This document summarizes the results of a 3D numerical study of flow patterns around three types of drop spillways (I-Type, T-Type, and U-Type) using computational fluid dynamics software. The spillways are intended for use in small embung dams in Indonesia and were modeled in two stages. Simulation results including velocities, water levels, and discharge rates are presented and compared for the different spillway types and construction stages. Preliminary numerical modeling found that drop spillways can reduce construction costs compared to conventional designs and allow expansion without interrupting dam operations.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of inclined hump on the turbulence intensities and flow characteristic...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the turbulence field and flow characteristics in the separated flow through inclined hump in water structures in rectangular channel using Laser. To study the variation of the turbulence, energy loss, relative energy (efficiency) and relative depth with main parameters affecting the inclined hump These parameters include the hump angle, relative height, upstream Froude number, bottom slope. Non-dimensional design curves are provided to relate the turbulence intensities and flow characteristics. The results show that, the variation of the energy loss increases till of hump angle about 45°. This rate of increase decreases about this value of angle of hump. The energy loss increases with the increasing of bed slope and relative height. The energy loss is quite high at a relative contraction of 0.3. Also, the results clearly showed the dependence of the hump inclination angle on the turbulence intensities. For hump angle ≥ 20°, the turbulence intensity in the separation zones was growing with increasing hump angles and the maximum was observed for hump inclination angles between 20° and 30°. The results indicated that, the most significant differences in flow structures occurred with hump angle less than 45°. Keywords: Energy loss-Turbulence intensities-Water structures- Hump-Laser Technique-Hump angle-Bottom slope-Relative height-Relative depth- Froude number-separation zones.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
The Effect of Geometry Parameters and Flow Characteristics on Erosion and Sed...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
One of the most critical problems in the river
engineering field is scouring, sedimentation and morphology
of a river bed. In this paper, a finite volume method
FORTRAN code is provided and used. The code is able to
model the sedimentation. The flow and sediment were
modeled at the interception of the two channels. It is applied
an experimental model to evaluate the results. Regarding the
numerical model, the effects of geometry parameters such as
proportion of secondary channel to main channel width and
intersection angle and also hydraulic conditionals like
secondary to main channel discharge ratio and inlet flow
Froude number were studied on bed topographical and flow
pattern. The numerical results show that the maximum
height of bed increased to 32 percent as the discharge ratio
reaches to 51 percent, on average. It is observed that the
maximum height of sedimentation decreases by declining in
main channel to secondary channel Froude number ratio. On
the assessment of the channel width, velocity and final bed
height variations have changed by given trend, in all the
ratios. Also, increasing in the intersection angle accompanied
by decreasing in flow velocity variations along the channel.
The pattern of velocity and topographical bed variations are
also constant in any studied angles.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of inclined hump on the turbulence intensities and flow characteristic...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the turbulence field and flow characteristics in the separated flow through inclined hump in water structures in rectangular channel using Laser. To study the variation of the turbulence, energy loss, relative energy (efficiency) and relative depth with main parameters affecting the inclined hump These parameters include the hump angle, relative height, upstream Froude number, bottom slope. Non-dimensional design curves are provided to relate the turbulence intensities and flow characteristics. The results show that, the variation of the energy loss increases till of hump angle about 45°. This rate of increase decreases about this value of angle of hump. The energy loss increases with the increasing of bed slope and relative height. The energy loss is quite high at a relative contraction of 0.3. Also, the results clearly showed the dependence of the hump inclination angle on the turbulence intensities. For hump angle ≥ 20°, the turbulence intensity in the separation zones was growing with increasing hump angles and the maximum was observed for hump inclination angles between 20° and 30°. The results indicated that, the most significant differences in flow structures occurred with hump angle less than 45°. Keywords: Energy loss-Turbulence intensities-Water structures- Hump-Laser Technique-Hump angle-Bottom slope-Relative height-Relative depth- Froude number-separation zones.
Changes in dam break hydrodynamic modelling practice - Suter et alStephen Flood
Abstract: Today, many organisations rely on hydrodynamic modelling to assess the consequences of dam break failure on downstream populations and infrastructure. The availability of finite volume shock-capturing schemes and flexible mesh schematisations in widely used software platforms imply that dam break modelling projects will be carried out differently in the future: Finite volume based platforms allow widespread application of shock-capturing methods and flexible mesh platforms can represent features in the study area more realistically and are more flexible thanks to varying mesh resolutions. Furthermore, the recent adoption of Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) technology in mainstream scientific and engineering computing will also significantly decrease computation times at relatively low cost.
