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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND ITS ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  Four essential requirement for sustainable development are Environmental harmony,  Economic efficiency and Endogenous choices and equity, Social justice The achievement of sustainable development demands the integration of environment and development. To achieve sustainable development requires a close collaboration and cooperation between environmentalists and the decision- makers.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) EIA is an activity design for the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts (effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or legislative actions relative to physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic components of the total environment EIA is a major instrument in • • • • For appropriate Decision making For measurement of sustainability in the context of regional carrying capacity Siting of new industries Siting of urban settlements and town planning
An Environmental Impact Assessment should contain: • • • A determination of the initial reference state An estimate of future state without action An estimate of future state with action • • The level of details in EIA: The sensitivity of the local environment The scale of proposed development and its potential effects • The social value placed nationally or locally on preventing or enhancing environmental quality • The resources scientific expertise of the country
For New Project EIA is necessary • Examination of merits and demerits of alternative sites • Investigation of meteorological and topographical studies • Study on emission • Analysis of every operation process by HAZOP • Analysis of availability and suitability of land for burial of wastes
What an EIA should do: Describe the proportions as well as alternative • • of the likely • Estimate the nature and magnitude environmental changes Identify the relevant human concerns • Define the criteria to be used in measuring the significance of environmental changes including the relative weighting to be assigned in comparing different type of changes • Estimate the significance of the predicted environmental changes • Make recommendation : Acceptance, remedial action, a acceptance of one or more alternatives, reflections
- Economic and occupational status - Social pattern or life style - Social amenities and relationships - Health - Security - Religion and traditional belief. - Public and private services - Aesthetics and cultural values AREA OF HUMAN CONCERN
SCOPING AND BASELINE STUDIES SCOPING is a process of identifying significant issues to be considered in an EIA. • • Ecological Scoping : Determination of changes in the physico-chemical biological environment. Physical-Chemical : Water, air, noise, land • • • Biological Species and Population, habitat and communities Aesthetic : Land, air, water, flora and fauna. Social Scoping : It involves determination of these values based on social and economic criteria. This involves – Human Health and Safety BASELINE STUDIES : • Description of conditions existing at a point in time against which subsequent changes can be detected through monitoring.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Preamble Project Description : Process Description, Production Capacity, Raw Material, Description of Environment. Scope of EIA Methodology for EIA Air Environment Water Noise Biological Land Socio-economic environment Baseline Environmental Status Identification of Impacts Air, water, noise, biological, land, socioeconomic environment Prediction of Impact Evaluation of Impact Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Management Plan Post project operation Post project monitoring Disaster Management Plan
List of Projects Requiring Environment Clearance from the Central Government • • • • • Nuclear power and related projects such as heavy water plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths. River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control. Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours). Petroleum refineries including crude and product pipelines Chemical fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphatic other than single superphosphate) • • • • • • • • Pesticides (Technical) Petrochemical complexes (both olefinic and aromatic) and petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage Synthetic rubber Asbestos and asbestos products. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives. (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of iron and steel, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead an d ferro alloys).
GUIDELINES FOR STATE LEVEL SCREENING  Project site should not be in conflict with existing legislations.  Project site should not conflict with potentially desirable land use, e.g. location on prime agricultural land.  Project site should be compatible with supportive capacity. • • • •
OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
FLOWCHART FOR STATE LEVEL SCREENING
POLICY PLAN PROGRAM PROJECT PERMIT SCREENING Is EIA needed Preliminary Study Scoping ( what issues Impact need to be addressed in EIS ) Plan & Conduct Comprehensive Impact study CONCEPTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR SCREENING & SCOPING
List of Projects Requiring Environment Clearance from the Central Government  an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investments of more than Rs. 5 crore.  Thermal power plants.  Mining projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.  Highway projects  Tarred roads in Himalyas and/or forest areas.  Distilleries.  Raw skins and hides  Pulp, paper and newsprint.  Dyes  Cement  Foundaries  Electroplating. •
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Soil Air Water Quality (depth structure, fertility, degree of salination or acidification, stability. Quality, climatic changes Quantity, quality, seasonability, area of man made lakes, Extent of irrigation canal. Biota Abundance/ scarcity of species of genetic resource Extent of crops ecosystem Vegetation and forests Diversity of species Extent of provision of resting ground, etc. for migration of species Pest and disease organism Noise Residential, shop floor, industrial
