cornea, the lens and the retina
The eye has a protection mechanism against excessive exposure to
light
Dual mechanism of indirect heat from the iris acting on the lens
through heat transfer from its vascular neighboring structure and
direct exposure of infrared to the lens only couldn’t produce lens
opacities.
6. How to select my sunglasses
Make sure they provide 100 percent UV protection from all UV light
Avoid blue colored lens , Lenses that block all blue light are usually amber
colored and make your surroundings look yellow or orange
Sunglasses should have the largest lenses possible to protect your eyes
from sun damage.
7. The cornea is exposed to man-made and natural light except when sleeping, level of solar ultraviolet
irradiance that reaching the eye could exceed the damage threshold.
Over exposure may lead to acute effects like inflammation of the cornea (photo keratitis) which is caused
by ultraviolet B and Non solar ultraviolet C.
It is more prevalent in individual participates in activities in environment such as :beach activities- water
sports and snow skiing.
Corneal damage
8. 7. Conjunctival chemosis
8. Anterior uveitis and aqueous flare
9. Pain
10. Foreign body sensation
11. Photophobia
12. Lacrimation and blepharospasm
Signs and symptoms
1. Conjunctival and circumlimbal infection
2. Epithelial granulation
3. Irregular corneal reflex
4. Corneal edema
5. Bilateral punctate keratitis
6. Pupillary miosis
It has been reported that cornea absorbs 100% of ultraviolet C (100-200 nm ) and 90% of ultraviolet B (280 -315 nm )
and 60% of ultraviolet A (315-400 nm ) and blue light spectrum of the visible spectrum affect the eye (380-500 nm ).
It’s estimated that 200 seconds of un-attenuated exposure to solar, Ultraviolet B within the 295 to 315 nm wavelength
may result in keratitis
9. The inner most layer of the eye ball.
Visual perception occur when radiation with wavelength between 400-760 nm reaches the retina.
Two classes of photochemical retinal damage have been recognized.
class one: characterized by the rhodopsin action.
class two: damage confined to the retinal pigment epithelium.
Direct exposure of the sunlight to retina may destroy their ability to respond to visual stimulus.
Photo thermal and photo coagulation will destroy the rods and cones creating small blind area within the victim
knowledge.
It may be temporary or permanent.
Protection mechanism begin to decrease around the age of 40.
Retinal damage
10. It’s a retinal damage that occur due to solar radiation
Causes :
Not always due to sun exposure but it may be due to retinal damage
1. Excessive exposure to solar radiation.
2. History of sun exposure.
3. Solar eclipse viewing without proper precautions.
4. Drug intoxication.
5. Sun bathing.
Signs and symptoms:
• It may be bilateral but can affect also one eye.
• Normal or macular edema that can develop small yellowish which spot with
surrounding grey , granular pigmentation in central foveae
Solar retinopathy
11. Safe viewing of transit of Venus
For a safe viewing we should wear a special sunglasses that transmit 0% of harmful UV radiation
Filters used is made from black polymer sheets , mylar sheets and also we can use the welders glass
12. Unsafe viewing
Viewing solar without the special glasses
Using films , smoked glass , sunglasses , black and white films ,
photographic negatives films and polarizing filters
Most of these filters transmit high level of harmful radiation
causing retinal burn
13. Safety for transit of venus
Never look at sun without proper eye protection
Don’t use any smoked glasses or films
Don’t look at sun refelection
14. How can indoor light harm?
Exposure to harsh fluorescent lighting can cause eye strain and blurred
vision
Warm colored spectrum like red and green is better for eye than cool colors
like blue
Warm color is also more safer and comfortable for eye during reading and
study
15. Blue light :
Permanent retina scarring
temporary retina scarring
IR light :
Eye cataract due to hat of the lens
UV light :
Long term exposure produce cataract
fluorescent lighting :
eye strain and blurred vision
16. Blue light
It’s the most dangerous light as it may cause temporarily or permanent blindness
17. Where Are You Exposed to Blue Light?
Sun light is the largest source of blue light
Fluorescent light
CFL (compact fluorescent light) bulbs
LED light
Flat screen LED televisions
Computer monitors, smart phones, and tablet screens
Blue light and your eye
18.
19. Welders’ eye
Definition :
Exposure to ultraviolet rays from the electrical arc that wielding machines emit
causing a condition called welder’s eye
Patient may feel the pain immediately or After several of hours
It’s effect is similar to sunburn on skin
It produces injury to the mucous membrane
20. Effect:
It may cause headache and much more severe eye conditions like
• Flash burns
• Ultraviolet (UV) burn.