This paper examines the application of finite volume, flexible mesh and GPU technologies to dam break modelling. One-dimensional (1D) modelling results are compared to those from two-dimensional (2D) finite difference and finite volume approaches. The results demonstrate that there are differences between modelling approaches and that the computational speeds of 2D simulations can be significantly reduced by the use of GPU processors.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressibl e marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thu s ground improvement need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself. The concept of vertical drains is based on three dimensional consolidation as described by Ter zaghi (1943). Based on this concept,a settlement programme is being developed and an at tempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consoli dation ratio by methods proposed by Taylor and Asaoka (1978) for this region by conside ring the case studies namely 1.) Mulund Airoli Bridge approach embankment 2.) Palm B each Marg. Based on this ratio,the rate of consolidation and time required for con solidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters.
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
Seismic Analysis and Optimization of RC Elevated Water Tank Using Various Sta...IJERA Editor
As known from very upsetting experiences, poorly designed elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or
collapsed during earthquakes. This might be due to the lack of knowledge regarding the behaviour of supporting
system of the tank, and also due to improper selection of geometry of staging patterns. For certain proportions of
the tank and the structure, the sloshing of the water during earthquake may be one of the dominant
factors.Dynamic analysis of tank containing liquid is complex involving fluid-structure interaction.In this paper,
the seismic behavioural effect of circular elevated water tank is studied for specific capacity of tank for various
staging arrangements in plan, variation in number of periphery columns and variation in number of stages in
elevation. Two mass idealizations suggested by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority are considered
here. Under earthquake loads; a complicated pattern of stresses is generated in the tanks. Total 36 combinations
were analysedwith SAP2000 using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) and results are presented. It is observed
that increase in number of columns, does not assure the increase in the improvement of structural responses.
Radial arrangement with six staging levels is found to be best for the number of columns used. To suggest
number of columns with suitable diameter cost optimization is done for the radial staging arrangement with six
staging levels consideringcritical direction of seismic force, quantity of concrete and steel required. It is found
that eight numbers of columns gives less cost as compared to six, ten and twelve with optimized diameter of
300mm.
Applications of FEM in Geotechnical Engineering / State-of-the-ArtDr Mazin Alhamrany
This presentation supposed to be given during the 1st Iraqi International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering (ICGE) - Baghdad - 17-19 February 2020. I am uploading this document on LinkedIn as a contribution providing geotechnical engineers an insight for the earlier, recent and "potential" future applications of FEM in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. With my best wishes to the Iraqi Geotechnical Society.
Study of Velocity and Pressure Distribution Characteristics Inside Of Catalyt...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Effect Of Water On Slope Stability And Investigation Of ΝΝw Drainage Techniqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
ACCESS RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCES Wastewater Pipeline Design in Accordance w...IJERA Editor
After the treatment of the wastewaters, a pipeline is used to transfer the treated water from the onshore pump station to the wastewater disposal marine environment. This technique is required for the dilution process in the marine environment instead of a secondary treatment. When the pipeline design for wastewater treatment is implemented, the stability issues of the pipelines must be considered because the pipeline design is based on factors such as currents, waves, geotechnical conditions, physical properties of the water and pipe’s material characteristics. At this point, a computer program is beneficial for the quick design of wastewater pipelines. To find a suitable design under these various design limitation and factors, the algorithm of the SUbmarine Pipeline Design (SUPLID) software was developed which is powerful tool for stability analysis of the submarine pipeline against dynamic current-wave motions and foundation characteristics. The SUPLID program provides a flexible design environment for the design engineer for dimensioning and stabilizing the pipeline system with also artificial weights. In this study, the main methodology and the structure of the SUPLID program was introduced and one of its application for a typical submarine wastewater pipeline was discussed
FIELD AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF ACCELERATED SETTLEMENT USING VERTICAL DRAINS ijiert bestjournal
Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressibl e marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thu s ground improvement need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself. The concept of vertical drains is based on three dimensional consolidation as described by Ter zaghi (1943). Based on this concept,a settlement programme is being developed and an at tempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consoli dation ratio by methods proposed by Taylor and Asaoka (1978) for this region by conside ring the case studies namely 1.) Mulund Airoli Bridge approach embankment 2.) Palm B each Marg. Based on this ratio,the rate of consolidation and time required for con solidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters.
Groundwater Quality Modelling using Coupled Galerkin Finite Element and Modif...AM Publications
This paper presents a coupled Galerkin finite element model for groundwater flow simulation (FEFLOW)
and Modified Method of Characteristics model for the simulation of solute transport (MMOCSOLUTE) in twodimensional,
transient, unconfined groundwater flow systems. The coupling factor is velocity field which is simulated
by finite element technique. The study mainly focuses on groundwater quality aspects hence the flow simulation
model has been kept conventional whereas the solute transport model is improvised by approximating dispersion term.