Preliminary scan of existing environment Preliminary scan of Proposed project Select environmental indicators Describe environmental setting Project initiation Assess adequacy of Environmental setting Finalize environmental setting Evaluate impacts Prepare environmental Impact statement Transfer information To other project Team members Propose mitigative measures Descrip- tion of proposed project and alternative Field surveys & sampling ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WORK FLOW DIAGRAM
PostProject Environmental Monitoring Labora tory Facilit ies Air Environment Noi se Environment Wat er Environment L a n d Environment Solid W astes Regulatory Standards Selectionof Parameters Selectionof Monitoring Sites Selectionof Monitoring Syste ms Eq uipmen t Specification Fre qu en cyof sampling Analysis Methodology Statistical Analysisof Results ComparisonwithStandards AdditionalMitigation Measures,if AnalyticalQuality Control Components of Post-Project Monitoring Programme
STEPS IN AIR ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of air quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing air environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant air standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
QUALITY Influencing elements and their potential effects  W i n d : directions and speed Will the project modify the local wind behavior? Precipitation/humidity Will the project have an impact upon the local precipitation /humidity pattern? Will the project be sited in a “high risk” area? Temperature Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern?  A i r Quality
CLIMATE AND AIR QUALITY Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Wind: directions and speed Will the project modify the local wind behaviour Wind speeds and directions, including unusual conditions. Height of structures. Precipitation/ humidity Will the project have an Precipitation/humidity Temperature impact upon the local precipitation/humidity pattern? Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern? data including unusual conditions-flash floods, etc. Temperature data, including the extremes. Air Quality Will the project generate and disperse atmospheric pollutants? Will the project generate any intense odours? Estimate of atmospheric emissions from point, area and line sources, fugitive emissions
STEPS IN SURFACE WATER ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of surface water quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing surface water environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant surface water standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
AND/OR GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of soil and/or groundwater quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing soil and/or groundwater environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant soil and/or groundwater water standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
Sub element WATER Potential Impact(s) Required Information Hydrological balance Will the project alter the hydrological balance? Ground water regime Will the project affect the ground water regime, e.g. in Sedimentation Flooding terms of quality, quantity, depth/gradient of water table and direction of flow? Will the project induce a major sediment influx in the water bodies? Will there be risk to life and materials due to flooding? Extent of project. Importance of ground water in maintaining area rivers, streams, lakes Source of water supply; ground conditions-permeability, percolation, water table Erosion potential of site soils Direction of runoff flow, & slope on site Extent of project; 100-year flood plan
CONCEPTUAL APPROACH FOR ADDRESSING BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS • • Identification of biological impact of proposed project Preparation of description of existing biological • • • • conditions and considerations enlarged or threatened species and critical habitat, flora & fauna species Procurement of relevant laws, regeneration or criteria related to impacts or condition Impact prediction Assessment of impact Identification and incorporation of migration measures
ECOLOGY Sub element Species checklist Potential Impact(s) Are there rare/endangered species which require protection? Are there any species which are particularly susceptible to human activities? Required Information Species checklists-unusual, rare or endangered species; species providing food and cover for wild life Productivity Will project activities impair natural productivity? Biogeochemical/nutrient cycling Will project activities disrupt nutrient materials flow, e.g. selective concentration/dilution of substances? Extent of project productivity of land on site and surrounding area. Extent of project; disturbance of natural communities; soils type and erodability; annual precipitation
SOIL Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Erosion (wind and water) Liquefaction Will there be a substantial loss of soil due to construction or operational practices? Will the project cause Extent of site; ground conditions; wind patterns; slope angles; receiving waters. Project location; general seismic data; evidence of liquefaction; Bearing capacity Loading; dead or live load ratio; ground conditions; Soil structure or be exposed to liquefaction of soils in slopes or foundations? Will there be risk to life or structures because of sudden failure? Will the project modify the properties of impacted soils? Site location, soil characteristic data.
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS Required Information Land use & land capability Future agricultural needs Location of project Location of forests on or near site Future forestry need Location of wet land on or near site. Location of abandoned, active or planned landfill, solid/toxic waste disposal sites. Sub element Prime agricultural land Potential Impact(s) Will the project be located on or near the prime agricultural land? Forestry land Will the project be located on or near forestry land? Wet lands/ estuarine land Landfills, solid/toxic Will the project impair existing wetlands through filling, dredging, waste discharges? Will the project perturb abandoned, existing or planned landfills, solid/toxic waste disposal sites?
