1) The document discusses the legal standards for determining eligibility for special education services under IDEA and California law. To be eligible, a student must have a qualifying disability and require special education as a result.
2) It examines what constitutes "special education", including the requirement for "specially designed instruction" to meet a student's unique needs. Case examples explore what types of support have been considered special education versus general education accommodations.
3) Through several case examples, it illustrates how courts and administrative hearings officers have analyzed whether students' needs could be met through general education or required special education, focusing on disability categories including autism, emotional disturbance, orthopedic impairment, and other health impairment.
Individuals with disabilities education act, week 1bigbadbariguru
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that children with disabilities receive free and appropriate public education tailored to their individual needs. IDEA requires that students receive special education and related services outlined in their Individualized Education Plan (IEP) in the least restrictive environment. It also mandates that students have access to music education addressing a variety of musical styles. Music educators must collaborate with special educators and consider accommodations for each student's IEP to ensure all students can participate meaningfully in music classes.
- Special education is designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities or learning difficulties through individualized teaching and learning strategies. It aims to provide equal opportunities and access to education for students with special needs.
- Countries discussed in the document like the US, UK, Brazil, China, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa all have policies and programs to support inclusive and special education through various models from exclusive to inclusive approaches.
- Key legislation like the IDEA in the US guarantees students with disabilities the right to free and appropriate public education tailored to their needs through Individualized Education Programs from ages 3 to 21.
Early childhood special education has evolved from fields like education, medicine, and psychology. Pioneers like Itard, Montessori, and Piaget influenced the recognition of individual learning needs and the importance of early experiences. Major laws like the IDEA, ADA, and NCLB established rights for students with disabilities and mandated inclusive services. Current trends reflect this legislation by focusing on family-centered, collaborative care within inclusive classrooms using evidence-based practices.
The document summarizes key events and legislation in the history of special education in the United States from 1817 to the present. It outlines the establishment of the first school for the deaf in 1817, the formation of advocacy groups like the American Association on Mental Retardation in 1876 and the Council for Exceptional Children in 1922, important court cases and legislation including the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, and concludes that while access to education has improved for students with special needs, continued progress is still needed.
History of special education april wells_wk1Aprilmoe82
This document provides an overview of the major events that have shaped special education in the United States. It discusses eight pivotal events beginning with Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 and ending with No Child Left Behind in 2001. Each event led to changes in terminology, views of society, students' placement in the least restrictive environment, and significantly shaped the future of special education. The timeline highlights the progression of special education from segregation to inclusion and equal access to education for all students with disabilities.
- Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin pioneered special education in the late 18th/early 19th centuries through their work educating students with disabilities who were previously thought to be incapable of learning.
- In the late 19th century, special education programs began appearing in public schools through self-contained classrooms that isolated students with disabilities from general education students.
- A series of laws from the 1970s onward established rights for people with disabilities and mandated access to free public education for all students with disabilities.
The document summarizes key events and legislation in the history of special education in the United States. It discusses influential court cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and PARC v. Pennsylvania in 1972 that paved the way for students with disabilities to receive public education. Major legislation like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 guaranteed students with disabilities the right to free, appropriate public education. The document also discusses how societal views and the learning environment for students with disabilities have evolved over time.
This document outlines 14 learner-centered principles organized under 5 areas: cognitive and metacognitive factors, motivational and affective factors, developmental and social factors, individual differences factors, and context factors. The principles state that learning is most effective when it is an intentional process, when learners can create meaningful representations and link new information to existing knowledge, and when individual differences, motivation, development, and context are taken into account.
Individuals with disabilities education act, week 1bigbadbariguru
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that children with disabilities receive free and appropriate public education tailored to their individual needs. IDEA requires that students receive special education and related services outlined in their Individualized Education Plan (IEP) in the least restrictive environment. It also mandates that students have access to music education addressing a variety of musical styles. Music educators must collaborate with special educators and consider accommodations for each student's IEP to ensure all students can participate meaningfully in music classes.
- Special education is designed to meet the unique needs of students with disabilities or learning difficulties through individualized teaching and learning strategies. It aims to provide equal opportunities and access to education for students with special needs.
- Countries discussed in the document like the US, UK, Brazil, China, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa all have policies and programs to support inclusive and special education through various models from exclusive to inclusive approaches.
- Key legislation like the IDEA in the US guarantees students with disabilities the right to free and appropriate public education tailored to their needs through Individualized Education Programs from ages 3 to 21.
Early childhood special education has evolved from fields like education, medicine, and psychology. Pioneers like Itard, Montessori, and Piaget influenced the recognition of individual learning needs and the importance of early experiences. Major laws like the IDEA, ADA, and NCLB established rights for students with disabilities and mandated inclusive services. Current trends reflect this legislation by focusing on family-centered, collaborative care within inclusive classrooms using evidence-based practices.
The document summarizes key events and legislation in the history of special education in the United States from 1817 to the present. It outlines the establishment of the first school for the deaf in 1817, the formation of advocacy groups like the American Association on Mental Retardation in 1876 and the Council for Exceptional Children in 1922, important court cases and legislation including the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, and concludes that while access to education has improved for students with special needs, continued progress is still needed.
History of special education april wells_wk1Aprilmoe82
This document provides an overview of the major events that have shaped special education in the United States. It discusses eight pivotal events beginning with Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 and ending with No Child Left Behind in 2001. Each event led to changes in terminology, views of society, students' placement in the least restrictive environment, and significantly shaped the future of special education. The timeline highlights the progression of special education from segregation to inclusion and equal access to education for all students with disabilities.
- Jean-Marc Itard and Edouard Seguin pioneered special education in the late 18th/early 19th centuries through their work educating students with disabilities who were previously thought to be incapable of learning.
- In the late 19th century, special education programs began appearing in public schools through self-contained classrooms that isolated students with disabilities from general education students.
- A series of laws from the 1970s onward established rights for people with disabilities and mandated access to free public education for all students with disabilities.
The document summarizes key events and legislation in the history of special education in the United States. It discusses influential court cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and PARC v. Pennsylvania in 1972 that paved the way for students with disabilities to receive public education. Major legislation like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 guaranteed students with disabilities the right to free, appropriate public education. The document also discusses how societal views and the learning environment for students with disabilities have evolved over time.
This document outlines 14 learner-centered principles organized under 5 areas: cognitive and metacognitive factors, motivational and affective factors, developmental and social factors, individual differences factors, and context factors. The principles state that learning is most effective when it is an intentional process, when learners can create meaningful representations and link new information to existing knowledge, and when individual differences, motivation, development, and context are taken into account.
This document outlines the history of special education from the early 1800s to today. It discusses how individuals with disabilities were initially excluded from schools and seen as cursed. Over time, advocates established some of the first schools for specific disabilities. Legislation in the 20th century, such as Public Law 94-142, guaranteed educational rights and funding. Today, most schools embrace inclusion and aim to integrate students with disabilities into general education classrooms.
This document discusses the history, laws, and trends affecting early childhood special education. It outlines key historic events like the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975. Major laws impacting special education are also summarized, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, Rehabilitation Act, and No Child Left Behind Act. The document notes how these laws have improved support and protections for students with disabilities over time.
This document provides a history of educational technology from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses how early technologies like the abacus aided counting and calculations. In the 19th century, technologies like textbooks, blackboards, and improved writing implements were introduced. Important developments included the invention of photography and instructional television. During World War II, the US government encouraged the use of technology for military training, spurring the development of technologies like microteaching and computer-assisted instruction. The introduction of computers in the 1950s, the development of the Internet and World Wide Web in the 1990s, and the rise of mobile technologies have transformed educational technology.
The document summarizes the six key principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): (1) a free appropriate public education, (2) appropriate evaluation, (3) an individualized education program, (4) least restrictive environment, (5) parent and student participation in decision making, and (6) procedural safeguards. It provides an overview of each principle and the rights they afford to students with disabilities and their parents.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of special education in the United States. It discusses how special education has progressed from institutions that segregated individuals with disabilities, to the establishment of laws like IDEA that require public schools to provide free and appropriate education to all children in the least restrictive environment. Key events discussed include important court cases that established and clarified rights for students with disabilities, as well as legislation like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 that codified individualized education plans and other protections.