This coupled model is used to obtain the space and time distribution of head and concentration for the reported
synthetic test case. Further the sensitivity of model results to variation in parameters viz. porosity, dispersivity and
combined injection and pumping rates is analyzed. The model results are compared with the reported solutions of the
model presented by Chiang et al. (1989).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Effect of Height and Surface Roughness of a Broad Crested Weir on the Dischar...RafidAlboresha
Weir is usually incorporated as control or regulation devices in hydraulic systems,
with flow measurement as their secondary. It is normally intended for use in the field and thus
to regulate broad discharges. Broad-Crested weir is among the oldest common weir types. In this
paper, the effect of height and surface roughness for different Board Crested weirs models were
studied on discharge coefficient (Cd) in a horizontal open channel. In the crest of the weir,
certain materials may be combined with concrete (e.g., boulders) or may be used as cladding to
minimize the effect of water overflow (e.g. stone). The weir surface should not be considered
smooth in this case, and the discharge coefficient (Cd) must be re-estimated. For these purposes, laboratory flume was used to study the effect of height and surface roughness on the discharge coefficients with four of the different weir models dimensions of the concrete blocks. In this study, the flow conditions were considered to be free water flow and the viscosity effect was neglected. In all cases, the weir height effect was directly proportional to the discharge coefficient while the surface roughness effect was found to be inversely proportional to the coefficient Cd of the case study.
Seismic Analysis and Optimization of RC Elevated Water Tank Using Various Sta...IJERA Editor
As known from very upsetting experiences, poorly designed elevated water tanks were heavily damaged or
collapsed during earthquakes. This might be due to the lack of knowledge regarding the behaviour of supporting
system of the tank, and also due to improper selection of geometry of staging patterns. For certain proportions of
the tank and the structure, the sloshing of the water during earthquake may be one of the dominant
factors.Dynamic analysis of tank containing liquid is complex involving fluid-structure interaction.In this paper,
the seismic behavioural effect of circular elevated water tank is studied for specific capacity of tank for various
staging arrangements in plan, variation in number of periphery columns and variation in number of stages in
elevation. Two mass idealizations suggested by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority are considered
here. Under earthquake loads; a complicated pattern of stresses is generated in the tanks. Total 36 combinations
were analysedwith SAP2000 using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) and results are presented. It is observed
that increase in number of columns, does not assure the increase in the improvement of structural responses.
Radial arrangement with six staging levels is found to be best for the number of columns used. To suggest
number of columns with suitable diameter cost optimization is done for the radial staging arrangement with six
staging levels consideringcritical direction of seismic force, quantity of concrete and steel required. It is found
that eight numbers of columns gives less cost as compared to six, ten and twelve with optimized diameter of
300mm.
Applications of FEM in Geotechnical Engineering / State-of-the-ArtDr Mazin Alhamrany
This presentation supposed to be given during the 1st Iraqi International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering (ICGE) - Baghdad - 17-19 February 2020. I am uploading this document on LinkedIn as a contribution providing geotechnical engineers an insight for the earlier, recent and "potential" future applications of FEM in the field of Geotechnical Engineering. With my best wishes to the Iraqi Geotechnical Society.
Study of Velocity and Pressure Distribution Characteristics Inside Of Catalyt...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Effect Of Water On Slope Stability And Investigation Of ΝΝw Drainage Techniqu...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
New design approach for drains coveringseSAT Journals
Abstract Drain covering is the most widely used option to try to mitigate the environmental problems that arise around the drains. The main problems which lead to a perceived need to cover a drain are: to minimize the adverse impact of a polluted drain, especially close to residential areas; need to use the land area occupied by the drain for an access road or some other use and poor soil stability leading to bank failure. The drain covering cross section can take several forms such as box section (square or rectangular) or concrete pipes. In this paper a new approach is suggested for covering. This approach is constructing as a bridge which consists of two abutments from brick on plain concrete footing and reinforced concrete slab. There are holes at certain distance to carry out maintenance works. Its parts are designed according to different live load cases and for spans 1-5m. Design curves are designed for the new approach of covering in Egypt area. Design curves include design of each part of the new approach. This approach is applied for a drain which is covered as a pipe type and another drain which is covered as box type. The hydraulic and economic study is done for this approach. Head losses are calculated for pipe, box types and for the new approach. It is found that the head losses for the new approach is less than pipe type by 98% and less than box type by97.8% . The cost of pipe, box types and for the new approach is calculated. It is found that the cost of the new approach is more than pipe type by49% and more than box type by 27%. Keywords: Drain Covering; New Approach for Covering; Design Charts; head losses and Egypt.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This study aims to investigate the effect of single cavity when it presence at a
specific location within the homogenous soil, on the behavior of seepage and uplift
pressure under a hydraulic structure. The results are analyzed to introduce
deterministic formulae for calculating the amount of seepage and the uplift pressure
head. The work was done in three stages by using experimental investigation; the first
stage includes 36 models of 75mm in diameter cavity, while the second and the third
stages includes eight models for each with 100mm and 34mm diameter of cavity,
respectively. The results shows that, when the cavity presence at the left side its impact
was positive on the seepage behavior. While the influence was changed to a negative
impact when the cavity presence at the right side, except at some specific locations. The
statistical software has been employed to generate the two deterministic formulae, and
the results of multiple regressions are checked by statistical indices for the purpose of
recognizing the reliability of the proposed formulae.