LAND USE AND LAND CAPABILITY Sub element Land use Potential Impact(s) Will the project conflict with existing or proposed land use? Required Information Location of project Land use classification on or near site Land capability Will the project degrade land capability types? Land capability classification on or near site
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC AND CULTURAL ELEMENTS Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Archaeological structures sites Will the project conflict with structures and sites of archeological interest and value? Will the existing and desirable future patterns of access be disrupted? Location of project. Amenity use patterns of surrounding population Historic/cultural structures, sites and areas Will the project conflict with structures, sites and areas of historic/cultural interest and values? Knowledge of regional and local historic/cultural sites and patterns of visiting and use by elements within the surrounding population.
STEPS IN NOISE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of noise impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing noise Environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant noise standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
NOISE AND VIBRATION Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Internal noise External noise Will the internal noise levels present a potential risk to the hearing of workers? Will the project create noise levels which will cause annoyance, discomfort to nearby properties? Estimates of external noise levels due to transportation and operation at properties in the vicinity. Existence of noise sensitive land users within one mile of the development Vibration Will the project cause damage to structures (natural and man-made) Estimates of internal vibration levels and employee exposure
Socioeconomic Impact Outlines of the Basic Steps in Performing Assess. • Discussion of implications of Description of the socioeconomic environment setting: • Identification of the critical socioeconomic factors: • Identification of those socioeconomic impacted area that Represents critical items relative to the human Environment. • Prediction of changes in socioeconomic factors: • Quantitative or at description of changes. least qualitative
MAJOR TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND THEIR FOCUS Safety Risks Low probability, high consequence, accidents, acute (human safety focus) Fatalaities, injuries, lost workdays Property damage Lost production and sales Health Risks High probability, low consequences, ongoing, chronic (human safety focus) Incremental cancer cases (all types of cancer) Non-cancer hazards (e.g. respiratory, neurological, reproductive effects) Ecological / Environmental Risks Subtle changes, complex interactions, long latency, macro-impacts (habitat/ecosystem focus) Species abundance and diversity Habitat and ecosystem quality Natural resource damage (NRD)
MAJOR TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT AND THEIR FOCUS Public Welfare/Goodwill Risks Perceptions, property-value concerns, aesthetics (value focus) Resource use restrictions (e.g., groundwater) Nuisance odors, visibility impairment, aesthetics Property values Financial Risks Business viability, liability, insurance, investment returns (economic focus) Insurance (costs, recoverability) Liability (short and long-term) Revenues (consumer franchise)
Steps in a risk assessment no yes Define scope Identify hazards Identify how hazards could be realized Estimate consequences if hazards were realized Estimate the probability that hazards will be realized Calculate risk Assess the significance of the risk Choice of more exhaustive examination
Ad HOC APPROACH
MATRIX APPROACH
CHECKLIST APPROACH
MEASUREMENT OF AIR QUALITY • • • Ambient Air Quality Measurement of Emission Meteorological Measurement Pollution Parameter Dust fall Equipment Dust Fall Jar High Volume Sampler, Inertial collectors, Suspended Particulates Respira ble Dust Sampler Lead Candle Total Sulfur Compounds Sulphur Dioxide Hydrogen Sulphide Oxides of Nitrogen Wind Direction Wind Velocity Air Sampling Kit Air Sampling Kit Air Sampling Kit Recording Vane Wind Velocity Meter Temperature and Humidity Whirling Psychrometer
WATER QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS Water Quality Criteria: The level of specific concentrations of Constituents which are expected, if not exceeded to assure the suitability of water for specific use. Water Quality Standards: These are legal regulations established by the states limiting the concentration of various constituents in water. Stream Quality Standards: Ambient water ways . Effluent Standards: Discharge of liquid effluents into those water ways The overall Plan for water quality survey •Detail plan of sample collection •Provision of laboratory analysis •Description of the methods to be used for data The Plan must address •Location of sampling point •Parameters to be analysed •Time Schedule including time of Day, time of year and frequency CONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of conservative material changes with time .e.g Chlorides, Total solids, heavy metals etc. NONCONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of non conservative material do not change with time BOD, COD, Temp. etc.
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS ( VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE IMPACT ANALYSIS) Environment: complex interaction of many factors and change in one aspect of environment will affect changes of entire system. Vegetation and wild life are important features of the environment NATURAL ENVIRONMENT topography, soil , minerals, geological, shtantum Physical non living Biotic (biological) (abiotic) Energy, water, air, Living (plants & animal), Flora, Fauna Flora: Trees, shrubs, grass, crops, micro floras, aquatic plant, enlarged species, barriers. Fauna: Birds, land animals, fish, shell fish, benthic organism, insects, micro fauna, enlarged species. IMPACT: Direct Impact: Those that destroy, displace adversely affects plants and animals.  Indirect Impact: Those that destroy or disrupt habitat, ecosystem or other physical and biological facts upon which a species depends.
