1. The document outlines three fundamental concepts of environmental impact assessment: defining impacts, defining the baseline situation, and defining activities. Impacts are changes from the baseline situation caused by an activity.
2. Screening activities is the first step to sort them by risk level. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is used to determine if significant adverse impacts are likely.
3. If significant impacts are possible, a Full Environmental Assessment is required and must include alternatives analysis, scoping, and public consultation.
1) EIA – Definition, History and Objective.
2) Reasons for using EIA
3) Key elements of EIA
4) Benefits of an EIA
5) Major Environmental Issues
6) PROCEDURE FOR EIA
7) IMPACT OF A PROPOSED PAPER INDUSTRY
8) Impact Mitigation
9) Key components of Monitoring
10) Public Involvement in the EIA Steps
11) Hierarchy in EIA
12)Impact indicators
1) EIA – Definition, History and Objective.
2) Reasons for using EIA
3) Key elements of EIA
4) Benefits of an EIA
5) Major Environmental Issues
6) PROCEDURE FOR EIA
7) IMPACT OF A PROPOSED PAPER INDUSTRY
8) Impact Mitigation
9) Key components of Monitoring
10) Public Involvement in the EIA Steps
11) Hierarchy in EIA
12)Impact indicators
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
In India any person who desires to undertake any new project or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project should submit a Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report along with application to the secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. Basic types of EIA being practiced are given below.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)
Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment
Regional Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification in India
EIA is of comparatively recent origin in India and has become an integral part of Environmental Management by EIA notification of 1994 and its subsequent amendments by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India. The notification specifies 30 categories of projects with potential risks to degrade the Environment.
Purposes of EIA
EIA is a process with several important purposes, which can be categorized as follows:
To facilitate decision-making For the decision-maker, for example the local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken
To aid in the formation of development EIA can be of great benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment.
To be an instrument for sustainable development The key characteristics of sustainable development include maintaining the overall quality of life, maintaining continuing access to natural resources and avoiding lasting environmental damage.
Principle of EIA
The Benefits of Environmental Assessment
Categorization of projects and activities
Environmental Clearance (EC)
Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment.pptxAlmawYetnayet
Environmental problems can vary from the direct effects of the pollution of waterways and the air, through to indirect effects such as health problems caused by changes.
A procedure for evaluating Environmental Impacts - geological survey circular 645
by luna b. leopold, frank e. clarke, bruce b. hanshaw and james r. balsley
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
In India any person who desires to undertake any new project or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project should submit a Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment report along with application to the secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi. Basic types of EIA being practiced are given below.
Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA)
Comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA)
Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)
Sectoral Environment Impact Assessment
Regional Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification in India
EIA is of comparatively recent origin in India and has become an integral part of Environmental Management by EIA notification of 1994 and its subsequent amendments by Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India. The notification specifies 30 categories of projects with potential risks to degrade the Environment.
Purposes of EIA
EIA is a process with several important purposes, which can be categorized as follows:
To facilitate decision-making For the decision-maker, for example the local authority, it provides a systematic examination of the environmental implications of a proposed action, and sometimes alternatives, before a decision is taken
To aid in the formation of development EIA can be of great benefit to them, since it can provide a framework for considering location and design issues and environmental issues in parallel. It can be an aid to the formulation of developmental actions, indicating areas where the project can be modified to minimize or eliminate altogether the adverse impacts on the environment.
To be an instrument for sustainable development The key characteristics of sustainable development include maintaining the overall quality of life, maintaining continuing access to natural resources and avoiding lasting environmental damage.
Principle of EIA
The Benefits of Environmental Assessment
Categorization of projects and activities
Environmental Clearance (EC)
Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment.pptxAlmawYetnayet
Environmental problems can vary from the direct effects of the pollution of waterways and the air, through to indirect effects such as health problems caused by changes.