Study of Dynamic Analysis for Immersed Tube Tunnelijceronline
The main aim of the project is to connect the two coats of the Dharamtar creek i.e. Rewas in Alibaug and Karanja in Uran by an immersed tunnel. The construction of proposed immersed tunnel will reduce the travel time from Mumbai to Alibaug from 3 hours to 1 hour. But this reduction in time includes the consideration of the sea-link from Sewri to Nhava Seva (Uran).Which was proposed by government and is already under construction. Thus construction of this immersed tunnel will ease the transportation of the city. In this study, a preliminary analysis of IZMIR immersed tube is carried out for validating purpose. The static analysis of the tunnel was made in finite element program. The vertical displacement of the tube unit under static loads was calculated. Afterwards, the seismic analysis was made to investigate stresses developed due to both racking and axial deformation of the tunnel during an earthquake. It was found that, maximum stress due to axial deformation is longer than compressive strength of the concrete. The high stresses in the tube occur, because of the tube stiffness.
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
In this study a mathematical model used to simulate the groundwater lowering in the Ancient Babylon City, located 90 kilometres south of the capital Baghdad, Iraq. The solution proposed within this study is constructing of subground in addition to use 21 discharging wells with (45)m depth
distributed around the study area, which covers about (11) km2 Four scenarios are presented basing on the number and location of subground dams used. For each scenario, wells discharge and time of operation are varied and the results were analyzed. The results showed that installing of subground dam effects significantly groundwater elevations in the studied region and reduce time and efforts required to lower the Ancient Babylon City.
The Detail Project Report is an essential building block for any construction project. The DPR is to be prepared carefully and with sufficient details to ensure appraisal, approval, and subsequent implementation in a timely and efficient manner. The detailed project report gives us the clear idea about the existing site conditions and improvements needed to be accomplished. The DPR survey has been done for construction of a high level bridge on road pertaining @ km 6/2 (R&B) road to Kadapa district. The bridge crosses the river in normal crossing. It has total span of 50.80mts.This work has been executed under MNREGS scheme. The bridge has 3 vents of 6.37m effective span. The bridge is constructed across the stream to provide transportation facilities to people of Proddatur to various places of Kadapa District. This stream has an adequate discharge of 97.00 cusecs and it increases more during in rainy season. Traffic studies have been conducted on this road and the outcome was 120cvpd. The maximum flood level of this stream is 99.830.The linear water way is 18.00m. The design drawings and plans were given by MORT&H for execution of work. To calculate the discharge levels has been surveyed around 300mts both upstream and down streams. Funding for this project has been given by the government of A.P. The work has to be completed in a period of one year. The total estimate amount of the project is said to be 69.50 Lakhs.
Emperical and Numerical Solution Of Seepage Problems Underneath Hydraulic S...RafidAlboresha
Hydraulic structures are structures submerged or partially submerged in water, they’re used to retain or divert natural water flow. Any hydraulic structure that retains water is faced with seep-age problems as the water seeks the path with the least resistance through or under the hydraulic structure. If the water carries materials as it flows or exerts high pressure on the floor of the structure, it will cause failures such as piping and cracks and there are many ways to prevent that, including cutoffs. In this paper, seepage is analyzed for different cases by using the empirical method (Khosla’s theory) and the numerical method by using computer software (SEEP/W). The results had some slight differences between the two methods as a result of not taking into account the effect of soil characteristics of the empirical method. However, the water pressure heads underneath the impervious floor that calculated by the numerical method were greater.