•LCA is an approach for assessing the environmental impact of any project and provides a frame work, approach and methods for identifying and evaluating environmental burdens associated with life cycle of the material which is from cradle- to- grave. •Life cycle assessment is both a concept and for evaluating the environmental methodology performance of a product process or activity through its entire existence from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal through recycling , incineration , land filling or composting LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment, Principles and framework Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Inter- pretation Direct applications: - Product development and improvement - Strategic planning - Public policy making - Marketing - Other
COMPARISION OF EIA AND LCA Various authors have stated that Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) differs fundamentally from product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Arnold Tukker, 2000). EIA is often regarded as a synonym for a local, point-source oriented evaluation of environmental impacts, which takes into account time-related aspects, the specific local geographic situation. This approach is often regarded as contradictory to the one adopted in LCA, with its emphasis on a time and Location- independent assessment of potential impacts in relation to an entire production system .
ASSESSMENT AND CHOICE OF SYSTEM BOUNDARIES IN EIA EIAs concentrate on the possible environmental effects of a project, typically an industrial plant.
IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND SYSTEM CHOICE IN LCA LCA is an environmental management tool for assessing all (potential) environmental impacts related to the fulfillment of a product’s function over its whole life cycle.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT(LCA) • Life Cycle Assessment establishes a link between the environmental impact, operation and economics of the process. PHASES OF LCA
O b s o l e s c e n c e Re cycling E x t r a c t i o n Ref ini n g M an u- fact u rin g C o n s u m p t i o n / u s e E x p l o r a t i o n R e t u r n t ot h e e n v i r o n m e n t Society's need for products and services Reuse
LIFE CYCLE STAGES Inputs Outputs
LCA RESULTS AND IMPACTED AREA Impacted Category Final Results Normalised LCIA Results Global Warming Ozone Depletion Global Global Resource Depletion Photochemical Smog Acidification Human Health Global Regional Regional Regional Terrestrial Toxicity Local Aquatic Toxicity Local Land Use Local
EMISSIONS TRADING •Emissions trading involves a system in which excess quotas for CO2 emissions are traded among companies. •Emission permits represent ‘rights to emit’ and these rights can be produced by some party abating more than it is required to do, or undertaking some abatement when not required to do so. EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) •Any person or company can register to trade. •Allocation allowances will be ‘traded’ •Allowances equal to emissions for the previous year are allocated and then surrendered the following year. •When performance is better than allowances can be traded. •With a below performance allowances need to be purchased. When performance is better than allowances can be traded. •With a below performance allowances need to be purchased •By abating more, the lower cost region creates ‘rights to emit,’ or emission permits, which it can sell to the higher cost region.
• Convention was adopted at the United Nations Headquarters, New York on the 9 May 1992 • It was open for signature at the Rio de Janeiro from 4 to 14 June 1992, and thereafter at the United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 20 June 1992 to 19 June 1993. By that date the Convention had received 166 signatures. • The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994. • It contains information concerning dates of signature and ratification received from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depository of the Convention as at 29 May 1997. The dates in the column entitled "date of ratification" are those of the receipt of the instrument of ratification (R), acceptance (At), approval (Ap) or accession (Ac). KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
CONCLUSION • HUMAN ACTIVITIES ARE HAVING AN INCREASING IMPACT ON INTEGRITY OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT PROVIDE ESSENTIAL RESOURCES AND SERVICES FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES THE CURRENT TREND IN NATURAL RESOURCE DEGRADATION MUST BE REVERSED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

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Lecture environment Impact Assesment.pptx

  • 1.
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTAND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
  • 2.
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANDITS ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT  Four essential requirement for sustainable development are Environmental harmony,  Economic efficiency and Endogenous choices and equity, Social justice The achievement of sustainable development demands the integration of environment and development. To achieve sustainable development requires a close collaboration and cooperation between environmentalists and the decision- makers.
  • 3.
    IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) EIA isan activity design for the systematic identification and evaluation of the potential impacts (effects) of proposed projects, plans, programs, or legislative actions relative to physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socioeconomic components of the total environment EIA is a major instrument in • • • • For appropriate Decision making For measurement of sustainability in the context of regional carrying capacity Siting of new industries Siting of urban settlements and town planning
  • 4.