This document discusses assessment in special education. It defines assessment as collecting information about a student to make decisions, such as determining eligibility for special education services. Assessment methods can range from formal standardized tests to informal teacher observations and ratings scales. A multidisciplinary team works together using various assessment methods and considers federal disability categories under IDEA to determine a child's strengths and needs for an individualized education program.
The document discusses the purpose and history of special education. It notes that approximately 9% of school-aged children receive special education services, with about 75% spending at least part of their day in regular classrooms. Laws like IDEA were enacted to guarantee children with disabilities the right to public education and prohibit discrimination. Special education aims to prevent, remediate, or compensate for disabilities through individually tailored instruction. Current challenges include better applying research to practice and improving transitions from school to adulthood.
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Social Foundations & HistoryRajasaurus Brontozaurus
By Kimberly Krause, Paul Galgovich, Catherine Gentzke, Gretchen Tulloch, and Rajesh Barnabas
For Social Foundations of Education
Edts Hybrid Program
Nazareth College
School of Education
Instructor
Sandra Mancuso
November 25, 2008
The document discusses different methods of teaching using ICT, including problem-oriented, application-oriented, menu-oriented, function-oriented, and concept-oriented methods. It also discusses approaches for using ICT in schools, such as with interactive boards, computer-facilitated experiments, videos, PowerPoint, animations, learning platforms, disseminating information, and distance education. The goal is to improve teaching methods and make processes more visible through the use of ICT and computer technologies in schools.
This brochure was created for my course in differentiating instruction. The purpose of this assignment was to create awareness for parents on differentiation strategies and what to expect in my classroom. This is an example of the brochure I created. It could be handed out along with other back to school materials at meet the teacher.
Comorbidities associated with Learning disabilities-ADHD,ASDjilu123
This document discusses learning disabilities and comorbidities such as ADHD. It defines ADHD according to the DSM and ICD criteria. ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It has genetic and environmental causes. Treatment involves medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, parent training, social skills training, and educational accommodations. The document provides diagnostic criteria and strategies to manage ADHD symptoms and impairments.
Perinatal and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities chapter 2 pp. 43 63blantoncd
This document discusses perinatal and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities. Perinatal causes include prematurity, low birth weight, and complications during labor and delivery. Survival rates for premature babies have increased, but so have rates of developmental disabilities. Postnatal causes include head injuries, infections like meningitis, genetic disorders, seizures, toxic exposures, malnutrition, and environmental deprivation. Many causes can be prevented through efforts like car seats, safe playgrounds, vaccinations, reducing lead exposure, and supportive early environments.
Characteristics of Learners with Exceptional Learning NeedsJohn Philip Peñales
This document discusses characteristics of learners with exceptional learning needs. It begins by noting the diversity among students with disabilities and how their needs vary based on the nature of their disability. It then covers the main disability categories taught in classrooms, including learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, emotional/behavioral disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The document also discusses less common disabilities like autism, physical disabilities, deafness/blindness, and multiple disabilities. Finally, it discusses instructional implications and strategies for meeting the needs of students with various learning challenges, social-emotional needs, and language issues.
Timeline Of Relevant Events In Special Education Myrnas VersionMyrnaAyala
The document outlines key events in the history of special education from 1817 to 2004, including the establishment of the first school for deaf children in 1817, laws prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities in the 1970s, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 which protects the rights of students with disabilities to receive a public education. Major developments include the rise of inclusive education and mainstreaming in the 1960s-70s, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which mandated accessibility in public spaces.
The document discusses what an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is and how it is developed. Key points include:
1. An IEP is a plan developed for students with disabilities to allow them to achieve academic success. It defines individualized objectives and goals tailored to the student's needs.
2. Developing an IEP requires assessing the student, considering how their disability affects their learning, setting goals and choosing an appropriate educational placement.
3. The IEP must be reviewed and updated at least annually. It aims to provide students with the least restrictive environment and appropriate services to meet their goals.
The document discusses special education, providing definitions and categories of eligibility. It outlines tips for working with students who have special needs, such as being consistent, using visual and auditory cues, and having backup plans. The document also discusses co-teaching methods, effective teaching strategies like mnemonics and hands-on learning, classroom management techniques, creating structured environments for students with ADD/ADHD, and assistive technologies that can help students with reading, writing, organization and other skills.
This document provides a history of educational technology. It begins by defining educational technology as the use of technology in educational settings, including computers, television, and other electronic hardware and software used for instructional purposes. It then discusses the history of audiovisual education from films in the early 20th century to computers becoming widespread in schools by the 1980s. The document also covers debates around behaviorism versus constructivism, the role of computers as tools and catalysts for reform, current issues like funding and ethics, and examples of modern classroom technologies.
Guiding Principles Policies and Legal Basis of Special EducationLarry's Metier
This document outlines the guiding principles, legal bases, goals, and objectives of special education in the Philippines. It discusses the general principles that every child has a right to education and resources should be comparable to non-handicapped students. The legal bases that established policies and programs for special education are discussed, including Commonwealth Act 3203, Presidential Decree 603, and Republic Act 7277. The goals of special education are integration into regular schools and developing maximum potential for independence. The objectives are to develop learning competencies and values to become useful members of society.
Models of early intervention for studentsRojeen Zara
Educational programs and approaches for students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and learning disabilities (LD) aim to break learning tasks into smaller steps, provide concrete demonstrations, and give immediate feedback. Models of early intervention include center-based programs, home-based programs, and programs in regular childcare settings. As students age, programs include integrated preschool settings, segregated preschool settings, Head Start, resource room placements, special class placements, and homebound programs. Educational approaches emphasize concrete demonstrations, breaking tasks into steps, providing assistance and feedback, teaching life skills, and collaborating with parents and staff.
This document discusses legal standards and emerging issues related to eligibility decisions for students on the autism spectrum. It provides an overview of key topics such as the definition of autism under IDEA and state law, appropriate assessment procedures, determining if criteria for autism are met, and whether a student requires special education. It examines case examples related to each topic and offers practice pointers for determining eligibility.
This document provides a summary of new decisions from the California Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) related to special education law. Key cases addressed issues such as behavior, discipline, eligibility, independent educational evaluations, individualized education program implementation, least restrictive environment, and student nonattendance. The summaries explain the facts, decisions, and significance of each case. Overall, the document aims to inform readers about recent developments in special education legal issues decided by the OAH.
This document outlines the history of special education from the early 1800s to today. It discusses how individuals with disabilities were initially excluded from schools and seen as cursed. Over time, advocates established some of the first schools for specific disabilities. Legislation in the 20th century, such as Public Law 94-142, guaranteed educational rights and funding. Today, most schools embrace inclusion and aim to integrate students with disabilities into general education classrooms.
This document discusses the history, laws, and trends affecting early childhood special education. It outlines key historic events like the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975. Major laws impacting special education are also summarized, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, Rehabilitation Act, and No Child Left Behind Act. The document notes how these laws have improved support and protections for students with disabilities over time.
This document provides a history of educational technology from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses how early technologies like the abacus aided counting and calculations. In the 19th century, technologies like textbooks, blackboards, and improved writing implements were introduced. Important developments included the invention of photography and instructional television. During World War II, the US government encouraged the use of technology for military training, spurring the development of technologies like microteaching and computer-assisted instruction. The introduction of computers in the 1950s, the development of the Internet and World Wide Web in the 1990s, and the rise of mobile technologies have transformed educational technology.
The document summarizes the six key principles of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): (1) a free appropriate public education, (2) appropriate evaluation, (3) an individualized education program, (4) least restrictive environment, (5) parent and student participation in decision making, and (6) procedural safeguards. It provides an overview of each principle and the rights they afford to students with disabilities and their parents.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of special education in the United States. It discusses how special education has progressed from institutions that segregated individuals with disabilities, to the establishment of laws like IDEA that require public schools to provide free and appropriate education to all children in the least restrictive environment. Key events discussed include important court cases that established and clarified rights for students with disabilities, as well as legislation like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 that codified individualized education plans and other protections.
