The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of cerebral circulation in the brain. It describes the major lobes of the brain and their blood supply, as well as the structures and pathways that provide blood to the brain, including the carotid and vertebrobasilar arterial systems. It also discusses the venous drainage of the brain and factors that control and can cause diseases of cerebral circulation.
The document summarizes the physiology of the pulmonary circulatory system in three parts:
1) It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary vessels and pressures within the pulmonary system. The pulmonary artery branches into two main vessels with low pressure, distributing deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
2) It explains fluid dynamics within the lungs and how pulmonary edema develops if pressures rise above safety thresholds. The lungs maintain a negative interstitial pressure to prevent fluid buildup.
3) It covers fluid in the pleural cavity and how a negative pressure is needed to keep the lungs expanded via lymphatic drainage and fluid reabsorption. Pleural effusions can occur if drainage is blocked.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of cerebral circulation in the brain. It describes the major lobes of the brain and their blood supply, as well as the structures and pathways that provide blood to the brain, including the carotid and vertebrobasilar arterial systems. It also discusses the venous drainage of the brain and factors that control and can cause diseases of cerebral circulation.
The document summarizes the physiology of the pulmonary circulatory system in three parts:
1) It describes the anatomy of the pulmonary vessels and pressures within the pulmonary system. The pulmonary artery branches into two main vessels with low pressure, distributing deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
2) It explains fluid dynamics within the lungs and how pulmonary edema develops if pressures rise above safety thresholds. The lungs maintain a negative interstitial pressure to prevent fluid buildup.
3) It covers fluid in the pleural cavity and how a negative pressure is needed to keep the lungs expanded via lymphatic drainage and fluid reabsorption. Pleural effusions can occur if drainage is blocked.
The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary arteries branch extensively and have large diameters to accommodate the stroke volume from the right ventricle with low resistance. Blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries where gas exchange occurs before returning to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. Regional blood flow is highest in the lower lungs and intermittent in the apices due to hydrostatic pressures. During exercise, blood flow increases throughout the lungs. Pulmonary edema can result from increased capillary pressure from left heart failure.
The document describes the blood supply and conduction system of the heart. It discusses the right and left coronary arteries, which are the main arteries that supply blood to the heart. It details the branches and territories supplied by each artery. It also describes the conduction system of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It provides an overview of how electrical impulses are conducted through the heart to trigger contractions.
The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle. There are two main coronary arteries - the left and right coronary arteries - that originate from the aorta and branch throughout the heart muscle. The left coronary artery supplies the left side of the heart while the right coronary artery supplies the right side. These arteries branch into smaller arterioles and capillaries to deliver oxygenated blood before draining into coronary veins that remove deoxygenated blood, mostly through the coronary sinus, and return it to the right atrium.
The document discusses coronary circulation and the arteries that supply blood to the heart. It notes that there are two main coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies most of the right ventricle, right atrium, conducting system, and parts of the left ventricle and atrium. The left coronary artery supplies most of the left ventricle and atrium as well as parts of the interventricular septum. It also notes that the atrioventricular node is usually supplied by the right coronary artery.
The document summarizes key aspects of coronary blood flow regulation and determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. It discusses how:
1) Myocardial contraction and oxygen delivery are closely linked, and the balance between oxygen supply and demand is critical for normal heart function.
2) The major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption are heart rate, systolic pressure, and left ventricular contractility. Increases in these factors require proportional increases in coronary flow and oxygen delivery.
3) Coronary vascular resistance has three main components - epicardial conduit resistance, microcirculatory resistance, and extravascular compressive resistance which varies through the cardiac cycle. Maintaining the balance of these factors is important for adequate oxygen supply
This document discusses the blood supply of the heart. It begins by describing the origins of the main coronary arteries - the right coronary artery arises from the right coronary sinus of the aorta, while the left coronary artery arises from the left coronary sinus. It then details the branches and course of each coronary artery, including the right coronary artery supplying parts of the right atrium and ventricle while the left coronary artery supplies parts of the left atrium and ventricle. The document also discusses coronary dominance patterns and variations in coronary artery anatomy. It concludes by outlining some clinical applications like coronary angiography, angioplasty, and bypass surgery for coronary artery disease.
The coronary circulation consists of the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the heart. The heart receives its blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and ventricle while the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and ventricle. Coronary blood flow is regulated by physical, chemical, neural and hormonal factors to meet the metabolic demands of the heart. Coronary artery disease can lead to conditions like angina pectoris and myocardial infarction due to reduced blood supply to the heart muscle.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs where carbon dioxide is released and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary arteries branch extensively and have large diameters to accommodate the stroke volume from the right ventricle with low resistance. Blood flows through the pulmonary capillaries where gas exchange occurs before returning to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. Regional blood flow is highest in the lower lungs and intermittent in the apices due to hydrostatic pressures. During exercise, blood flow increases throughout the lungs. Pulmonary edema can result from increased capillary pressure from left heart failure.