A procedure for evaluating Environmental Impacts - geological survey circular 645
by luna b. leopold, frank e. clarke, bruce b. hanshaw and james r. balsley
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Learning Outcomes
1. Define the three fundamental concepts of environmental
impact assessment
2. Understand how the fundamental concepts apply to the
Regulation 216 process
10/9/2023 Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Impact Assessment 2
3. USAID IS NOT ALONE …
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 3
• Most countries & almost all donors
(including USAID) have impact assessment
requirements (like NEPA)
• In many developing countries, environmental
and social impact assessment is the core of
national environmental regulation
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IS
DONE BY EVERYONE
4. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
CONCEPTS
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 4
• Defining “impact” • Defining “activity”
• Characterizing
the baseline
situation
Time
Water
table
5. WHAT ARE IMPACTS?
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 5
The impact of an activity is the change from the baseline
situation caused by the activity.
The baseline situation is the existing
environmental situation or condition in the
absence of the activity.
The baseline situation is a key concept in
environmental impact assessment.
! To measure an
impact, you must
know what the
baseline situation is.
6. BASELINE SITUATION
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 6
• The baseline situation is
not just a snapshot in
time.
• This chart of groundwater
levels shows both
variability and a trend
over time.
• BOTH are part of the
groundwater baseline
situation.
Time
Water
table
7. ACTIVITY
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 7
The impact assessment process examines the impacts of
activities.
Under Regulation 216 an activity is:
A project or program usually consists of many activities.
Accomplishing an activity requires a set of sub-activities or
tasks.
A desired accomplishment or output. For example, a road,
seedling production, or river diversion to irrigate land.
ACTIVITY:
Market access road
rehabilitation
SUB-ACTIVITIES OR TASKS:
Survey, grading, culvert
construction, compaction, etc..
8. AN ACTIVITY ABOUT ACTIVITIES AND SUB-
ACTIVITIES
10/9/2023
Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Impact
Assessment
8
Market access
road rehabilitation
Surveying
Grading
Culvert
construction
Compaction
River diversion to
irrigate land
?
?
Seedling
production
?
?
Agricultural Enhancement Program
Project
or
Program
Activitie
s
Sub-
Activitie
s or
Tasks
9. Submit for Approval
Environmental Assessment (EA)
Negative
Determination
with Conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
10/9/2023
Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Impact
Assessment
9
USAID
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Negative
Determinatio
n
Positive
Determinatio
n
Request
for
Categorical
Exclusion
Moderate or
Unknown Impact
High Impact:
Low
Impact/
Categoricall
y Excluded
Screen the activity
Exempt
Exemptio
n Memo
10. SCREENING
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 10
• ALWAYS the first step in the process
• Sorting proposed activities into risk categories
– Does NOT require detailed analysis or extensive baseline data.
– DOES require a basic understanding of what the proposed
activity is, and where it will be undertaken.
• The risk category determines the next step in the
process.
11. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
EXAMINATION (IEE)
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 11
A rapid analysis using simple
tools that:
• Allows the preparer to
determine whether or not
significant adverse impacts
are likely
• Allows the reviewer to agree
or disagree these
determinations
• Sets out mitigation and
monitoring for adverse
impacts
Typical outline
a) Background/project
description/purpose and need
b) Baseline characterization
c) Evaluation of potential impacts
d) Mitigation and monitoring
e) Recommended findings*
*Significant Adverse Impacts: (1) very
unlikely, (2) very unlikely with
specified mitigation; (3) possible
(even with mitigation)
12. TYPES OF USAID ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENTS
10/9/2023
Fundamental Concepts of Environmental Impact
Assessment
12
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
Used to assess the
environmental effects
of a specific project
or action
PROGRAMMATIC
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
Used to assess the
environmental effects
of a class of similar
actions
RAPID
ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
Used to assess,
define and prioritize
the potential
environmental
impacts in disaster
situations
EXAMPLE
An EA to evaluate a
single irrigation or
health clinic project
EXAMPLE
A PEA to evaluate
construction of
multiple schools or
sustainable forest
management plans
EXAMPLE
Earthquakes, floods,
tsunamis, landslides
13. FULL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDY
(IF REQUIRED)
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 13
Used for highest-risk
activities and/or projects
Very similar in outline to
a preliminary
assessment, but has
important differences:
14. HOW IS A FULL ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT DIFFERENT FROM AN INITIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)?