This document discusses assessment in special education. It defines assessment as collecting information about a student to make decisions, such as determining eligibility for special education services. Assessment methods can range from formal standardized tests to informal teacher observations and ratings scales. A multidisciplinary team works together using various assessment methods and considers federal disability categories under IDEA to determine a child's strengths and needs for an individualized education program.
The document discusses the purpose and history of special education. It notes that approximately 9% of school-aged children receive special education services, with about 75% spending at least part of their day in regular classrooms. Laws like IDEA were enacted to guarantee children with disabilities the right to public education and prohibit discrimination. Special education aims to prevent, remediate, or compensate for disabilities through individually tailored instruction. Current challenges include better applying research to practice and improving transitions from school to adulthood.
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Social Foundations & HistoryRajasaurus Brontozaurus
By Kimberly Krause, Paul Galgovich, Catherine Gentzke, Gretchen Tulloch, and Rajesh Barnabas
For Social Foundations of Education
Edts Hybrid Program
Nazareth College
School of Education
Instructor
Sandra Mancuso
November 25, 2008
The document discusses different methods of teaching using ICT, including problem-oriented, application-oriented, menu-oriented, function-oriented, and concept-oriented methods. It also discusses approaches for using ICT in schools, such as with interactive boards, computer-facilitated experiments, videos, PowerPoint, animations, learning platforms, disseminating information, and distance education. The goal is to improve teaching methods and make processes more visible through the use of ICT and computer technologies in schools.
This brochure was created for my course in differentiating instruction. The purpose of this assignment was to create awareness for parents on differentiation strategies and what to expect in my classroom. This is an example of the brochure I created. It could be handed out along with other back to school materials at meet the teacher.
Comorbidities associated with Learning disabilities-ADHD,ASDjilu123
This document discusses learning disabilities and comorbidities such as ADHD. It defines ADHD according to the DSM and ICD criteria. ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It has genetic and environmental causes. Treatment involves medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, parent training, social skills training, and educational accommodations. The document provides diagnostic criteria and strategies to manage ADHD symptoms and impairments.
Perinatal and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities chapter 2 pp. 43 63blantoncd
This document discusses perinatal and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities. Perinatal causes include prematurity, low birth weight, and complications during labor and delivery. Survival rates for premature babies have increased, but so have rates of developmental disabilities. Postnatal causes include head injuries, infections like meningitis, genetic disorders, seizures, toxic exposures, malnutrition, and environmental deprivation. Many causes can be prevented through efforts like car seats, safe playgrounds, vaccinations, reducing lead exposure, and supportive early environments.
Characteristics of Learners with Exceptional Learning NeedsJohn Philip Peñales
This document discusses characteristics of learners with exceptional learning needs. It begins by noting the diversity among students with disabilities and how their needs vary based on the nature of their disability. It then covers the main disability categories taught in classrooms, including learning disabilities, intellectual disabilities, emotional/behavioral disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The document also discusses less common disabilities like autism, physical disabilities, deafness/blindness, and multiple disabilities. Finally, it discusses instructional implications and strategies for meeting the needs of students with various learning challenges, social-emotional needs, and language issues.
Timeline Of Relevant Events In Special Education Myrnas VersionMyrnaAyala
The document outlines key events in the history of special education from 1817 to 2004, including the establishment of the first school for deaf children in 1817, laws prohibiting discrimination against people with disabilities in the 1970s, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 which protects the rights of students with disabilities to receive a public education. Major developments include the rise of inclusive education and mainstreaming in the 1960s-70s, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which mandated accessibility in public spaces.
The document discusses what an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is and how it is developed. Key points include:
1. An IEP is a plan developed for students with disabilities to allow them to achieve academic success. It defines individualized objectives and goals tailored to the student's needs.
2. Developing an IEP requires assessing the student, considering how their disability affects their learning, setting goals and choosing an appropriate educational placement.
3. The IEP must be reviewed and updated at least annually. It aims to provide students with the least restrictive environment and appropriate services to meet their goals.
The document discusses special education, providing definitions and categories of eligibility. It outlines tips for working with students who have special needs, such as being consistent, using visual and auditory cues, and having backup plans. The document also discusses co-teaching methods, effective teaching strategies like mnemonics and hands-on learning, classroom management techniques, creating structured environments for students with ADD/ADHD, and assistive technologies that can help students with reading, writing, organization and other skills.
This document provides a history of educational technology. It begins by defining educational technology as the use of technology in educational settings, including computers, television, and other electronic hardware and software used for instructional purposes. It then discusses the history of audiovisual education from films in the early 20th century to computers becoming widespread in schools by the 1980s. The document also covers debates around behaviorism versus constructivism, the role of computers as tools and catalysts for reform, current issues like funding and ethics, and examples of modern classroom technologies.
Guiding Principles Policies and Legal Basis of Special EducationLarry's Metier
This document outlines the guiding principles, legal bases, goals, and objectives of special education in the Philippines. It discusses the general principles that every child has a right to education and resources should be comparable to non-handicapped students. The legal bases that established policies and programs for special education are discussed, including Commonwealth Act 3203, Presidential Decree 603, and Republic Act 7277. The goals of special education are integration into regular schools and developing maximum potential for independence. The objectives are to develop learning competencies and values to become useful members of society.
Models of early intervention for studentsRojeen Zara
Educational programs and approaches for students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and learning disabilities (LD) aim to break learning tasks into smaller steps, provide concrete demonstrations, and give immediate feedback. Models of early intervention include center-based programs, home-based programs, and programs in regular childcare settings. As students age, programs include integrated preschool settings, segregated preschool settings, Head Start, resource room placements, special class placements, and homebound programs. Educational approaches emphasize concrete demonstrations, breaking tasks into steps, providing assistance and feedback, teaching life skills, and collaborating with parents and staff.
This document discusses legal standards and emerging issues related to eligibility decisions for students on the autism spectrum. It provides an overview of key topics such as the definition of autism under IDEA and state law, appropriate assessment procedures, determining if criteria for autism are met, and whether a student requires special education. It examines case examples related to each topic and offers practice pointers for determining eligibility.
This document provides a summary of new decisions from the California Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) related to special education law. Key cases addressed issues such as behavior, discipline, eligibility, independent educational evaluations, individualized education program implementation, least restrictive environment, and student nonattendance. The summaries explain the facts, decisions, and significance of each case. Overall, the document aims to inform readers about recent developments in special education legal issues decided by the OAH.
This document provides an overview of federal and state laws governing student records and confidentiality. It discusses the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) as the primary laws protecting student privacy. It defines an "education record" under these laws and outlines the rights of parents and students to access, amend, and control disclosure of education records. The document examines what types of records meet the definition of an "education record" and certain exclusions to that definition.
Special education in Germany provides support for students with special needs that is different from mainstream education in several ways. Teachers require patience and empathy as the pace is slower and the focus is on life skills rather than academics. The relationship between teacher and student emphasizes helping students live independently over teaching basic skills. The document discusses the author's career path studying special education in Germany after volunteering with adults with disabilities.
The document is a presentation about assistive technologies for students with disabilities. It discusses definitions of assistive technology services and devices according to IDEA. It provides examples of low-tech and high-tech assistive tools and covers how they can help with different types of disabilities and tasks like writing, reading, organization, and physical/motor skills. Specific apps and features of the iPad that support accessibility are presented. The presentation aims to demonstrate how assistive technologies can benefit all students in an educational setting.
Spring 2014 Special Education in the Modern Age: Parent Participation in the...Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost
This document discusses ensuring parent participation in the IEP process. It covers:
1. Who qualifies as a "parent" under special education law, including divorced parents who both have rights to participate.
2. Conducting IEP meetings, including the right of parents to request meetings, receive proper notice, and have the meeting rescheduled if unable to attend. Meetings can only be held without parents if the district documents extensive efforts to secure their participation.
3. Developing the IEP, including the issues of predetermination where districts improperly decide issues before the IEP meeting preventing meaningful parent input, and the right of parents to request independent evaluations that the district must consider.
1) The document discusses four legal cases related to independent educational evaluations (IEEs).
2) The first case examined what constitutes an "unreasonable delay" when parents request funding for an IEE. The court found a four-month delay between the request and response was unreasonable.
3) The second case showed that districts must thoroughly review assessments before denying IEE requests, as the court found errors in the district's assessment and ordered them to fund the IEE.