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
SIBE2013-Paper-A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study Of Flow Patterns Around Three Types of Drop Spillway (09-10-13)
1. The Second International Conference on
Sustainable Infrastructure and Built Environment (SIBE-2013)
Bandung, Indonesia – November 19th – 20th 2013
A 3-Dimensional Numerical Study of Flow Patterns around
Three Types of Drop Spillway
Dantje K. Natakusumah1
, Dhemi Harlan 2
, Fitra Adinata3
, Waluyo Hatmoko4
, Ade
Khairani Tobing5
, Muhammad Juangga6
dan M. Rizki Kusmaryadi7
1,2
Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Institute of Technology Bandung
3
PT Sapta Adhi Pratama, Bandung
4
Water Resources Research Center, Ministry of Public Works, Bandung
5,6,7
Water Resources Engineering Graduate Students, Institute of Technology Bandung
Email: 1
dkn@si.itb.ac.id
Abstract. Traditionally the behaviors of hydraulic structures are studied using
scaled physical models constructed in hydraulic laboratories. In general these
approaches are expensive, time-consuming and often subject to error due to
difficulties associated with scaling effects. With the advance in computer
graphics, computer technology and more efficient Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) algorithm, the behavior of hydraulic structures can now be
investigated numerically in reasonable time and expense.
This paper describes the CFD modeling of three type of drop spillway in three-
dimension. FLOW3D3 software which solves the Navier-Stokes equation by the
finite difference method, use the algorithm based on SOLA method while the
Volume of Fluid (VOF) method was used for computing free surface motion. In
this analysis FLOW3D was applied to numerically solve the Navier-Stokes
equations for solution domains around three types of drop spillways each of
which is modeled into single region. Depending of complexity and the number of
grid poits of the spillway model, numerical simulation by using FLOW3D on
personal computer can takehours to a few days. Much shorter than scaled
physical models constructed in hydraulic laboratories
In this preliminary paper, the calculated results such as pressure, velocities, flow
rate, surface height have not been validated against experimental data. The work
on that direction is now underway. In conclusion, the results obtained using
numericalmodel in terms of velocity patterns, local flow disturbances, discharge
rate, surface height distribution and Froude number can be easily obtained for
further used for engineering design purpose.
Keywords: Drop Spillway, FLOW3D, Numerical model, Hydraulics
1 Introduction
One of the main functions of the spillway is to pass water from a high elevation
to low elevation place to lower one. Due to the elevation change, the potential
energy turns into kinetic energy and directing the flow of water moving at a
certain speed. Another function of the spillway is to reduce the kinetic energy of
water through the spillway so that the speed at the end of spillway becomes
smaller. Damping occurs either as a result of collisions with rigid bodies of
water or due to collisions among the particles of water in the whirlpool, causing
partial loss of kinetic energy of the flow.
2. 2 Dantje K. Natakusumah et.al
In conventional spillway energy dissipation took place in a horizontal direction,
by the collision with vertical plane (e.g baffle piers) and resulting turbulence. In
the conventional spillway, Water flow through the spillway crest and chute
channel, only relatively small energy is reduce by friction. However, upon
entering the energy dissipator, the energy flow will be broken down by chute
block and most of kinectic energy will be dissipate by baffle piers and water
turbulence. Finally the water flow will be levelled by end sill.
The initial idea for developing drop spillway studied in this research, started
from experience of the main author, when he design a detention pond located in
LIPO Cikarang. At the outlet of detention pond a conventional WES spillway of
16 meters crest lenght and 4 meters high and a USBR-III stilling basin has been
prepared for the contruction. Since the construction cost of the original design
was quite high, and the available land is limited, the original design was
replaced with a new design, the drop spillway , we name it type I drop
spillway, connected with the box culvert. This spillway can significantly reduce
the construction costs and require much smaller space. Based on this success,
some impovement and changes have been made, until we arive at the concept of
the drop spillway I, T and U type.
2 Methodology
In this paper, we present some preliminary results on hydraulic characteristics
testing of 3 types of drop spillway known as drop spillway I-Type, T-Type and
U-Type. This 3D numerical study was performed using FLOW3D software.
FLOW-3D is a general-purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
FLOW3D is based on the Navier Stokes equations which consists of a three-
dimensional continuity equation, momentum equation and energy equation 3-
dimensional fluid.
Detailed description on how to solve the equation is beyond the scope of this
paper, and the interested reader is referred to the FLOW3D User technical
refference [4]. However, it can be explained that FLOW3D employs specially
developed numerical techniques to solve the equations of motion for fluids to
obtain transient, three-dimensional solutions to multi-scale, multi-physics flow
problems. An array of physical and numerical options allows users to apply
FLOW-3D to a wide variety of fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena.