The document describes the blood supply and conduction system of the heart. It discusses the right and left coronary arteries, which are the main arteries that supply blood to the heart. It details the branches and territories supplied by each artery. It also describes the conduction system of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. It provides an overview of how electrical impulses are conducted through the heart to trigger contractions.
The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle. There are two main coronary arteries - the left and right coronary arteries - that originate from the aorta and branch throughout the heart muscle. The left coronary artery supplies the left side of the heart while the right coronary artery supplies the right side. These arteries branch into smaller arterioles and capillaries to deliver oxygenated blood before draining into coronary veins that remove deoxygenated blood, mostly through the coronary sinus, and return it to the right atrium.
The document discusses coronary circulation and the arteries that supply blood to the heart. It notes that there are two main coronary arteries - the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies most of the right ventricle, right atrium, conducting system, and parts of the left ventricle and atrium. The left coronary artery supplies most of the left ventricle and atrium as well as parts of the interventricular septum. It also notes that the atrioventricular node is usually supplied by the right coronary artery.
The document summarizes key aspects of coronary blood flow regulation and determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption. It discusses how:
1) Myocardial contraction and oxygen delivery are closely linked, and the balance between oxygen supply and demand is critical for normal heart function.
2) The major determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption are heart rate, systolic pressure, and left ventricular contractility. Increases in these factors require proportional increases in coronary flow and oxygen delivery.
3) Coronary vascular resistance has three main components - epicardial conduit resistance, microcirculatory resistance, and extravascular compressive resistance which varies through the cardiac cycle. Maintaining the balance of these factors is important for adequate oxygen supply
This document discusses the blood supply of the heart. It begins by describing the origins of the main coronary arteries - the right coronary artery arises from the right coronary sinus of the aorta, while the left coronary artery arises from the left coronary sinus. It then details the branches and course of each coronary artery, including the right coronary artery supplying parts of the right atrium and ventricle while the left coronary artery supplies parts of the left atrium and ventricle. The document also discusses coronary dominance patterns and variations in coronary artery anatomy. It concludes by outlining some clinical applications like coronary angiography, angioplasty, and bypass surgery for coronary artery disease.
The coronary circulation consists of the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the heart. The heart receives its blood supply from the right and left coronary arteries. The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and ventricle while the left coronary artery supplies the left atrium and ventricle. Coronary blood flow is regulated by physical, chemical, neural and hormonal factors to meet the metabolic demands of the heart. Coronary artery disease can lead to conditions like angina pectoris and myocardial infarction due to reduced blood supply to the heart muscle.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
This document discusses transport security and provides definitions and context. It summarizes regulatory initiatives at international levels, such as by the UN, EU, and IRU. It defines transport security as protecting infrastructure, goods, and people from deliberate attacks, as opposed to transport safety which includes general safeguarding from any harm. International regulatory bodies have proposed various security considerations for vehicle regulations, infrastructure networks, dangerous goods transport, and border crossings to strengthen transport security.
3. CATO
3
Idé
• Kör inte fortare än vad som behövs
- Det kanske ändå är en stoppsignal en bit fram!
• Samordna tågrörelserna
- Undvik onödiga stopp, stoppa ”rätt” tåg
• Utnyttja topografin för acceleration och broms
Konsekvens
• Spara energi
• Öka banans kapacitet
Lösning
• Optimera
• Kommunicera
• Utnyttja realtidsinformation
4. CATO
Kommunikation mellan DLC och tåg
4
Data från kringsystem (STEG,OPERA,BIS):
tågdata, operativ tidtabell, bandata Data till kringsystem (STEG/fjtkl):
Målpunkter, målpunktsstatus,
minimala gångtider
”Tåg 9912 kan nå målpunkt”
Central dator i DLC (CATO-TCC)
Analyserar operativ tidtabell Tåg till DLC:
Beräknar målpunkter position, målpunktsstatus
Framförhållning 5 timmar
Ex: ”Ankom position A
senast kl 15:39:53”
DLC till tåg:
målpunkter för tåget
bandata
Dator i lok (CATO-TRAIN):
Beräknar optimal körprofil för tåget givet
målpunkter och bandata
5. Behöver man optimera??
CATO
6
Driving style - Max speeds. L37: Rsn-Bfs 1447,444 - Sbk-Kpe 1477,168. UAD_L_Fpt40_Os5_Vm55_Tr0.