4) The third case established that parents do not have an unlimited amount of time to request an IEE, setting a two-year statute of limitations.
5) The fourth case clarified that for an IEP team to
The document summarizes several recent decisions from the California Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) related to special education law and policy. Key cases addressed issues of consent for assessments, discipline procedures for students who bring weapons to school, eligibility determinations, qualifications of service providers like nurses and aides, and whether a residential placement was necessary to provide a free appropriate public education. The document provides concise summaries of these OAH decisions in 1-3 sentences for each case.
This document provides an overview and summary of laws and issues related to bullying complaints in California schools. It discusses recent state legislation requiring school districts to adopt policies prohibiting discrimination and bullying. It also outlines options for addressing bullying incidents, including the required complaint process and the district's disciplinary framework, as well as creating comprehensive anti-bullying policies. The document analyzes key court cases and legal issues regarding schools' jurisdiction over off-campus bullying and students' right to free speech.
The document provides an overview and comparison of California's Proposition 30 and Proposition 38 tax initiatives on the November 2012 ballot. It finds that Proposition 38 would generate more education funding overall but most would go directly to schools, while Proposition 30 funds would go to the state general fund to avoid further education cuts. Proposition 30 relies on sales and income tax increases while Proposition 38 uses higher personal income taxes. The document aims to objectively inform about the initiatives' impacts rather than advocate for either one.
This document discusses legal requirements regarding the provision of one-to-one aides for students with disabilities. It summarizes two case examples where administrative law judges found that districts denied students a free appropriate public education (FAPE) by failing to provide a one-to-one aide. The document also outlines lessons for determining a student's need for an aide, including collecting data, observing the student, and considering alternative supports before assigning an aide. Overall, the document provides guidance on when districts must provide a one-to-one aide as part of FAPE.
The document discusses students with special educational needs and legislation supporting people with disabilities. It profiles three historical figures - a girl captured into slavery who wrote poetry, Helen Keller who lost her sight and hearing but learned to communicate, and Sue Robin who was born with a speech disability but learned to type - who overcame barriers. Key legislation like the Rehabilitation Act, Americans with Disabilities Act, and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act required accommodations and prohibited discrimination for those with disabilities. The responsibilities of teachers for students with special needs include using alternative assessments, educating students in the least restrictive environment, and implementing individualized educational plans.
This document discusses eligibility categories for special education, focusing on Emotional Disturbance (ED), Other Health Impairment (OHI), and Specific Learning Disability (SLD).
It provides details on the federal and state definitions of ED and the five factors used to determine eligibility. Case studies examine issues around determining if a student's diagnosed mental illness or substance abuse is the primary cause of their difficulties. The document also discusses when "acting out" behaviors could indicate an ED versus social maladjustment.
For OHI, it explains that a medical diagnosis alone is not sufficient for eligibility and that the disability must actually limit a student's strength, vitality or alertness. The document concludes by noting that determining an
The document provides an overview of extended school year (ESY) services for students with disabilities:
1) ESY services are provided beyond the regular school year to prevent regression of skills over breaks and support receipt of a free and appropriate public education.
2) The IEP team determines if a student needs ESY based on likelihood of regression and recoupment difficulties, not on category of disability.
3) ESY services must be comparable in quality and scope to the student's program during the regular school year.
The document provides an overview of related services under IDEA and California law. It defines related services as transportation and other supportive services required to help a child with a disability benefit from special education. Specific related services discussed include physical therapy, occupational therapy, adapted physical education, transportation, and more. Case examples demonstrate how determinations of related service needs must be made on an individualized basis.
This document summarizes key aspects of transitions for students with disabilities from one educational setting to another. It discusses transitions from early intervention services to preschool, from preschool to elementary school, from one school district to another, and from high school to postsecondary activities. For each transition, it outlines legal requirements and considerations, including who is involved, required timelines, and what processes schools must undertake. It also summarizes a few relevant legal cases to illustrate issues that commonly arise regarding transitions.
This document provides biographical information about the authors and reviewer of the textbook "Educational Psychology." It includes:
- Brief bios of the two authors, Kelvin Seifert and Rosemary Sutton, including their educational backgrounds and areas of research expertise.
- A short bio of the reviewer, Sandra Deemer, including her areas of teaching and research focus.
- It concludes with a table of contents for the "Educational Psychology" textbook.
This document discusses special education laws and responsibilities regarding students with disabilities and nonattendance issues. It covers California's compulsory attendance rules, defining truancy, child find obligations, eligibility determinations for students with emotional disturbances, addressing nonattendance in IEPs, and placement considerations. The document provides examples of court cases related to these issues and tips for IEP teams in evaluating and assisting students with nonattendance problems.
The document summarizes key aspects of the IDEA and Section 504 laws regarding who is protected and eligible for special education services. It explains that the IDEA protects students ages 3-21 with disabilities who need special education, while Section 504 protects students with disabilities regardless of need for special education. It provides examples of accommodations under Section 504 and discusses other topics like private school students, incarcerated juveniles, and students with learning disabilities.
Understand the history of IDEA and the reasons f.docxmarilucorr
Understand the history of IDEA and the reasons for the federal government’s call for national intervention into special educationIdentify and describe the six principles of IDEA.
Review objectives with participants
Understand the effects of personal cultural biases.Discuss confidentiality, privacy and current issues.Identify resources for teachers, parents and students.
Review objectives with participants
So who exactly is served in special education?
Exceptional Children
Physical or learning abilities of these children are either above or below the norm and require a specialized program to meet their needsDisability/Impairment
Reduced function or loss of a particular body part or organ
A child with a physical disability is not handicapped unless it impairs educational, personal, social, vocational issues
Handicap
A problem a person with a disability or impairment encounters interacting with the environmentAt-Risk
A child that is not currently identified as having a disability, are considered to have a greater than usual chance of developing a disability.
Also, refers to students who are experiencing learning problems in the regular classroom
People First Language simply means that we should ALWAYS put the person first in our descriptions.IDEA supports People First Language. The term handicapped is replaced with disability.Examples:
Children with disabilities
Students in special education
Students with learning differences, and
Students with autism.
This is an important concept because there is an expectation that we do not categorize students by their disability.
MustUseStudentInstead ofCategory
A child evaluated as having. . .
A specific learning disability (LD)
An emotional disturbance (ED)
Intellectual Disability(ID)
A speech or language impairment (SI)
A visual impairment including blindness (VI)
A hearing impairment including deafness (AI)
An orthopedic impairment (OI)
These are the official labeling categories used for a student with a disability and included next to the category is the acronym used for each of the disability categories.
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Autism (AI)
other health impairment (OHI)
multiple disability (MI)
deaf-blindness (DB)
non-categorical early childhood (NCEC)
may used for children ages 3 through 5
These are the official labeling categories used for a student with a disability and included next to the category is the acronym used for each of the disability categories. In Texas Students are labeled by the time they have completed their fifth year; however in other states in the country they are labeled developmentally delayed but not given a specific disability category until nine years of age.
NCEC: suspected of meeting eligibility criteria for:
autism
emotional disturbance
learning disability
Intellectual Disability
Use of the NCEC code is a local district decision
NCEC students must be suspected of meeting the following criteria in order to be considered ...
Providing Students with Appropriate Instructional TimeACEWebmaster
Before transferring Francis to a facility that cannot provide the placement specified in his IEP, the following steps must be taken:
1. An IEP meeting must be held to determine if the proposed change in placement is appropriate for Francis and how his needs will be met.
2. If the IEP team determines the new placement cannot implement Francis' IEP as written, the IEP must be revised with parental consent to specify the services and supports that will be provided.
3. Francis cannot be transferred until these IEP procedures are followed, as a change in placement that denies him the educational services in his IEP would be a violation of IDEA.
Moving Francis without ensuring his IEP can still be properly implemented
Chp[1]. 3 special_education - Social environment - Lectures Notes William All...William Kritsonis
This document provides an overview of key terms, legislation, and policies related to special education in the United States. It discusses major laws like IDEA and Section 504, as well as concepts like IEPs, least restrictive environments, eligibility, evaluations, and the responsibilities of school districts. Key points covered include requirements for child find, evaluations, ARD committees, individualized education programs, inclusion in the general curriculum, statewide testing accommodations, procedural safeguards, private school placements, discipline procedures, and the relationship between IDEA and Section 504.
Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
The document discusses several important laws pertaining to equal protection and legal protections for diverse populations of learners. It summarizes key aspects of the 14th Amendment, Brown v. Board of Education, Title IX, the McKinney-Vento Act, IDEA, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and bullying/harassment laws. It explains that these laws prohibit discrimination based on characteristics like race, gender, religion, national origin, and disability. The laws also establish rights for homeless, immigrant, LGBT, and special needs students to ensure equal access to public education.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Public School Law, American With Disabilities Action, Due Process, Discrimination, Bill of Rights, Least Restrictive Environment
Chp[1]. 3 Special Education - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis Inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor (HBCU)
Remarks by Angela Stevens McNeil
July 26th 2008
Good Morning. My name is Angela Stevens McNeil and I have the privilege of introducing the next Hall of Honor Inductee, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis. Dr. Kritsonis was chosen because of his dedication to the educational advancement of Prairie View A&M University students. He earned a Bachelor’s degree in 1969 from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his Master’s in Education from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa.
Dr. Kritsonis has served and blessed the field of education as a teacher, principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. He has also earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies.
Dr. William Kritsonis is a well respected author of more than 500 articles in professional journals and several books. In 1983, Dr. Kritsonis founded the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS. These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. In 2004, he established the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. Over 300 articles have been published by doctorate and master’s degree students and most are indexed in ERIC.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is a Professor in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership here at Prairie View A&M University.
Dr. William Kritsonis has dedicated himself to the advancement of educational leadership and to the education of students at all levels. It is my honor to bring him to the stage at this time as a William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor Inductee.
SES Fall 2014: All Things Considered Serving Students With Hearing ImpairmentsFagen Friedman & Fulfrost
This document provides an overview of legal standards and requirements for serving students with hearing impairments. It discusses the IDEA's definition of a free appropriate public education (FAPE) as established in Rowley v. Hendrick Hudson Board of Education. It also examines California's higher standards for considering a student's preferred communication mode, providing assistive technology, and placing students in the least restrictive environment. Case examples are provided to illustrate how these standards have been applied regarding disputes over sign language interpretation, CART services, and oral vs. auditory-verbal therapy methods.
This presentation addresses the following in the field of Special Education:
1. The connection between theory and decision making
2. The impact of legislation on special educators and their practices
3. How this legislation positively or negatively impacts families of students with exceptional learning needs
4. Common terminology and acronyms used in special education
Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
Chapter one powerpoint instructional strategies[1]Shirley Johnson
This document provides an overview of key concepts in special education, including inclusion, critical special education legislation, standards-based education, multi-tiered systems of support, universal design for learning, differentiated instruction, evidence-based practices, and considerations for student diversity. It discusses laws such as IDEA, ADA, and NCLB and how they have shaped special education. Critical components of inclusion and special education programming like IEPs, least restrictive environments, and accommodations are also summarized.
Chapter one powerpoint instructional strategiesbertschcarrie
This document provides an overview of key concepts in special education, including inclusion, critical special education legislation, standards-based education, multi-tiered systems of support, universal design for learning, differentiated instruction, evidence-based practices, and considerations for student diversity. It discusses laws such as IDEA, ADA, and NCLB and how they have shaped special education. Approaches like inclusion, RTI, UDL, and differentiated instruction aim to meet the needs of all learners in inclusive classroom settings.
This document provides information on Section 504 and accessibility for students with disabilities in postsecondary education. It begins by defining key terms related to disability services like Section 504, ADA, IDEA, IEP, and FAPE. It then explains that Section 504 focuses on access to education, while IDEA determines eligibility for specific special education services. Differences between Section 504, ADA, and IDEA are outlined. The document also discusses requirements for services and accommodations under Section 504 like individual accommodation plans and examples of appropriate modifications to policies, programs, and procedures that increase accessibility. It concludes with case studies demonstrating proper responses to requests for accommodation from postsecondary students with disabilities.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), including its history and amendments. It defines important terms like free appropriate public education, individualized education program, least restrictive environment, and extended school year. It also outlines requirements regarding evaluation, placement, discipline, private schooling, related services, and protections under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Major court cases that have interpreted and shaped the implementation of IDEA are referenced throughout.
This document summarizes key legislation and concepts in special education. It discusses laws such as IDEA, which protects students with disabilities and requires schools to provide Free Appropriate Public Education. IDEA also mandates appropriate evaluation of students, Individualized Education Programs, and placement in the Least Restrictive Environment. Section 504 and ADA provide additional protections for students with disabilities. More recent laws like NCLB and concepts like RTI, inclusion, differentiated instruction, and Universal Design for Learning aim to improve education for all students, including those with special needs. Diversity in schools and the future of special education are also briefly addressed.
Presentation to 1st and 2nd year general education teachers to help them understand the term inclusion, and discussion of strategies to help facilitate successful inclusive environments
Week 1 Discussion Explaining it ClearlyThis discussion is your o.docxjessiehampson
Week 1 Discussion Explaining it Clearly
This discussion is your opportunity to demonstrate your understanding of the objective: Define relevant terms specific to academic and legal concepts for students with mild to moderate disabilities. The discussion represents your understanding of the Course Learning Outcome 1 and the MASE Program Learning Outcomes 1 and 6. In addition to reviewing the Required and Recommended Resources and Instructor Guidance for Week One, prepare for this discussion by considering the following scenario:
Imagine that you are walking into your very first classroom as a new special education teacher. You will be working closely with Mr. Franklin, the general educator who has been in the education field for over ten years. In your “co-teaching” environment, Mr. Franklin and you will be delivering instruction to the entire class, which is comprised of 28 students in the classroom with seven students identified as having specialized academic and/or behavioral needs. This type of classroom is considered an inclusive setting, where students of the same age are educated together with multiple types of differentiation of the instruction occurring based on the students’ individualized needs. In an inclusive environment such as this, there will be some students who are formally identified as having specialized academic and/or behavioral challenges.
Some of these students may be falling behind in their academics. Others may not appear engaged in the classwork or homework activities. Yet others may appear to have a bad attitude. As co-teachers, you will both be responsible to collaboratively create and deliver instruction to meet the students’ needs.
Before the school year officially begins, you meet with Mr. Franklin to discuss the each of your roles within the co-teaching environment. It was discussed that Mr. Franklin will be expert of the instructional content and your role as the specialist will be to help students access the information at their own levels.
During this meeting, Mr. Franklin admits that he has never been partnered with someone who understands students with special needs. He states he has not co-taught before and doesn’t understand what is expected specific to the students with specialized learning needs. He asks you to explain some of the terms and acronyms he’s heard before because he’s not sure what they mean, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the Individualized Education Program (IEP).
As the special educator, part of your job is to explain each of these terms in a way that Mr. Franklin will understand along with providing authentic examples to support the definition you have provided.
Initial Post: Create an initial response that defines at least five terms specific to academic and legal concepts that apply when working with students with mild to moderate disabilities. With each definition provide an example that includes support from the readings and the In ...
The document discusses the benefits of inclusion, which is educating students with disabilities in general education classrooms with their peers. Some key benefits include:
1) Students with disabilities have access to the core curriculum and support from specialized teachers and staff in the classroom. Tests and assignments can be modified to meet their needs.
2) Both students with and without disabilities experience social and academic benefits from inclusion. They learn to accept individual differences and develop new friendships.
3) Inclusion prepares all students for diversity in society and has been shown to improve learning outcomes for both groups of students. It allows students to be educated with their peers in the least restrictive environment.
Similar to SES Spring 2015: The Need for Special Ed (20)
The document discusses requirements and best practices for exiting students from special education. It covers three key areas:
1) Exiting based on determining a student no longer meets eligibility criteria, which requires reassessing the student in all suspected disability areas and documenting that the student no longer needs special education. Assessments must consider all available information and address all suspected areas of disability.
2) Properly convening IEP meetings, providing proper notice, and ensuring the IEP team makes exiting decisions rather than predetermining outcomes. Districts must also provide prior written notice of any decision to exit a student.