The problem of flow with free of water surface is a particular challenge in 3D
numerical models. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method developed by Hirth [1]
is employed in FLOW-3D for this purpose. It consists of three main
components: the definition of the volume of fluid function, a method to solve
the VOF transport equation and setting the boundary conditions at the free
surface.
Flow-3D using structured and orthogonal grid with a rectangular shape (2D)
and hexahedral cells (3D). Calculation grid is fixed (non-adaptive) and do not
move during the process of calculation. Boundary between air and objects
defined by the method of Fractional Area Volume Obstacle Representation
(FAVOR). As surface of water moves, the grid will also move vertically.
Therefore, only the water phase will be counted, not the air phase [2].
3. A 3-D Numerical
3 Results and Disscusion
In this paper, some preliminary results on numerical modeling of three drop
spillway, known as drop spillway
spillway are intended for embung. Embung is local name for a small dam with
water stroring capacity less than 500 thousand m
km, embankment height less than 10 meters and it is built on firm soil and low
permeability soil.
Figure 1 shows 3 types of drop spillways
These drop spillway
constructed in two stages. Using stage construction, the costs of construction
can be distributed in stage. It starts with low cost low height dam and when
addional fund is available, the constructi
stop the operation of embung built in the earlier stage. According to the
regulation, development of small embung like this, does not require dam
certification process.
Figure 1: Perspective
Numerical Study of Three Types of Drop Spillway
Results and Disscusion
some preliminary results on numerical modeling of three drop
spillway, known as drop spillway I-Type, T-Type and U-Type. These drop
spillway are intended for embung. Embung is local name for a small dam with
water stroring capacity less than 500 thousand m3, dam crest lengt less than 1
km, embankment height less than 10 meters and it is built on firm soil and low
3 types of drop spillways investigated in this research
pillway are planned to be built in conjuction of embung
constructed in two stages. Using stage construction, the costs of construction
can be distributed in stage. It starts with low cost low height dam and when
addional fund is available, the construction can be continue without having to
stop the operation of embung built in the earlier stage. According to the
regulation, development of small embung like this, does not require dam
Perspective View of Drop Spillway I-Type, T-Type and U-
Three Types of Drop Spillway 3
some preliminary results on numerical modeling of three drop
. These drop
spillway are intended for embung. Embung is local name for a small dam with
3, dam crest lengt less than 1
km, embankment height less than 10 meters and it is built on firm soil and low
in this research [3].
are planned to be built in conjuction of embung
constructed in two stages. Using stage construction, the costs of construction
can be distributed in stage. It starts with low cost low height dam and when
on can be continue without having to
stop the operation of embung built in the earlier stage. According to the
regulation, development of small embung like this, does not require dam
-Type
4. 4 Dantje K. Natakusumah et.al
3.1 Drop Spillway I-Type
The first type of spillway modeled numerically using FLOW3D is I-Type drop
spillway. The dam embankment is planned to be built in two stages, where in
the Stage-1, 5-meter embankment is constructed. At Stage -2, additional 5 meter
embankment construted behind the stage-1 embankment. Development of
Stage-1 to Stage -2 can be done without without having to stop the operation of
embung built in the earlier stage.
Perspective view of I-Type drop Spillway at the first and second stage are
shown in figure Figure 2.a). Crest Lenght in both stages is 10.0 meter, but
Crest Elevastion has ben raised from elevation +3.0 m to elevaton +7.0 m. The
following results were obtained when flood dicharge of 20 m3/s pass over the
spillway crest. Figure 2.b) shows perspective view of velocity around I-Type
drop spillway at the first and second stage. Figure 2.c) shows detailed
perspective view of velocity around I-Type drop spillway at the first and second
stage. Figure 2.d) shows velocity contour and vector of of velocity around I-
Type drop Spillway at the first and second stage. Finally a more detailed :
Numerical Results of 3D Drop Spillway I-Type is given in Table 1.
Table 1 : Numerical Results of 3D Drop Spillway I-Type
No Computed Values Unit Stage-1 Stage -2
1 Discharge m3/s 20 20
2 Crest Lenght m 10 10
3 Crest Elevastion m +3.0 +7.0
4 Weter Level at the stilling basin m +0.0 +0.0
5 Weter Level at the reservoar m +7.66 + 11.94
6 Water Depth Above the Crest m 0.64 0.72
7 Velocity in the middle of the crest m/s 2.8 2.5
8 Velocity at the mid of stilling basin m/s 2.8 2.5
9 Weter Depth at mid the basin m 2.32 3.085
10 Velocity at the start Box Culvert m/s 4.39 2.2
11 Depth at the start Box Culvert m 2.32 3.085
12 Velocity at the end Box Culvert m/s 6.95 5.254
13 Depth at the end Box Culvert m 2.2 2.9
3.2 Drop Spillway T-Type
The Second type of spillway modeled numerically using FLOW3D software is
T-Type drop spillway. Perspective view of T-Type drop Spillway at the first
and second stage are shown in figure Figure 3.a). Crest Lenght in both stages is
10.0 meter, the crest Elevation of the spillway has ben raised from elevation
+3.0 m to elevaton +7.0 m. The following results were obtained when flood
dicharge of 20 m3/s pass over the spillway crest. Figure 3.b) shows perspective
view of velocity around T-Type drop spillway at the first and second stage.