10/9/2023 Key Concepts for Environmental Impact Assessment 14
A formal scoping process
IDs issues to be addressed
Analysis of environmental
impacts is much more
detailed
Alternatives* must be
formally defined. The
impacts of each alternative
must be identified &
evaluated, and the results
compared.
Public consultation is
required
*includes the project as proposed, the no action
alternative at least one other real alternative
!
!
!
!
!
15. ACTIVITY: REVIEW AN IEE (HANDOUT)
10/9/2023 Why Environmental Compliance Matters 15
• What is the recommended threshold determination?
• What potentially significant environmental impacts does
the IEE identify?
• What conditions are identified in the IEE?
• How might the conditions identified be translated into
mitigation and monitoring measures?
• Do you think these conditions are robust enough to keep
adverse impacts below a significant level?
• What other information does the IEE contain that may be
useful in the development of an EMMP?
• Does this IEE identify activities that are categorically
excluded? If so, how does it justify the categorical
exclusions?
• Does the IEE incorporate climate risk screening? How
so?
Editor's Notes
Image credit: Cris Guterres, USAID. Celestina Pinto, left, and Filomena Mendonca de Araujo stand in a field of purple sweet potatoes on the Avansa Agrikultura project demonstration plot. https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/success_story/_MG_9468.jpg
The beginnings of Environmental Impact Assessment are rooted in the environmental crisis that affected all industrialized economies in the 1950s/60s/70s. For example:
1952 “Killer fog” kills 4,000 in London
1963 Silent Spring documents the effects of DDT
1966 Cuyahoga River burns for the 3rd time in Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Looking back from today, the causes were obvious:
Population Growth
Natural Resource Pressures
Urbanization
Industrialization
All of these factors combined to create unprecedented environmental damage with consequent effects on human health and welfare.
Environmental Impact Assessment was one response. The first national Environmental Impact Assessment requirements were outlined in the 1970 US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), requiring Environmental Impact Assessment for USG projects. Other responses included regulation of industry and environmental treaties.
Environmental Impact Assessment has an even more central environmental protection role in many developing countries than it does in the US and other wealthy economies.
In the US and many wealthy economies, environmental management requirements for industry and infrastructure in operation are established by operating permits under media-specific pollution laws.
Whereas, in many developing countries, operating requirements are established almost solely under the Environmental Impact Assessment process.
Image credit: Drip irrigation of new strawberry plants in Egypt. — usaid.gov https://www.usaid.gov/where-we-work/middle-east/merc-water-success-stories
This shallow well features a raised enclosure and a cover, both of which help to reduce the possibility of contamination. Shallow wells provide an easy way to monitor groundwater levels.
Describing the baseline situation requires describing both the normal variability in environmental components and current trends in these components.
Baseline characterization is a description of environmental conditions in the absence of the proposed activities. The baseline characterization cannot be exhaustive. The environmental components most important when determining the baseline characterization are those components most likely to be affected by your activity and upon which your activity depends on for its success.
Provide an overview of topics for examining the environmental baseline, such as:
Water: Quantity, quality, reliability, accessibility
Soils: Erosion, crop productivity, fallow periods, salinity, nutrient concentrations
Climate Change: unpredictable weather patterns, agriculture, and food production
Fauna: Populations, habitat
Environmental Health: Disease vectors, pathogens
Public Health: Conflict over resources, vulnerable populations, access to resources
Flora: Composition and density of natural vegetation, productivity, key species
Key species, ecosystems
Determine the baseline situation by obtaining information from 3 sources:
Your organization: Talk to staff who know the project, and know the sites. Obtain project documents and information
Direct observation: Go to the site(s). Look up publicly available satellite imagery before you go.
Utilize other local talent and knowledge: communities, government, counterparts, literature
Group activity – fill in the question marks on irrigation and seedling production. Emphasize that it is okay if they don’t know much about the topics; just do your best.
This slide does duplicate an earlier one. But it is important to recap the process and the 22 CFR 216 terminology.
As stated before, all Environmental Impact Assessment processes begin with screening --- sorting proposed activities into risk categories by applying a set of simple criteria established by the specific law, regulation or policy. (We’ll review the screening process under Regulation 216 a little later.) Screening does NOT require detailed analysis or extensive baseline data. It DOES require a basic understanding of what the proposed activity is, and where it will be undertaken.