    An Environmental Impact Assessmentshould contain: • • • A determination of the initial reference state An estimate of future state without action An estimate of future state with action • • The level of details in EIA: The sensitivity of the local environment The scale of proposed development and its potential effects • The social value placed nationally or locally on preventing or enhancing environmental quality • The resources scientific expertise of the country
  • 5.
    For New ProjectEIA is necessary • Examination of merits and demerits of alternative sites • Investigation of meteorological and topographical studies • Study on emission • Analysis of every operation process by HAZOP • Analysis of availability and suitability of land for burial of wastes
  • 6.
    What an EIAshould do: Describe the proportions as well as alternative • • of the likely • Estimate the nature and magnitude environmental changes Identify the relevant human concerns • Define the criteria to be used in measuring the significance of environmental changes including the relative weighting to be assigned in comparing different type of changes • Estimate the significance of the predicted environmental changes • Make recommendation : Acceptance, remedial action, a acceptance of one or more alternatives, reflections
  • 7.
    - Economic andoccupational status - Social pattern or life style - Social amenities and relationships - Health - Security - Religion and traditional belief. - Public and private services - Aesthetics and cultural values AREA OF HUMAN CONCERN
  • 8.
    SCOPING AND BASELINESTUDIES SCOPING is a process of identifying significant issues to be considered in an EIA. • • Ecological Scoping : Determination of changes in the physico-chemical biological environment. Physical-Chemical : Water, air, noise, land • • • Biological Species and Population, habitat and communities Aesthetic : Land, air, water, flora and fauna. Social Scoping : It involves determination of these values based on social and economic criteria. This involves – Human Health and Safety BASELINE STUDIES : • Description of conditions existing at a point in time against which subsequent changes can be detected through monitoring.
  • 9.
    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Preamble ProjectDescription : Process Description, Production Capacity, Raw Material, Description of Environment. Scope of EIA Methodology for EIA Air Environment Water Noise Biological Land Socio-economic environment Baseline Environmental Status Identification of Impacts Air, water, noise, biological, land, socioeconomic environment Prediction of Impact Evaluation of Impact Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Management Plan Post project operation Post project monitoring Disaster Management Plan
  • 10.
    List of ProjectsRequiring Environment Clearance from the Central Government • • • • • Nuclear power and related projects such as heavy water plants, nuclear fuel complex, rare earths. River valley projects including hydel power, major irrigation and their combination including flood control. Ports, harbours, airports (except minor ports and harbours). Petroleum refineries including crude and product pipelines Chemical fertilizers (nitrogenous and phosphatic other than single superphosphate) • • • • • • • • Pesticides (Technical) Petrochemical complexes (both olefinic and aromatic) and petro-chemical intermediates such as DMT, Caprolactam, LAB etc. and production of basic plastics such as LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage Synthetic rubber Asbestos and asbestos products. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives. (a) Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of iron and steel, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead an d ferro alloys).
  • 11.
    GUIDELINES FOR STATELEVEL SCREENING  Project site should not be in conflict with existing legislations.  Project site should not conflict with potentially desirable land use, e.g. location on prime agricultural land.  Project site should be compatible with supportive capacity. • • • •
  • 12.
    OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK FORENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
  • 13.
    FLOWCHART FOR STATELEVEL SCREENING
  • 14.
    POLICY PLAN PROGRAM PROJECT PERMIT SCREENING Is EIA needed PreliminaryStudy Scoping ( what issues Impact need to be addressed in EIS ) Plan & Conduct Comprehensive Impact study CONCEPTIONAL FRAME WORK FOR SCREENING & SCOPING
  • 15.
    List of ProjectsRequiring Environment Clearance from the Central Government  an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investments of more than Rs. 5 crore.  Thermal power plants.  Mining projects (major minerals) with leases more than 5 hectares.  Highway projects  Tarred roads in Himalyas and/or forest areas.  Distilleries.  Raw skins and hides  Pulp, paper and newsprint.  Dyes  Cement  Foundaries  Electroplating. •
  • 16.
    ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES Soil Air Water Quality (depthstructure, fertility, degree of salination or acidification, stability. Quality, climatic changes Quantity, quality, seasonability, area of man made lakes, Extent of irrigation canal. Biota Abundance/ scarcity of species of genetic resource Extent of crops ecosystem Vegetation and forests Diversity of species Extent of provision of resting ground, etc. for migration of species Pest and disease organism Noise Residential, shop floor, industrial
  • 17.
    Preliminary scan ofexisting environment Preliminary scan of Proposed project Select environmental indicators Describe environmental setting Project initiation Assess adequacy of Environmental setting Finalize environmental setting Evaluate impacts Prepare environmental Impact statement Transfer information To other project Team members Propose mitigative measures Descrip- tion of proposed project and alternative Field surveys & sampling ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT WORK FLOW DIAGRAM
  • 18.