Figure 3.c) shows detailed perspective view of velocity around T-Type drop
spillway at the first and second stage. Finally Figure 3.d) shows velocity
contour and vector of of velocity around T-Type drop Spillway at the first and
second stage. Finally a more detailed Numerical Results of 3D Drop Spillway I-
Type is given in Table 2.
5. A 3-D Numerical Study of Three Types of Drop Spillway 5
Table 2 : Numerical Results of 3D Drop Spillway Tipe-T
No Computed Values Unit Stage-1 Stage -2
1 Discharge m3/s 20 20
2 Crest Lenght m 10 10
3 Crest Elevastion m +3.0 +7.0
4 Weter Level at the stilling basin m +0.0 +0.0
5 Weter Level at the reservoar m +7.86 +11.97
6 Water Depth Above the Crest m 0.79 0.95
7 Velocity in the middle of the crest m/s 4.845 2.55
8 Velocity at the mid of stilling basin m/s 1.625 2.55
9 Weter Depth at mid the basin m 2.66 4.13
10 Velocity at the start Box Culvert m/s 4.31 7.75
11 Depth at the start Box Culvert m 1.73 1.84
12 Velocity at the end Box Culvert m/s 6.46 7.75
13 Depth at the end Box Culvert m 1.41 1.14
3.3 Drop Spillway U-Type
The first type of spillway modeled numerically using FLOW3D is U-Type drop
spillway. Perspective view of U-Type drop Spillway at the first and second
stage are shown in figure Figure 4.a). Despite their curved shape, Crest Lenght
in both stages is 10.0 meter, but the Crest Elevastion has ben raised from
elevation +3.0 m to elevaton +7.0 m. The following results were obtained when
flood dicharge of 20 m3/s pass over the spillway crest. Figure 4.b) shows
perspective view of velocity around U-Type drop spillway at the first and
second stage. Figure 4.c) shows detailed perspective view of velocity around
U-Type drop spillway at the first and second stage. Finally Figure 4.d) shows
velocity contour and vector of of velocity around T-Type drop Spillway at the
first and second stage. Finally a more detailed Numerical Results of 3D Drop
Spillway U-Type is given in Table 3
Table 3 : Numerical Results of 3D Drop Spillway Tipe-U
No Computed Values Unit Stage-1 Stage -2
1 Discharge m3/s 20 20
2 Crest Lenght m 10 10
3 Crest Elevastion m +3.0 +7.0
4 Weter Level at the stilling basin m +0.0 +0.0
5 Weter Level at the reservoar m +7.83 +11.771
6 Water Depth Above the Crest m 1.05 1.034
7 Velocity in the middle of the crest m/s 3.53 2.95
8 Velocity at the mid of stilling basin m/s 4.69 8.8
9 Weter Depth at mid the basin m 3.35 2.01
10 Velocity at the start Box Culvert m/s 5.17 2.95
11 Depth at the start Box Culvert m 1.86 2.23
12 Velocity at the end Box Culvert m/s 5.17 5.9
13 Depth at the end Box Culvert m 1.48 1.46
6. 6 Dantje K. Natakusumah et.al
a) Perspective view of I-Type drop Spillway
b) Perspective view of Velocity Around I-Type drop Spillway
c) Detailed Perspective view of Velocity Around I-Type drop Spillway
d) Velocity Contour and Vector of of Velocity Around I-Type drop Spillway
Figure 2 : Simulation Resuls of I-Type drop Spillway
7. A 3-D Numerical Study of Three Types of Drop Spillway 7
a) Perspective view of T-Type drop Spillway
b) Perspective view of Velocity Around T-Type drop Spillway
c) Detailed Perspective view of Velocity Around T-Type drop Spillway
d) Velocity Contour and Vector of of Velocity Around T-Type drop Spillway
Figure 3 : Simulation Resuls of T-Type drop Spillway
8. 8 Dantje K. Natakusumah et.al
a) Perspective view of U-Type drop Spillway
b) Perspective view of Velocity Around U-Type drop Spillway
c) Detailed Perspective view of Velocity Around U-Type drop Spillway
d) Velocity Contour and Vector of of Velocity Around U-Type drop Spillway
Figure 4 : Simulation Resuls of U-Type drop Spillway
9. A 3-D Numerical Study of Three Types of Drop Spillway 9
4 Research Benefits
Small dam and dry detention pond both have almost similar shape, in the form
of hollow ground which is usually a small river valley and dammed the building
is equipped with spillway and outlet expenses can be arranged. Although small
dam and dry detention pond has almost the same shape, but they have different
functions.