Depending on the risk category (low, medium or high), the process may end (RCE), proceed to a preliminary assessment (IEE), or to a full study (Environmental Assessment, Programmatic Environmental Assessment), respectively. (USAIDs terms in parentheses.)
The preliminary assessment (IEE) is the most common pathway in the process. The purpose of a preliminary assessment/IEE is to allow the proponent to present analysis as to whether significant adverse impacts are reasonably foreseeable (or not) --- and to allow the reviewer to agree or disagree with those findings.
If the preliminary assessment (IEE) DOES find that significant adverse impacts of the activity are reasonably foreseeable, the process proceeds to a full study. Otherwise, the preliminary assessment (IEE) is the last stage in the pre-implementation process, and any environmental mitigation and monitoring conditions defined by the preliminary assessment become required elements of activity implementation.
(Note that in some cases there is a subsidiary review process following the preliminary assessment or full study for individual activities within a larger overall project. This process is universally used in Bureau for Latin American and Caribbean (LAC). It is used sparingly in Bureau for Africa (AFR).
All processes begin with screening --- sorting proposed activities into risk categories by applying a set of simple criteria established by the specific law, regulation or policy. (We’ll review the screening process under Regulation. 216 a little later.) Screening does NOT require detailed analysis or extensive baseline data. It DOES require a basic understanding of what the proposed activity is, and where it will be undertaken.
Depending on the risk category (low, medium or high), the process may end (RCE), proceed to a preliminary assessment (IEE), or to a full study (Environmental Assessment, Programmatic Environmental Assessment), respectively. (USAIDs terms in parentheses.)
The purpose of a preliminary assessment is to provide documentation and analysis that allows the preparer to determine whether or not significant adverse impacts are likely; allows the reviewer to agree or disagree with these determinations, and sets out mitigation and monitoring for adverse impacts.
A typical Preliminary Assessment follows the outline on the slide – all 4 elements are mandatory.
For each activity, it covers, a preliminary assessment has three possible findings: very unlikely to have significant adverse impacts; unlikely to have significant adverse impacts with specified mitigation and monitoring, and significant adverse impacts possible. With the last determination, you must proceed directly to a full Environmental Assessment study or re-design the subject activity(ies).
Guide the participants through a brief exercise, with the following 3 examples:
If you receive a proposal is to develop a curriculum for 6th graders to improve their English language skills, what level of environmental analysis would be required? (Very probably, low, regardless of the specific Environmental Impact Assessment system and thus the specific screening criteria being used.) Following the flow chart (2 slides previous) , what would you do in that case? (Document the decision and begin implementing the project.)
If you receive a proposal to build a road through a national forest where there had never been a road before, what level of environmental review would you indicate? (Very probably high, regardless of the specific Environmental Impact Assessment system and thus the specific screening criteria being used.) What would you do in that case? (Begin a full Environmental Assessment study.)
If the proposal is to build latrines at a school, what level of environmental review would be necessary? (Most likely this would be a “medium risk” activity, regardless of the specific Environmental Impact Assessment system and thus the specific screening criteria being used.) Thus it would proceed to a preliminary assessment. This will help you determine if the situation deserves more attention or not.) What would you assess? Remind the participants of the baseline characterization discussion. Make the point that one does not need to be an expert to do this level of screening. Common sense and basic knowledge will help you decide.
Note that the preliminary assessment must not simply describe the proposed project, but its Purpose and Need. We will address this in more detail later.
Mitigation is the implementation of measures designed to eliminate, reduce, or offset the undesirable effects of a proposed action on the environment. We will address mitigation in more detail shortly.
Image credit: Training workers to properly install solar panels at health clinics in Rwanda provides clean energy and creates green jobs.
The Agency’s environmental assessment process can result in several forms of documentation. These are briefly described here with short examples.
Reiterate that most projects do not move to a full study.
The purpose of the Environmental Assessment is informed decision-making----not to prevent projects with significant adverse impacts from going forward altogether.
Image credit: M Stoughton; palm oil processing, Ghana. Small-scale agro-processing can have significant potential impacts that may require an Environmental Assessment.
Refer to the binder for exercise instructions and materials.