3) Case examples where districts failed to conduct comprehensive assessments, consider all relevant information, or provide proper
This document provides a summary of new decisions from the California Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH) related to special education law. It summarizes 6 cases related to the following topics: behavior interventions, consent for assessments, timely IEP meetings, least restrictive environment analysis, manifestation determinations, and issues regarding transfer students. The summaries explain the key facts, decisions and significance of each case. The document aims to help schools understand and apply these recent legal developments affecting special education in California.
SES Spring 2014 - Spotlight on Practice: Promotion, Retention, Grading and Gr...Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost
This document discusses promotion, retention, grading, and graduation policies for students with disabilities. It covers:
1. Promotion and retention decisions must follow district policy and consider individual student needs. IEP teams may develop individualized standards. Retention requires reconvening the IEP team to consider supports provided.
2. Grades for students with accommodations should not reflect them, while grades for students in modified curriculums should reflect achievement in the modification. Report cards and transcripts have different disclosure standards regarding disability status.
3. Graduation options include a regular diploma by meeting district standards or a certificate of completion. The IEP team must discuss graduation requirements. A regular diploma ends eligibility but
The document provides an overview of the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) investigation and complaint resolution process under Section 504. It summarizes key steps in the OCR investigation including the complaint, jurisdiction determination, decision to close or pursue early resolution, investigation components, findings letter, resolution agreements, and monitoring. It also identifies common Section 504 issues that result in complaints such as procedural safeguards, evaluations and eligibility, bullying, discipline, accommodations, transportation, retaliation, and athletics. Practical response tactics for districts under investigation are outlined.
This document provides a summary of new developments in special education law from 2013, including three court cases. The first case found that California law allows trained, unlicensed school staff to administer insulin to students. The second case rejected a Section 504 damages claim regarding a student's suicide allegedly due to bullying, finding the school district did not demonstrate deliberate indifference. The third case refused to dismiss a damages claim where a student was allegedly constantly bullied and reports were ignored. The document discusses implications of these and other cases regarding administration of medication, bullying, procedural errors, residential placement, autism litigation, and other issues.
This document provides summaries of frequently asked questions regarding special education discipline. It addresses topics such as determining when a series of short-term removals constitutes a change of placement, what constitutes "substantially similar" behavior, procedural requirements for removals that result in a change of placement, who should conduct manifestation determinations, how to document manifestation determination proceedings, timelines for returning a student to their prior placement if a behavior is found to be a manifestation of their disability, the types of behaviors that justify removal to an interim alternative educational setting, and whether a district can place a student in an IAES more than once during a school year. The document provides concise answers to each question along with practice pointers for implementing the legal requirements
This document discusses serving students with medical needs. It covers three topics: 1) placing and serving students with medical needs in the least restrictive environment (LRE), discussing relevant laws, cases, and takeaways; 2) home/hospital instruction, outlining rules for general education and special education students; and 3) serving students with allergies or multiple chemical sensitivities, addressing eligibility for services under Section 504. For each topic, the document analyzes laws, case examples, and practical guidance for school districts.
This document provides a summary of recent legal updates in special education law, including new case law rulings and proposed legislation. Key points include:
- A district was found to have denied FAPE by delaying assessments for 18 months after a parent's referral and failing to develop adequate IEP goals and baselines.
- A district's duty to update an expired IEP is not contingent on parental cooperation, and the district should have continued working with parents or filed for a due process hearing.
- A principal was disciplined for sending inappropriate text messages about a student during an IEP meeting.
- Parents were not entitled to reimbursement for a residential placement where the primary purpose was to address medical needs
SES Fall 2012 - Spotlight on Practice: Can I Play Ball? Special Education, Se...Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost
This document discusses special education laws and regulations regarding student participation in extracurricular activities. It provides examples of cases that address whether schools have met their obligations to provide supports and equal access for students with disabilities to participate. The main points are:
- IEPs must address any supports or modifications needed for students to participate in nonacademic/extracurricular activities. Schools must consider supports as part of FAPE.
- Schools must provide disabled students an equal opportunity to participate, which can include supports even if not listed in the IEP/504 plan.
- Cases found violations when schools failed to properly consider supports at IEP meetings or implement IEP provisions for extracurricular activities.
-
SES Fall 2012 All Things Considered - Recent Decisions on the Written Offer o...Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost
1. The document discusses several cases related to the written offer of placement and follow through requirements.
2. In Student v. Buckeye Union School District, the court found that while the IEP did not need to provide an hour-by-hour account of services, it did need to specifically describe the goals that specialized academic instruction would target.
3. In Student v. West Covina USD, the court found a procedural violation that denied FAPE because required information like accommodations was left blank on the IEP, impeding parental participation.
Looking for guidance on this new law which affects access and inclusion for transgender students? In this webinar, expert attorney Namita Brown, of Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost and ACSA legislative advocate, Laura Preston, will explain how you can successfully implement AB 1266 including resources available to assist you. Pointers will be given on how to help your board and staff communicate on this sometimes difficult topic. An update on the referendum circulated to repeal AB 1266 will be provided. All district and site administrators should log on for practical, up-to-the minute information on the legislation.
This document summarizes Assembly Bill 1266, which protects transgender students in California schools. It defines key terms like gender, gender identity, and transgender. It outlines the existing legal framework protecting students from discrimination based on gender. AB 1266 allows students to participate in sex-segregated activities and use facilities based on their gender identity. The document discusses some of the key issues schools may face in implementing the law, such as bathroom/locker room use, sports teams, records, and addressing opposition from parents, students or staff. It provides guidance on how schools should handle these issues to comply with the law while being sensitive to student needs and safety concerns.
This document discusses how cloud technology impacts K-12 education and human resources. It outlines how school districts are moving from district-owned devices and servers to allowing wireless devices on 3G and 4G networks through proxy servers. It also discusses how cloud computing and internet-connected devices could impact student-teacher communication and confidentiality of district records. The presenter emphasizes the importance of educating teachers and staff about appropriate device use and confidentiality with the shift to more cloud-based technologies.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
2. 2
What’s On the Agenda . . .
Eligibility for Special Education:
The Legal Standards
Qualifying Disabilities
Need for “Special Education
and Related Services”
Determining the Need
for Special Education
9th Circuit’s Standard
Court and OAH Illustrative
Case Decisions
4. 4
Definition of Eligible Student
To be eligible under IDEA and California law,
student must:
1. Meet the definition of at least one of 13
identified disabilities; and
2. Require special education and related services
as a result of such disability
Our session focuses on the second criteria
(34 C.F.R. §300.8; Ed. Code, §56026)
5. 5
The 13 Eligibility Categories
1. Autism
2. Deaf-Blindness
3. Deafness
4. Emotional Disturbance
5. Hearing Impairment
6. Intellectual Disability
7. Multiple Disabilities
(34 C.F.R. §300.8;
Cal. Code Regs., tit. 5, §3030)
8. Orthopedic Impairment
9. Other Health Impairment
10. Specific Learning Disability
11. Speech or Language
Impairment
12. Traumatic Brain Injury
13. Visual Impairment,
including blindness
6. 6
The 13 Eligibility Categories
Law defines each of the 13 disabilities
For example, IDEA defines “visual impairment” as
“impairment in vision that, even with correction,
adversely affects a child’s educational performance”
Note: Most disability definitions also includes
requirement that the disability have
“adverse effect” on “educational performance”
Neither term is defined by law
Court and ALJs interpret on case-by-case basis
(34 C.F.R. §300.8; Cal. Code Regs., tit. 5, §3030)
7. 7
Adverse Effect
Adverse Effect on Educational
Performance Included in
Definition:
1. Autism
2. Deaf-Blindness
3. Deafness
4. Emotional Disturbance
5. Hearing Impairment
6. Intellectual Disability
7. Multiple Disabilities
8. Orthopedic Impairment
9. Other Health Impairment
11. Speech or Language
Impairment
12. Traumatic Brain Injury
13. Visual impairment, including
blindness
Adverse Effect on Educational
Performance Implied in
Definition:
10. Specific Learning Disability
8. 8
Exceptions
IDEA: Student may not be found eligible if –
Determinant factor is:
Lack of appropriate instruction in reading or math; or
Limited English proficiency; and
Student does not otherwise meet the eligibility criteria under
34 C.F.R. § 300.8(a)
California Ed Code adds: No eligibility if educational needs
are due primarily to temporary physical disabilities; social
maladjustment; or environmental, cultural, or economic
factors
Unless student otherwise meets eligibility requirements
(34 C.F.R. §300.306(b); Ed. Code, §56026, subd. (e))
9. 9
Remember, even if disability definition is
satisfied, student must require special
education in order to be found eligible
10. 10
So What Is Special Education?