Small dam function to save rainwater to be used for a variety of uses (e.g.
agricultural, domestic or industrial). Thus the small dam is almost always
filled with water and empty only if the water supply has been used up.
Function as small dam of water-use and water conservation infrastructure
for various needs
Dry detention pond serves to hold the flood discharge of the river basin is
relatively small, with spending set saved flood water through the outlet can
be set in order for the downstream location of the dry detention pond area
was not flooded. Function is as a dry detention pond handling of destructive
force of water infrastructure.
One benefit of this research can also be seen from the fact that many former pit
coal mines are scattered in various locations in East Kalimantan and South
Kalimantan. Besides the former tin mine often found in Bangka Belitung
province, mined bauxite is also often found on the island of Bintan, Riau Islands
Province. Conversion pits into ponds for water conservation will solve one
environmental problem arising after mining operations were closed. Utilization
of pits water can only be done if the water in the pit can be controlled.
Controlling water in the former mines can only be done by deepening outlet
mined by digging or raise water by damming part of the land around the pit
outlet and then install the spillway and water level control.
Another benefit of this research can also be seen from the fact that many
residential areas and industrial areas, frequently flooded due to lack of
infrastructure gor controlling runoff. According to regulations, the developer is
actually required to make flood control infrastructure, where one of them is a
conventional reservoir. Conventional flood control infrastructure is not popular,
because it takes a lot of areas and they cannot be used for other activities, since
they filled with water.
To overcome the reluctance of developers to build a conventional detention
pond, recently developed a new idea to create a dry detention pond. When there
is no rain reservoar pool is not filled with water, or only slightly flooded, thus
the location of the dry detention pond can be used as a green area where the
morning sports area taking place. When it rains, substantial portion reservoir
pond will be filled with water, but they will gradually recede because the water
is gradually released through an outlet reservoir dry.
5 Conclusion
Simulation results on the drop spillway I-Type, T-Type and U-Type shows
realistic results. The results obtained were able to show the magnitude of
velocity, thickness of water, turbulent energy and dissipation energy in almost
all parts of spillway from upstream to downstream..
10. 10 Dantje K. Natakusumah et.al
This kind of detailed results, althouh can still be obtained in the physical model,
it will require much longer time, both to acquire the raw data and to process it
into a variable such as turbulent energy, energy dissipation and the Froude
number that cannot be measured directly. The test results of drop spillway I-
Type, T-Type and U-Type shows that the numerical model has its advantages
which can give results much faster and relatively cheaper, the physical model
requires a much longer time and are more expensive.
Spillway physical model testing needs to be done immediately for the most
promising shape, according to the numerical results that will be performed at
the Laboratory of Physical Hydraulic Model Testing, Civil Engineering ITB.
Currently physical models of the most promising forms are still in progress.
6 Acknowledgements
The authors express gratitude to Directorate General of Higher Education and
research that has provided funding through the DIKTI Decentralization of
Higher Education Research Program 2013. The authors also express our
gratitude to the LPPM-ITB who had been monitoring the implementation of the
study.
7 References
[1] C. W. Hirt And B. D. Nichols, Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the
Dynamics of Free Boundaries, Journal Of Computational Physics 39,
201-225 (1981)
[2] Hossein Afshar, Seyed Hooman Hoseini, Experimental and 3-D
Numerical Simulation of Flow over a Rectangular Broad-Crested Weir,
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT),
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-6, August 2013
[3] Dantje K. Natakusumah,Pembuatan Protoptye, Pengujian Modek Fisik
Dan Model Numerik Tiga Dimensi Untuk Pelimpah Terjunan Tipe I,
Tipe T Dan Tipe U Serta Penggunaanya Pada Konstruksi Kolam Tandon
Kering (Dry Detention Pond) Dan Konstruksi Embung (Small Dam,
Proposal Riset Desentralisasi DIKTI, 2013).
[4] FLOW3D, User Manual, Flow Science, Inc, 2013.