    PostProject Environmental Monitoring Labora tory Facilit ies Air Environment Noi se Environment Wat er Environment L a n d Environment Solid W astes Regulatory Standards Selectionof Parameters SelectionofMonitoring Sites Selectionof Monitoring Syste ms Eq uipmen t Specification Fre qu en cyof sampling Analysis Methodology Statistical Analysisof Results ComparisonwithStandards AdditionalMitigation Measures,if AnalyticalQuality Control Components of Post-Project Monitoring Programme
  • 19.
    STEPS IN AIRENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of air quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing air environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant air standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
  • 20.
    QUALITY Influencing elements andtheir potential effects  W i n d : directions and speed Will the project modify the local wind behavior? Precipitation/humidity Will the project have an impact upon the local precipitation /humidity pattern? Will the project be sited in a “high risk” area? Temperature Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern?  A i r Quality
  • 21.
    CLIMATE AND AIRQUALITY Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Wind: directions and speed Will the project modify the local wind behaviour Wind speeds and directions, including unusual conditions. Height of structures. Precipitation/ humidity Will the project have an Precipitation/humidity Temperature impact upon the local precipitation/humidity pattern? Will the project have an impact upon the local temperature pattern? data including unusual conditions-flash floods, etc. Temperature data, including the extremes. Air Quality Will the project generate and disperse atmospheric pollutants? Will the project generate any intense odours? Estimate of atmospheric emissions from point, area and line sources, fugitive emissions
  • 22.
    STEPS IN SURFACEWATER ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of surface water quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing surface water environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant surface water standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
  • 23.
    AND/OR GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step1: Identification of soil and/or groundwater quality impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing soil and/or groundwater environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant soil and/or groundwater water standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
  • 24.
    Sub element WATER Potential Impact(s)Required Information Hydrological balance Will the project alter the hydrological balance? Ground water regime Will the project affect the ground water regime, e.g. in Sedimentation Flooding terms of quality, quantity, depth/gradient of water table and direction of flow? Will the project induce a major sediment influx in the water bodies? Will there be risk to life and materials due to flooding? Extent of project. Importance of ground water in maintaining area rivers, streams, lakes Source of water supply; ground conditions-permeability, percolation, water table Erosion potential of site soils Direction of runoff flow, & slope on site Extent of project; 100-year flood plan
  • 25.
    CONCEPTUAL APPROACH FOR ADDRESSINGBIOLOGICAL IMPACTS • • Identification of biological impact of proposed project Preparation of description of existing biological • • • • conditions and considerations enlarged or threatened species and critical habitat, flora & fauna species Procurement of relevant laws, regeneration or criteria related to impacts or condition Impact prediction Assessment of impact Identification and incorporation of migration measures
  • 26.
    ECOLOGY Sub element Species checklist PotentialImpact(s) Are there rare/endangered species which require protection? Are there any species which are particularly susceptible to human activities? Required Information Species checklists-unusual, rare or endangered species; species providing food and cover for wild life Productivity Will project activities impair natural productivity? Biogeochemical/nutrient cycling Will project activities disrupt nutrient materials flow, e.g. selective concentration/dilution of substances? Extent of project productivity of land on site and surrounding area. Extent of project; disturbance of natural communities; soils type and erodability; annual precipitation
  • 27.
    SOIL Sub element PotentialImpact(s) Required Information Erosion (wind and water) Liquefaction Will there be a substantial loss of soil due to construction or operational practices? Will the project cause Extent of site; ground conditions; wind patterns; slope angles; receiving waters. Project location; general seismic data; evidence of liquefaction; Bearing capacity Loading; dead or live load ratio; ground conditions; Soil structure or be exposed to liquefaction of soils in slopes or foundations? Will there be risk to life or structures because of sudden failure? Will the project modify the properties of impacted soils? Site location, soil characteristic data.
  • 28.
    ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS RequiredInformation Land use & land capability Future agricultural needs Location of project Location of forests on or near site Future forestry need Location of wet land on or near site. Location of abandoned, active or planned landfill, solid/toxic waste disposal sites. Sub element Prime agricultural land Potential Impact(s) Will the project be located on or near the prime agricultural land? Forestry land Will the project be located on or near forestry land? Wet lands/ estuarine land Landfills, solid/toxic Will the project impair existing wetlands through filling, dredging, waste discharges? Will the project perturb abandoned, existing or planned landfills, solid/toxic waste disposal sites?