• Photokeratitis
• Welder’s Flash
• Welder’s Eye
• Snow Blindness
21. Factors this effects depends on :
The angle of radiation that enters the eye
Type of protection used during welding
The distance between the arc and the eye
Radiation intensity
22. Symptoms
Eye pain (Unable to open eyes)
• Gritty feeling
• Watering of eyes
• Blurry vision
• Mild to severe Headache
Weeping of tear duct
Sand sensation in eye(Feeling of having dirt in the eye)
inability to look at light sources (photophobia)
reddening of the eye and membranes around the eye (bloodshot)
23. Etiology :
Welding arcs give off radiation over a broad range of wavelengths
UV radiation, visible light, and IR radiation can reach the retina and cause
several damages
The light from welding process is so rapid
24. How to prevent welder’s flash
wear a protective welding helmet
Using filter glasses in the helmet
wear proper protective eyewear, glasses or face shields
(safety goggles)
Avoid looking to the bright light
25. Skin hazards associated with welding and radiation?
UV radiation in a welding arc will burn unprotected skin
Infrared radiation and visible light normally have very little effect on the skin.
skin cancer May accrue due to long term exposure
26. Light therapy
In light treatment, also known as phototherapy, you sit a few feet away from a particular light box in order to be
exposed to bright light within the first hour after waking up each day. Light therapy imitates natural outside light and
appears to alter mood-related brain chemicals.
One of the first-line treatments for fall-onset SAD is light therapy. It typically begins to work within a few days
to a few weeks and has few adverse effects. There is limited research on light treatment, but it appears to be useful
for the majority of SAD sufferers.
Before purchasing a light box, discuss your needs with your health care practitioner and acquaint yourself with
the various features and options so that you get a safe and effective product. Also inquire about when and how to
utilize the light box.
27. Psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is another option to treat SAD.
A type of psychotherapy known as cognitive behavioral therapy can help you:
Learn good coping mechanisms for SAD, including limiting avoidance behaviour and planning
meaningful activities.
Identify and modify any negative ideas and habits that may be contributing to your poor mood.
Learn how to manage stress
Build in healthy behaviors, such as increasing physical activity and improving your sleep patterns
Psychotherapy
28. SAD ( seasonal affective disorder)
Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression associated with seasonal changes; SAD begins and finishes around
the same time each year. If you're like the majority of people with SAD, your symptoms will begin in the fall and
continue into the winter, leaving you exhausted and depressed. Typically, these symptoms resolve during the spring and
summer. Less frequently, SAD induces depression in the spring or early summer, which resolves in the fall and winter.
Light therapy (phototherapy), psychotherapy, and medication may be used to treat SAD.
29. Diagnosis
Even with a thorough evaluation, seasonal affective disorder can be difficult to diagnose because other types of
depression and other mental health conditions can cause similar symptoms.
To help diagnose SAD, a thorough evaluation generally includes:
Physical exam. Your physician may do a physical examination and ask you in-depth questions about
your health. In some circumstances, depression may be associated with a physical health issue.
Lab tests. For instance, your doctor may perform a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC) or
examine your thyroid to ensure that it is functioning properly.
Psychological evaluation. Your health care provider or mental health professional will inquire about
your symptoms, thoughts, feelings, and behaviour patterns in order to identify signs of depression. You
can complete a questionnaire to assist in answering these questions.
30. Fall and winter SAD
Symptoms specific to the onset of winter SAD, also known as winter depression, may include
the following.:
Oversleeping
Appetite changes, especially a craving for foods high in carbohydrates
Weight gaining.
Tiredness or low energy.
Spring and summer SAD
Symptoms specific to summer-onset seasonal affective disorder, sometimes called summer
depression, may include:
Trouble sleeping (insomnia)
Poor appetite
Weight loss
Agitation or anxiety
Increased irritability
31. In the majority of instances, seasonal affective disorder symptoms manifest in late autumn or early
winter and vanish throughout the brighter months of spring and summer. Less frequently, those with
the reverse pattern have onset of symptoms in the spring or summer. In any scenario, the severity of
the symptoms
Signs and symptoms of SAD may include:
• Feeling listless, sad, or depressed for the majority of the day, nearly every day.
• Losing interest in activities that were once enjoyable.
• Having low energy and feeling sluggish.
• Having trouble sleeping too much.
• Experiencing carbohydrate cravings, overeating, and weight gain.
• Having trouble concentrating.
• Feeling sad, useless, or guilty.
• Having suicidal thoughts.
32. Seasonal changes and bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder increases the likelihood of developing seasonal affective disorder. Some
individuals with bipolar disorder may experience manic episodes during a particular season.
Spring and summer, for instance, might trigger symptoms of mania or a less severe type of mania
(hypomania), as well as worry, restlessness, and impatience. Additionally, they may experience
depression during the fall and winter.
33. Causes
The specific cause of seasonal affective disorder remains unknown. Some factors that may come into play
include:
Your biological clock (circadian rhythm).
Reduced levels of sunlight in autumn and winter may contribute to the onset of winter-onset SAD.
This decrease in sunshine may upset the body's biological rhythm and cause depressive feelings.
Serotonin levels.
Serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects mood, may play a role in seasonal affective disorder (SAD).
Reduced exposure to sunlight can lead to a decline in serotonin, which can trigger depression.
Melatonin levels.
Seasonal changes can disturb the equilibrium of the body's SAD appears to be more common among people who live far
north or south of the melatonin level, which influences sleep patterns and mood.
