NANOMATERIALS
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This document discusses three methods for synthesizing nanomaterials: microwave synthesis, co-precipitation, and the Langmuir Blodgett method. Microwave synthesis allows reactions to be completed much faster than conventional heating methods, in around 2 hours instead of 24 hours. However, reaction temperatures can be difficult to precisely control. Co-precipitation involves precipitating nanoparticles from a solution through chemical reaction. The Langmuir Blodgett method is used to form organized mono- or multilayers of nanoparticles at an air-water interface. References on nanomaterials and nanochemistry are provided.
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Microwave assisted organic reactions can occur using solvents, under solvent-free conditions on solid supports, or using neat reactants. Reactions see increased rates due to microwave dielectric heating causing molecular polarization and rotation, generating heat. Key advantages are rapid reactions, high purity products, improved yields, and wider usable temperature ranges. Challenges include sudden temperature increases potentially distorting molecules or making reactions hazardous, and difficulty controlling heat.
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−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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NANOMATERIALS
- 1. GURU NANAK KHALSA COLLEGE INORGANIC CHEMISTRY BY SHARMEEN KHAN
- 3. CONTENT INTRODUCTION MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS CO PRECIPITATION REACTION LANGMUIR BLODGETT METHOD CONCLUSION REFERENCES
- 4. MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS TO USE MICROWAVE HEATING ,AT LEAST ONE COMPONENT OF THE REACTION MIXTURE MUST ABSORB MICROWAVE RADIATION THE OSCILLATING ELECTRIC FIELD CHANGES ITS DIRECTION RAPIDLY SO THAT THE TIME BETWEEN CHANGES IS MUCH SMALLER ,THEN THE DIPOLES CANNOT RESPOND FAST ENOUGH
- 5. ADVANTAGES CONVENTIONAL METHOD TAKES ABOUT 24 HOURS TO COMPLETE WHEREAS IT TAKES 2 HOURS USING MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS IT HAS LESS PROBLEMS WITH CRACKING, SINCE HEATING IS FROM INSIDE
- 6. DISADVANTAGE THE REACTION TEMPERATURES ARE HIGH AND RELATIVELY DIFFICULT TO PRECISELY CONTROL
- 10. REFERENCES NANOMATERIALS AND NANOCHEMISTRY,LESLEY SMART AND ELAINE MOORE ,SECOND EDITION,PAGE NO 119-120. NANOMATERIALS, SULABHA K. KULKARNI, SECOND EDITION,PAGE NO 79-84,91-92.