  • 29.
    LAND USE ANDLAND CAPABILITY Sub element Land use Potential Impact(s) Will the project conflict with existing or proposed land use? Required Information Location of project Land use classification on or near site Land capability Will the project degrade land capability types? Land capability classification on or near site
  • 30.
    ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORIC AND CULTURALELEMENTS Sub element Potential Impact(s) Required Information Archaeological structures sites Will the project conflict with structures and sites of archeological interest and value? Will the existing and desirable future patterns of access be disrupted? Location of project. Amenity use patterns of surrounding population Historic/cultural structures, sites and areas Will the project conflict with structures, sites and areas of historic/cultural interest and values? Knowledge of regional and local historic/cultural sites and patterns of visiting and use by elements within the surrounding population.
  • 31.
    STEPS IN NOISEENVIRONMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS Step 1: Identification of noise impacts of proposed Project Step 2: Preparation of description of existing noise Environment conditions Step 3: Procurement of relevant noise standards and/or guide lines Step 4: Impact prediction Step 5: Assessment of impact significance Step 6: Identification and incorporation of mitigation measures
  • 32.
    NOISE AND VIBRATION Subelement Potential Impact(s) Required Information Internal noise External noise Will the internal noise levels present a potential risk to the hearing of workers? Will the project create noise levels which will cause annoyance, discomfort to nearby properties? Estimates of external noise levels due to transportation and operation at properties in the vicinity. Existence of noise sensitive land users within one mile of the development Vibration Will the project cause damage to structures (natural and man-made) Estimates of internal vibration levels and employee exposure
  • 33.
    Socioeconomic Impact Outlinesof the Basic Steps in Performing Assess. • Discussion of implications of Description of the socioeconomic environment setting: • Identification of the critical socioeconomic factors: • Identification of those socioeconomic impacted area that Represents critical items relative to the human Environment. • Prediction of changes in socioeconomic factors: • Quantitative or at description of changes. least qualitative
  • 34.
    MAJOR TYPES OFRISK ASSESSMENT AND THEIR FOCUS Safety Risks Low probability, high consequence, accidents, acute (human safety focus) Fatalaities, injuries, lost workdays Property damage Lost production and sales Health Risks High probability, low consequences, ongoing, chronic (human safety focus) Incremental cancer cases (all types of cancer) Non-cancer hazards (e.g. respiratory, neurological, reproductive effects) Ecological / Environmental Risks Subtle changes, complex interactions, long latency, macro-impacts (habitat/ecosystem focus) Species abundance and diversity Habitat and ecosystem quality Natural resource damage (NRD)
  • 35.
    MAJOR TYPES OFRISK ASSESSMENT AND THEIR FOCUS Public Welfare/Goodwill Risks Perceptions, property-value concerns, aesthetics (value focus) Resource use restrictions (e.g., groundwater) Nuisance odors, visibility impairment, aesthetics Property values Financial Risks Business viability, liability, insurance, investment returns (economic focus) Insurance (costs, recoverability) Liability (short and long-term) Revenues (consumer franchise)
  • 36.
    Steps in arisk assessment no yes Define scope Identify hazards Identify how hazards could be realized Estimate consequences if hazards were realized Estimate the probability that hazards will be realized Calculate risk Assess the significance of the risk Choice of more exhaustive examination
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
    MEASUREMENT OF AIRQUALITY • • • Ambient Air Quality Measurement of Emission Meteorological Measurement Pollution Parameter Dust fall Equipment Dust Fall Jar High Volume Sampler, Inertial collectors, Suspended Particulates Respira ble Dust Sampler Lead Candle Total Sulfur Compounds Sulphur Dioxide Hydrogen Sulphide Oxides of Nitrogen Wind Direction Wind Velocity Air Sampling Kit Air Sampling Kit Air Sampling Kit Recording Vane Wind Velocity Meter Temperature and Humidity Whirling Psychrometer
  • 42.
    WATER QUALITY IMPACTANALYSIS Water Quality Criteria: The level of specific concentrations of Constituents which are expected, if not exceeded to assure the suitability of water for specific use. Water Quality Standards: These are legal regulations established by the states limiting the concentration of various constituents in water. Stream Quality Standards: Ambient water ways . Effluent Standards: Discharge of liquid effluents into those water ways The overall Plan for water quality survey •Detail plan of sample collection •Provision of laboratory analysis •Description of the methods to be used for data The Plan must address •Location of sampling point •Parameters to be analysed •Time Schedule including time of Day, time of year and frequency CONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of conservative material changes with time .e.g Chlorides, Total solids, heavy metals etc. NONCONSERVATIVE SAMPLES: Concentration of non conservative material do not change with time BOD, COD, Temp. etc.