34. Medications
• Some individuals with SAD may benefit from antidepressant medication, particularly if
their symptoms are severe.
• People with a history of SAD may benefit from an extended-release formulation of the
antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin XL, Aplenzin) for the prevention of depressive
episodes. Additional antidepressants may also be used to treat SAD.
• Your health care practitioner may consider beginning antidepressant treatment prior to the
annual onset of your symptoms. In addition, he or she may recommend that you continue
taking the antidepressant beyond the time when your symptoms would ordinarily subside.
• Remember that it may take many weeks before you experience the full advantages of an
antidepressant. In addition, you may need to test multiple drugs before finding one that
works well and has minimal adverse effects.
35. Risk factors
Seasonal affective disorder is diagnosed in women more frequently than males. And younger folks are more
susceptible to SAD than older adults.
Factors that may increase your risk of seasonal affective disorder include:
Family history. People with SAD may be more likely to have relatives who suffer from SAD or another type of
depression.
Having major depression or bipolar disorder. Symptoms of depression may worsen seasonally if you have one of
these conditions.
Living far from the equator. This may be the result of shorter days in the winter and longer days in the summer.
Low level of vitamin D. When the skin is exposed to sunshine, a small amount of vitamin D is created.
Vitamin D can assist in enhancing serotonin function.
Less sunlight and insufficient vitamin D from meals and other sources may lead to low vitamin D levels in the body.
36. Complications
Consider seriously the signs and symptoms of seasonal affective disorder. As with other forms of
depression, SAD can worsen and lead to complications if left untreated. These may consist of:
Social withdrawal
School or work problems
Substance abuse
Other mental health disorders such as anxiety or eating disorders
Suicidal thoughts or behavior
37. Eye health concerns on dental staff and equipment
Every occupation has its own risks and benefits, and safety concerns are of paramount importance.
Protection with proper safeguard is mandatory. With the advanced knowledge about infection control and
personal protection, a lot of emphasis is required on eye protection.
38. Hazards
Class I
These lasers cannot emit laser radiation at known hazard levels.
Class I.A.
This is a special designation that applies only to lasers that are “not intended for viewing,” such as a supermarket laser scanner.
The upper power limit of Class I.A. is 4.0 mW.
Class II
These are low-power visible lasers that emit above Class I levels but at a radiant power not above 1 mw . The concept is that the human
aversion reaction to bright light will protect a person.
Class IIIA
These are intermediate power lasers (cw: 1-5mW), which are hazardous only for intra beam viewing. Most pen-like pointing lasers are
in this class.
Class IIIB
These are moderate power lasers.
Class IV
These are high power lasers (cw: 500 mW, pulsed: 10 J/cm2 or the diffuse reflection limit), which are hazardous to view under any
condition (directly or diffusely scattered), and are potentials fire hazard and a skin hazard. Significant controls are required of Class IV
laser facilities
39. General safety measures include:
Environment
Laser light properties include the concept of beam collimation, with minimal divergence with distance.
Other safe operating methods include the protection of non-target tissue during laser surgery. Reflective instruments and
those with mirrored surfaces should be avoided since they can cause damage to non-target tissue.
Shielding may be used as an effective method to avoid inadvertent contact of the beam with tooth enamel or root
surfaces. A no. 7 wax spatula or the small end of a Prichard periosteal elevator can be inserted into the gingival sulcus to
serve as an effective shield when lasing soft tissue near teeth.
Appropriate power settings and time frames are essential to reduce the risks. Most laser accidents and injuries can be
prevented if appropriate control measures are recognized and implemented.
40. Safety officers
The safety officer is appointed to ensure that all safety aspects of laser use are identified and enforced.
Ideally, this could be a suitably trained and qualified dental surgery assistant.
Duties of the laser safety officer (LSO) include the following:
Confirm classification of the laser.
Read manufacturers' instructions concerning installation, use and maintenance of the laser equipment.
Oversee controlled area and limit access.
Post appropriate warning signs.
Recommend appropriate personal protective equipment, such as eye wear and protective clothing.
Assume overall control for laser use and interrupt treatment if any safety measure is infringed.
Laser equipment should be properly assembled for use.
Maintain a log of all laser procedures carried out, relative to each patient, the procedure and laser operating
parameters.
Maintain an adverse effects reporting system—to record any accidents during laser use.
41. Oversee maintenance protocols for laser equipment.
Train workers in the safe use of lasers.
Local rules
The local rules should be read and signed by all practice personnel involved in the delivery of laser treatment and
updated regularly. It should include:
Name and address of the practice.
Each laser used, identified by manufacturer, wavelength, emission mode, power output, delivery system and serial
number
Personnel permitted to use the laser, training and education of personnel involved in the use of lasers.
Designation of the authority and responsibility for the evaluation and control of laser hazards to a laser safety officer.
A written laser safety policy, to include Establishment of a quality assurance programme, including regular inspection
and maintenance of the laser equipment.
Management of incidents and accidents, including reporting, investigation, analysis and remedial action.
Training