The document discusses the importance of the immune system, detailing its mechanisms and types of immunity, including natural and acquired. It emphasizes the role of antibodies, their classifications, and the significance of proper nutrition, particularly breast milk for infants, to maintain health and prevent malnutrition. Additionally, it outlines various serological diagnostic test procedures and the interpretation of results, warning that no serological test provides a definitive diagnosis.

1. In the Name of God,
The Compassionate, The Merciful

2. Dr. Sayed Inseram Ali.
B.Sc. ( Hons ), M.Sc.; AACC, ASMT, ASM, : USA;
R.M. CANADA; IFCC U. K.

3. ( 1 )-IMPORTANTANCE OF
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
Immunology is the study of
how the body protects itself
against invading pathogens
and harmful cells or
substances.

4. The basic function of the immune
:system are to
a(- Protect the body from the harmful effects(
of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
.pathogens and their toxins
b(- Destroy abnormal cells which may(
.formed in the body such as cancer cells
c(- Prevent the abnormal breakdown of the(
.body's own tissues

5. (2)-NATURAL AND ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY.
The body's immune
mechanisms consist of :
• Non-specific natural immunity.
• Specific acquired immunity.

6. : IMMUNITY
Specific
Non – Specific.
(1)- Humoral or Cell- Mediated.
(2)- Corporal Local Abs. •Mechanical Barriers.
Active: (1) - Infection. •Antimicrobial secretion.
(2)-Immunization •Phagocytosis.
Vaccination. •Killer Cells. ( Natural ).
Passive:(1)-Transplacental
•Body Natural Microbial
Breast Milk . flora.
(2)-Antitoxins Gamma •Genetic factors.
globulins.

7. : Antibodies
Antibodies are immunoglobulin's ) Ig (
which react specifically with antigens.
Immunoglobulin's are composed of two
types of polypeptide )amino acid ( chains,
i.e. heavy chains and light chains. They
are classified by their heavy chains
because these are different for each class
: of immunoglobulin as follows

8. : Ig G
Ig G is the main antibody
which binds to foreign
antigen at a later stage of a
primary infection than Ig M
and forms the rapid antibody
response in repeated
infection i.e. secondary
.response

9. : Ig M
Ig M provide the early but
short - lived antibody
response in a primary
infection, and therefore
rises in Ig M levels indicate
present or recent infection.

10. : Ig A
Ig A antibodies are found
in secretions of the eye,
nose, mouth, bronchi, and
intestinal tract. They are
locally active in
neutralizing toxins and
viruses, and assisting in
.phagocytosis

11. : Ig D
Ig D is normally present
in the body in small
amount. It is known to
be active against food
antigens and auto
antigens of nuclear
origin.

12. : Ig E
Ig E, like Ig D, is also normally
present in the body in very
small amounts and is found
in mucous membranes.
Raised levels of Ig E are
found in some intestinal
parasitic infections and
.Allergic manifestation

13. NUTRITION AND - ) 3 (
:DEFICIENCY DISORDERS
An intake of essential
nutrients and water is
required to sustain life and
to keep the different systems
of the body functioning well
.and in harmony

14. ) A ( - The following are required:
)a( - Carbohydrates and fats.
)b( - Protein.
)c( - Fiber.
)d( - Iron.
)e( - Other Mineral Salts.
)f ( - Vitamins and Amino Acids.
)g( - Water.

15. ) B ( - Importance of Breast Feeding a Baby.
Breast milk contains antibodies
and other protective substances.
It is a very nutritious food and is
enough on its own for a baby's
needs until the infant is about four
months old. After this, breast milk
is not enough and other food
must be added to a baby's diet to
provide extra calories and protein,
as well as vitamins and minerals.
If this is not done a child will not
grow and develop normally and
suffer from protein – energy
malnutrition ( PEM ).

16. ) C ( – Drugs and its abuses.
) D ( – Exposure to Natural
Environment.
) E ( – Mental Stress.

17. ) 4 ( - SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST
PROCEDURES.
.A ( - LATEX (
) B ( - HAEMAGLUTINATION.
) C ( - JEL DIFFUSION.
) D ( - FLOURECENT TECHNIQUE.
) E ( - ELISA.
) F ( - RAPID TESTS ) monoclonal
and polyclonal Abs.( Diffusion.
) G (- PCR. TECHNOLOGY.

18. ( 5 ) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST REQUIREMENT.
SAMPLE:
S - Smallest
A - Amount of
M - Material
P - Provided to
L - Laboratory for
E - Evaluation.

19. SAMPLE – ) 6 (
.REQUIRMENT
) a (. MACRO TESTING.
) b (. MICRO TESTING.

20. ) 7 ( – HOW TO INTERPERATE
THE RESULTS.
) A ( – BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
SALMONELLA.BRUCELLA.
) B ( – VIRAL INFECTION.
HEPATITIS, HIV, HSV, CMV,
CHLAMYDIA,RUBELLA, ETC.
) C ( – PROTOZOAL INFECTION.
SHISTOSOMA, AMOEBA,
TOXO.

21. ) 8 ( – CONCLUSION :
) A ( - No Serological
Negative test gives final
diagnosis. Due to
seropositive window.
) B ( . Low titre positive
result should not be given
final diagnosis till the follow
up is done and confirmed.

22. ) C ( - In some Bacterial,
parasitological and viral infection
IgG result should not be considered
as final for treatment till IgM is done.
) D ( - A confirm positive result is
taken as positive.

23. ) E ( - Titre of positive test
differs country wise due to
prevalence of infection in that
area specially food born
infection and hygienic
condition.

24. Final Remark's:
An apple a day keeps the Doctor Away
But
If the Doctor is good and handsome,
keeps the sickness
away.
)Zain Lab in need is a Zain Lab indeed(.
.END

30. LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST
ENJOY DINNER.

31. Sayed Inseram Ali
Technical Director
Zain Clinical Laboratory
PO Box # 272
Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Telephone: (9664) 5236361
Fax: (9664) 8251978