IDEA definition:
“Specially designed instruction”
Provided “at no cost”
to parents
Intended to meet
“unique needs” of student
(34 C.F.R. §300.39(a)(1))
11. 11
So What Is Special Education?
Special education can include:
Instruction conducted in classroom, home,
hospitals and institutions, and other settings
Instruction in physical education
(34 C.F.R. §300.39(a)(1))
12. 12
“At No Cost” and “Unique Needs”
“No cost” does not preclude incidental fees
normally charged to all students as part of general
education program
“Unique needs” not defined by law
9th Circuit: More than academic subjects; can also
include “social and emotional needs that affect academic
progress, school behavior and socialization”
(34 C.F.R. §300.39(b)(1); County of San Diego v. California Special Educ. Hearing Office
(9th Cir. 1996) 24 IDELR 756)
13. 13
And What About “Specially Designed
Instruction”?
IDEA definition:
Adapting, as appropriate to student’s needs, the
content, methodology or delivery of instruction
to:
Address student’s unique needs resulting from his/her
disability; and
Ensure student’s access to general curriculum so that
student can meet educational standards that apply to
all students within district
(34 C.F.R. §300.39(b)(3))
14. 14
And What About “Specially Designed
Instruction”? (cont’d)
Adapted or modified content = knowledge and skills being
taught to student are different from what is being taught to
typical same-age peers
Adapted or modified methodology = different instructional
approaches are used to teach content to student than are
used for typical same-age peers
Adapted or modified delivery = way in which instruction is
delivered to student is different than delivery method for
typical same-age peers
15. 15
And What About “Specially Designed
Instruction”? (cont’d)
Distinguish “specially designed instruction”
from “accommodations”
Accommodations
Do not change what is being taught
Do not alter strategies used to teach content
Do not change how instruction is delivered
16. 16
And What About “Specially Designed
Instruction”? (cont’d)
Determining whether specific intervention is
“specially designed instruction” can be difficult
“Fuzzy line” between general and special education
One possible test: “Specially designed instruction”
when:
Adaptations in content methodology or delivery;
Necessary, rather than beneficial, for student;
Designed or implemented by certified special education
personnel; and
Not available regularly in general education
(West Chester Area School Dist. (SEA PA 2001) 35 IDELR 235)
17. 17
And What About “Specially Designed
Instruction”? (cont’d)
No definition of “specially designed instruction”
in California law
But Ed Code provides:
As prerequisite to eligibility, student must need
instruction, services, or both, that cannot be provided with
modification of the regular school program to ensure
provision of FAPE
Student may be referred to special education only after
resources of the regular education program have been
considered and, where appropriate, utilized
(Ed. Code, §56026, subd. (b); Ed. Code, §56303)
18. 18
Is It “Specially Designed Instruction” or
“Differentiated Instruction”?
Case Example:
Dispute over OHI eligibility
Parents claimed assistance that Student received from
teacher (reading directions, extra testing time, etc.) was
“specially designed instruction”
District characterized it as “differentiated instruction”
Court agreed with District
Teacher testified she would have made similar changes
to assist other students
Not a different method of teaching and not “specially
designed” for Student; done at teacher’s discretion
(Ashli and Gordon C. v. State of Hawaii, Dep’t of Educ. (D. Hawaii 2007) 47 IDELR 65)
19. 19
A Word About Related Services
“Transportation and other developmental,
corrective and supportive services as may be
required to assist student in benefiting
from special education”
Stay tuned – We focus on
related services in our
next session
(34 C.F.R. §300.34; Ed. Code, § 56363)
20. 20
Special Education vs. Related Services
If student meets definition of one or more
disabilities identified at 34 C.F.R. § 300.8,
but only needs related services and not special
education:
Student is not eligible under IDEA
Except if related service that student requires is
considered “special education” under state standards
(e.g., speech and language therapy)
22. 22
The 9th Circuit Says . . .
Hood v. Encinitas Union School District (2007)
Court applied U.S. Supreme Court’s
Rowley “benefit standard” for FAPE
to eligibility/need for special education
If student is receiving educational
benefit in the general education
setting, he or she is not entitled
to special education
(Hood v. Encinitas Union School Dist. (9th Cir. 2007) 107 LRP 26108)
23. 23
The 9th Circuit Says . . .
Hood v. Encinitas Union School District (2007)
The Facts:
10-year-old Student performed at grade level or
above in her classroom, but had difficulty with
completing tasks, turning in homework, and
organization
District offered Section 504 plan with various
accommodations (preferential seating, homework
checks, visual supports, etc.)
Parents withdrew Student, placed her in NPS, then
filed for due process seeking reimbursement for
tuition and assessments
24. 24
The 9th Circuit Says . . .
Hood v. Encinitas Union School District (2007)
The Decision:
Case ultimately reached 9th Circuit, which applied
Rowley and found no eligibility under either SLD
or OHI categories
Reasonable for IHO to conclude that Student’s
impairment could be accommodated through
District’s Section 504 plan
“The law does not entitle [Student] to special
education if we find that her discrepancy can be
corrected in the regular classroom”
26. 26
Need for Special Education: Autism
Case Example: Stanislaus USD v. Student
The Facts:
7-year-old Student diagnosed with autism at age 2
Received early intervention services through NPS,
including 1:1 “intensive behavioral treatment”
Attended general ed kindergarten and first grade with
1:1 aide, although District believed aide was no longer
necessary
Behavior analyst had recommended “fading” aide
when Student was in kindergarten
District sought to exit Student from special education
27. 27
Need for Special Education: Autism
Stanislaus USD v. Student (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ backed District’s conclusion that Student no longer
needed special ed to succeed in school
Evidence of remediation was significant
Tutors and aide “did little or nothing” in classroom to
support Student and she no longer required those
services, nor did she require behavioral goals, supports
or specialized instruction
Due to Student’s medical diagnosis of autism, ALJ
advised District to monitor her closely for any regression
(Stanislaus Union School Dist. v. Student (OAH 2013) Case No. 2013050308, 113 LRP 52113)
28. 28
Exiting Students from Special Ed
Practice Pointer
To make sound and supportable decision about whether
to exit student from special ed, IEP team should:
Review multiple sources of data to gauge student’s
academic and nonacademic progress
Thoroughly document all sources of evidence,
including teacher observations
Keep parents updated and informed on basis of
decision and, if student is to be exited, the process
that will be used to monitor student for any signs he
or she is struggling without special ed
29. 29
Need for Special Education: Autism
Case Example: Student v. La Mesa-Spring Valley SD
The Facts:
7-year-old Student had tantrums at home, failed to
follow instructions, was uncomfortable in large groups
and was distracted by vacuum cleaner
Student was successful at school and stayed on task
Parents’ private assessor diagnosed Asperger syndrome
and recommended reorganized learning environment
(separating desk from others to reduce distractions),
increased time to complete work, and employment of
self-management strategies in the classroom
District found Student was not eligible for special ed
30. 30
Need for Special Education: Autism
Student v. La Mesa-Spring Valley SD (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ upheld District’s determination that Student was
not eligible
Regardless of whether Student met legal definition of
autism, no indication he needed special education as
a result of his disability
Even if Student required all recommendations made
by independent assessor, those recommendations
could be implemented within the general ed
classroom and were not “specially designed
instruction”
(Student v. La Mesa-Spring Valley School Dist. (OAH 2009) No. 2009050311, 109 LRP
54643)
31. 31
Need for Special Education:
Emotional Disturbance
Case Example: L.J. v. Pittsburg USD
The Facts:
Fifth-grade Student with history of behavior problems
District previously had referred Student for
counseling/therapy services, developed BSP and
assigned behavior aide
IEP team concluded Student was not eligible for
special ed and could succeed when given classroom
structure
Second finding of ineligibility after Student had been
hospitalized over summer for threatening to harm
himself/others
32. 32
Need for Special Education:
Emotional Disturbance
L.J. v. Pittsburg USD (cont’d)
The Decision:
District Court affirmed ALJ’s decision that Student was
not eligible as ED, as he did not require specialized
instruction to benefit from his education