  • 43.
    BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTANALYSIS ( VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE IMPACT ANALYSIS) Environment: complex interaction of many factors and change in one aspect of environment will affect changes of entire system. Vegetation and wild life are important features of the environment NATURAL ENVIRONMENT topography, soil , minerals, geological, shtantum Physical non living Biotic (biological) (abiotic) Energy, water, air, Living (plants & animal), Flora, Fauna Flora: Trees, shrubs, grass, crops, micro floras, aquatic plant, enlarged species, barriers. Fauna: Birds, land animals, fish, shell fish, benthic organism, insects, micro fauna, enlarged species. IMPACT: Direct Impact: Those that destroy, displace adversely affects plants and animals.  Indirect Impact: Those that destroy or disrupt habitat, ecosystem or other physical and biological facts upon which a species depends.
  • 44.
    •LCA is anapproach for assessing the environmental impact of any project and provides a frame work, approach and methods for identifying and evaluating environmental burdens associated with life cycle of the material which is from cradle- to- grave. •Life cycle assessment is both a concept and for evaluating the environmental methodology performance of a product process or activity through its entire existence from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal through recycling , incineration , land filling or composting LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
  • 45.
    ISO 14040 LifeCycle Assessment, Principles and framework Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Impact assessment Inter- pretation Direct applications: - Product development and improvement - Strategic planning - Public policy making - Marketing - Other
  • 46.
    COMPARISION OF EIAAND LCA Various authors have stated that Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) differs fundamentally from product Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (Arnold Tukker, 2000). EIA is often regarded as a synonym for a local, point-source oriented evaluation of environmental impacts, which takes into account time-related aspects, the specific local geographic situation. This approach is often regarded as contradictory to the one adopted in LCA, with its emphasis on a time and Location- independent assessment of potential impacts in relation to an entire production system .
  • 47.
    ASSESSMENT AND CHOICEOF SYSTEM BOUNDARIES IN EIA EIAs concentrate on the possible environmental effects of a project, typically an industrial plant.
  • 48.
    IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANDSYSTEM CHOICE IN LCA LCA is an environmental management tool for assessing all (potential) environmental impacts related to the fulfillment of a product’s function over its whole life cycle.
  • 49.
    LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT(LCA) •Life Cycle Assessment establishes a link between the environmental impact, operation and economics of the process. PHASES OF LCA
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.
    LCA RESULTS ANDIMPACTED AREA Impacted Category Final Results Normalised LCIA Results Global Warming Ozone Depletion Global Global Resource Depletion Photochemical Smog Acidification Human Health Global Regional Regional Regional Terrestrial Toxicity Local Aquatic Toxicity Local Land Use Local
  • 53.
    EMISSIONS TRADING •Emissions tradinginvolves a system in which excess quotas for CO2 emissions are traded among companies. •Emission permits represent ‘rights to emit’ and these rights can be produced by some party abating more than it is required to do, or undertaking some abatement when not required to do so. EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) •Any person or company can register to trade. •Allocation allowances will be ‘traded’ •Allowances equal to emissions for the previous year are allocated and then surrendered the following year. •When performance is better than allowances can be traded. •With a below performance allowances need to be purchased. When performance is better than allowances can be traded. •With a below performance allowances need to be purchased •By abating more, the lower cost region creates ‘rights to emit,’ or emission permits, which it can sell to the higher cost region.
  • 54.
    • Convention wasadopted at the United Nations Headquarters, New York on the 9 May 1992 • It was open for signature at the Rio de Janeiro from 4 to 14 June 1992, and thereafter at the United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 20 June 1992 to 19 June 1993. By that date the Convention had received 166 signatures. • The Convention entered into force on 21 March 1994. • It contains information concerning dates of signature and ratification received from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depository of the Convention as at 29 May 1997. The dates in the column entitled "date of ratification" are those of the receipt of the instrument of ratification (R), acceptance (At), approval (Ap) or accession (Ac). KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE
  • 55.
    CONCLUSION • HUMAN ACTIVITIESARE HAVING AN INCREASING IMPACT ON INTEGRITY OF ECOSYSTEMS THAT PROVIDE ESSENTIAL RESOURCES AND SERVICES FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES THE CURRENT TREND IN NATURAL RESOURCE DEGRADATION MUST BE REVERSED AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.