80
70
Speed used by driver
60
50
40
30
20
Optimal speed profile
for the same running time
10
as used by the driver
0
1 445 1 450 1 455 1 460 1 465 1 470 1 475 1 480
Normalized position (accumulated from Kmb)
GP altitude Speed_logged Driver's time
6. CATO
7
Möjlig energibesparing (simulerad)
Malmbanan, Norra Omloppet
Uppmätt värde utan CATO:
Energi +11%
Tid: +9%
0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
-5%
-10% North Circulation
Kiruna-Narvik-Kiruna
Reduction of net energy
-15%
-20%
-25%
-30%
-35%
-40%
Increase of running time
-45%
Maximum motion profile (MMP)
Optimal (CMP) - Old train type 5500t/1340t (UAD wagons)
Optimal (CMP) - New train type 8765t/1829t (F040 wagons)
8. CATO
9
CATO - vinster
• Mer effektiv tågledning
• Prediktering av tågrörelserna
• Förbättrad utnyttjande av bankapaciteten
• Inga onödiga stopp
• Optimal tidsläggning av möten och förbigångar
• Minskad energiförbrukning
• Energiminimal körning med hastighetsprofil anpassad till önskad körtid
• Utnyttja slacktider i tidtabell eller som uppstår i den dagliga driften
• Minskat slitage på fordon (och bana)
• Bättre arbetsmiljö för trafikledare och förare
• Trafikledaren har kontroll över tågens rörelser
• Förarna avlastas ansvar för att körtiderna innehålls
• Minskad effektförbrukning på elektrifierade linjer
• Styrning av tågen så att samtidiga effektuttag undviks
9. CATO
13
Projekt
STEG-CATO Malmbanan
• Utvecklingsprojekt tillsammans med och finansierat av
• Integrera STEG och CATO
• Installera STEG+CATO i driftledningscentral i Boden
• Installera CATO i 2 av LKAB:s lok (2 förarhytter)
• Provdrift på malmtåg Kiruna-Narvik sedan juni 2010
• Mål:
– Demonstrera att koncept håller
– Utvärdera de positiva effekterna
10. CATO
14
Erfarenheter och resultat
• Stort steg att införa beslutsstödssystem
– Lokförares acceptans/upplärning
– Fjtkl:s acceptans/upplärning
– Barnsjukdomar i komplext system
– Komplicerat med provdrift i ordinarie produktion
• Lokförare kan följa CATO med mycket hög precision (+/- 10
sekunder).
• Energibesparing 15-20%
11. CATO
15
Energiutvärderingar
Exempel: Start i SOA, stopp i SBK (22km), 68 tomma Fanoo vagnar
Utan CATO: 12,8 Wh/btkm, Med CATO: 9,7 Wh/btkm Besparing 24%
CMP UAD Nettoenergi som funktion av gångtid
CMP Fanoo
700
UAD
Kort Fanoo
600 Långt Fanoo
CATO UAD
CATO Kort Fanoo
500 CATO Långt Fanoo
Delvis lastat UAD
Nettoenergi (kWh)
Delvis lastat Fanoo
400
Delvis lastat långt Fanoo
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Gångtid (min)
12. CATO
16
Energiutvärderingar
Exempel: Start i KRA, stopp i SBK (59km), 68 lastade Fanoo vagnar
Utan CATO: 7,4 Wh/btkm, Med CATO: 5,5 Wh/btkm Besparing 25%
CMP UAD
Nettoenergi som funktion av gångtid
CMP Fanoo
UAD
6000
Kort Fanoo
Långt Fanoo
CATO UAD
5000
CATO Kort Fanoo
CATO Långt Fanoo
Delvis lastat UAD
4000
Delvis lastat Fanoo
Nettoenergi (kWh)
Delvis lastat långt Fanoo
3000
2000
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Gångtid (min)
13. CATO CATO Slutsats 17
• Energioptimering: i genomsnitt 15-20%
• Ökad punktlighet: tågklarerare får full kontroll
• Förbättrad information och kommunikation
14. CATO CATO - Nästa steg 18
• Provkörningar Södra Omloppet (Gällivare-Luleå)
• Installation av CATO på Arlanda Express
Transrails förhoppning:
• Installation i alla LKAB-lok
• Vidareutveckling CATO-TCC
Optimerad målpunktsberäkning för:
– Flyt i trafiken
– Energioptimering
– Automatisk anpassning vid mindre störningar
• Prognosberäkningar för gångtider för icke-CATO-tåg
15. Svenska Operationsanalysföreningen, SOAF
Intresserad av Operationsanalys
(simulering, optimering, problemstrukturering)
tillämpat på järnväg?
Gå med i SOAF:s järnvägsgrupp!
Kontakta Martin Joborn
martin.joborn@transrail.se
0705-709992
19