Court disagreed with Parents’ claim that behavioral
aide and counseling/therapy were special ed services
Even if aide was special ed, Student did not require
aide to succeed
BSP did not go beyond general ed accommodations
Therapy sessions took place during lunchtime
(L.J. v. Pittsburg Unified School Dist. (N.D. Cal. 2014) 63 IDELR 133)
33. 33
Need for Special Education:
Orthopedic Impairment
Case Example: D.R. v. Antelope Valley Union HSD
The Facts:
Student with neurological disorder effecting limbs met
IDEA disability criterial for orthopedic impairment
Never found eligible for special ed, but instead was
provided with Section 504 accommodations
When attending new two-floor high school, Student had
difficulty accessing elevator
District provided “mobility liaison” instead of elevator key
Parents filed for due process and sued for discrimination
ALJ found no IDEA jurisdiction and dismissed DP claim
34. 34
Need for Special Education:
Orthopedic Impairment
D.R. v. Antelope Valley Union HSD (cont’d)
The Decision:
Court found no remedy under IDEA because Parents
could not show Student met eligibility criteria (did not
need special education)
Cited Hood and concluded Student’s needs were being
adequately addressed through classroom modifications
(extra time, extra set of textbook), which “were not
special, individualized instruction”
While mobility liaison was not adequately meeting
Student’s needs, another non-special ed modification
(providing elevator key) could meet those needs
(D.R. v. Antelope Valley Union High School Dist. (C.D. Cal. 2010) 55 IDELR 163)
35. 35
Need for Special Education:
Other Health Impairment
Case Example: Student v. Santa Barbara USD
The Facts:
Student born addicted to heroin and diagnosed with
ADHD at age 6; not determined eligible for special ed
By seventh grade, Student’s grades and behavior
deteriorated
Provided with general ed interventions (“intervention
pyramid” system) throughout eighth grade, but
behavior worsened and he was failing his classes
SST team made no special ed recommendation
Although District later found Student eligible, Parents
claimed he should have been found eligible previously
36. 36
Need for Special Education:
Other Health Impairment
Student v. Santa Barbara USD (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ agreed with Parents
Intervention pyramid and District’s SST process
did not work
Accumulating evidence of bad behavior and poor
grades during seventh grade – and especially during
eighth grade – demonstrated need for special
education and should have triggered referral
District ordered to provide Student with 180 hours of
compensatory education
(Student v. Santa Barbara Unified School Dist. (OAH 2013) Case No. 2012080468, 113
LRP 1802)
37. 37
But contrast this decision to a case
where general education
accommodations could have been
successful if given a chance
to work . . .
38. 38
Need for Special Education:
Other Health Impairment
Case Example: Baldwin Park USD v. Student
The Facts:
15-year-old found eligible as OHI (due to ADHD)
IEP offered behavior support services, including 1:1
aide for entire school day
Six months later, IEP team determined Student should
be exited from special ed
Behavior specialist concluded Student exhibited typical
behaviors and offered suggestions that could be
implemented by teachers
District offered Section 504 behavior plan and
supports, but Parents refused
39. 39
Need for Special Education:
Other Health Impairment
Baldwin Park USD v. Student (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ: Student no longer needed special education and
could receive supports he needed in general ed
Several assessors agreed that behavior aide was not
necessary and should be “faded out” to enable Student
to become more independent
Social and behavioral issues were not severe and did not
interfere with Student’s progress
District was never given a chance to show effectiveness
of Section 504-based behavioral supports
(Baldwin Park Unified School Dist. v. Student (OAH 2010) Case Nos. 2010090527 and
2010080694, 110 LRP 71934)
40. 40
When Using a Section 504 Plan…
Practice Pointer
To help ensure effectiveness of Section 504 plan:
Review plan at least annually – and more frequently if
concerns are raised that accommodations might not
be working
If accommodation is changed (or discontinued),
closely monitor student’s progress for signs of
declining grades/worsening behavior
Make sure accommodations are clearly written so that
staff know exact what they are supposed to do
41. 41
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Case Example: Salinas Union HSD v. Student
The Facts:
14-year-old initially classified as EL
Determined eligible as SLD in fifth grade
IEP included pull-out instruction by RSP teacher
When Student moved to middle school, he received
push-in RSP services
By end of middle school, Student’s classroom
performance had improved so significantly that District
sought to exit him from special ed
42. 42
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Salinas Union HSD v. Student (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ approved District’s request to exit Student
By eighth grade, Student participated in English and
reading classes without needing any assistance from
RSP teacher
Enrolled in Algebra support class by Parents, but did
not need it
Although Student previously received tutoring at
reading clinic, ALJ doubted such tutoring could be
considered special ed (and it had been phased out)
(Salinas Union High School Dist. v. Student (OAH 2014) Case No. 2013070582, 63 IDELR
176)
43. 43
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Case Example: Student v. Oakland USD
The Facts:
Despite being found not eligible for special ed, third
grader’s reading and related skills were well below
grade level
RSP teacher began meeting with Student (individually
or in small groups outside of class) to provide remedial
instruction in reading and homework completion skills
District reassessed Student in fifth grade, finding he
had made progress and was not eligible for special ed
Grandparent challenged eligibility finding, claiming
remedial instruction amounted to special ed
44. 44
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Student v. Oakland USD (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ upheld District’s determination
Remedial instruction provided by RSP teacher
was not “specialized instruction” but instead was
District’s version of “informal” RTI
Instruction Student received was directed primarily
to “filling holes” mostly due to poor attendance
Student made significant progress, despite
Grandparent’s claim that progress “was not enough”
He was able to complete grade level work
(Student v. Oakland Unified School Dist. (OAH 2013) Case No. 2013050644, 113 LRP
46297)
45. 45
Response to Intervention
Practice Pointer
When using RTI, keep in mind:
RTI must be given “reasonable” time to succeed
before referral to special ed, but what is “reasonable”
will be shorter if student’s “crisis level” is higher
Setting improvement goals too high or too low can
cause frustration and reduce chance of success
Program must be implemented and monitored at
appropriate grade-level difficulty in order to make
accurate determination of progress
47. 47
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Case Example: Student v. Adelanto ESD
The Facts:
13-year-old Student was diagnosed with ADHD and
suspected bipolar disorder before enrolling in District,
at one point requiring psychiatric hospitalization
Student also struggled academically while being
home schooled
District determined Student was not eligible and placed
him in sixth grade general ed class
However, Student was pulled out for RSP instruction
Student subsequently found eligible as ED, but Parents
claimed he should have been eligible earlier as SLD
48. 48
Need for Special Education:
Specific Learning Disability
Student v. Adelanto ESD (cont’d)
The Decision:
ALJ agreed with Parents, finding District denied FAPE
Pull-out resource program was special ed and
Student’s SLD could not have been addressed
successfully through modifications to general
classroom
ALJ rejected District’s reliance on Hood, finding that
Student was already below grade level when he
enrolled and he showed virtually no improvement
Student awarded 324 hours of comp ed
(Student v. Adelanto Elementary School Dist. (OAH 2008) Case Nos. 2008060702,
2008050846 and 2008080551, 108 LRP 69424)
49. 49
Take Aways . . .
As cases show, determining need
for special education can be
difficult, especially when student
is receiving interventions in
general ed setting
Ask:
Are the interventions effective under
Hood benefit analysis?
Could the interventions be
considered specially designed
instruction?
50. 50
Information in this presentation, including but not limited to PowerPoint handouts and the presenters' comments, is summary only and not legal advice.
We advise you to consult with legal counsel to determine how this information may apply to your specific facts and circumstances.
51. 51
Information in this presentation, including but not limited to PowerPoint handouts and the presenters' comments, is summary only and not legal advice.
We advise you to consult with legal counsel to determine how this information may apply to your specific facts and circumstances.