series paralle combination of cirucuits with diagram
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Series circuits
1. The document discusses series circuits and how voltage is divided among resistors in series. It explains that the total resistance of resistors in series is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.
2. A key concept covered is the voltage divider rule - the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional to the ratio of its resistance to the total resistance.
3. Applications of voltage dividers include using potentiometers (variable resistors) to obtain a variable output voltage from a fixed voltage source.
Series and parallel
Resistors can be connected in series, parallel, or a combination of both. In series, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel, the total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance. Complex circuits can be reduced to an equivalent single resistance by repeatedly replacing series or parallel sections with equivalent components. This allows complicated circuits to be analyzed easily using Ohm's law.
Lab 5 BASIC CIRCUITS( Resistors, Voltage,and Current with.docx
Lab 5: BASIC CIRCUITS
( Resistors, Voltage,
and Current with MATLAB adapted from P-178 DC Circuit Labs )
Introduction
:
Electric circuits can be defined as closed or continuous paths in which electric currents are confined and around which electric currents can be caused to flow. Electrical circuits are an essential part of daily living, and may be found in heavy and light industry, commercial installations and operations, and residential applications. Modern life and its many conveniences seem inconceivable without the use of electric circuits.
The total resistance of a circuit is the sum of the individual resistances of the power source, the wiring, and the load. The load resistance is generally much higher than either the resistance of the power source or the wiring. The resistances of the wiring are usually neglected in classroom laboratory experiments. Very rarely is circuit wiring significant in experimental work. In these cases we consider the loads resistances to be the only resistance. Wiring resistance may be considerable in the case of transmission cables, as well as telephone lines, which are many miles long, and we have a lab which investigates and calculates the resistance in such cables and the lost power and energy due to these lengths.
If an arbitrary load of relatively low resistance were connected to an existing power supply or voltage source, an excessive current might flow to the load, causing burn up or other malfunctions with the load and wiring.
The current can be reduced
by reducing the source voltage, but this is not always feasible and is frequently impossible. The resistances of the voltage source or the load could be increased, but these are usually built right into the source or load. Resistances of connecting wires are so low that miles would be needed to increase the circuit resistance by more than a few dozen ohms. A selection of materials for connecting wires might be useful, but a better method would be to creation of a device that is specifically a resistor that can be included with the circuit to give the net or total resistance needed to provide the desired current for the voltage source involved.
In any DC circuit, the total current is equal to the power source voltage divided by the total or equivalent resistance. For a Series Circuit, this is the only current. This means that if the current in some portion of the circuit is known, the total current and the current through every part of the circuit is known. The sum of the voltage drops across the resistors in series is equal to the power supply voltage.
In Parallel Circuits, the total current from the power source divides into different paths as in approaches the parallel branches. The voltage drop across parallel branches is the same for all the branches. If the voltage drop for one branch is known, the voltage drop for all the parallel branches is known.
The sum of the currents in the various branches is equal to the current from the po.
Resistors in Series.pptx
This document discusses resistors in series connections. It defines a series connection as resistors joined end to end so that the same current flows through each resistor. The total resistance of resistors in series is calculated by adding the individual resistances. Examples of series connections include light switches and Christmas lights. Advantages are simpler construction compared to parallel circuits, but problems include any single resistor failure causing the whole circuit to fail and uneven current draw lowering efficiency. A sample calculation finds the total resistance and current for a series circuit with three specified resistors and a given voltage.
Resistors in Series.pptx
This document discusses resistors in series connections. It defines a series connection as resistors joined end to end so that the same current flows through each resistor. The total resistance of resistors in series is calculated by adding the individual resistances. Examples of series connections include light switches and Christmas lights. Advantages are simpler construction compared to parallel circuits, but problems include any single resistor failure causing the whole circuit to fail and uneven current draw lowering efficiency. A sample calculation finds the total resistance and current for a series circuit with three specified resistors and a given voltage.
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This document defines key terms and concepts related to electrical circuits and networks. It discusses different types of circuits including linear/non-linear, bilateral/unilateral circuits. It also defines electrical networks and their components such as nodes, branches, loops and meshes. Finally, it covers important circuit analysis techniques including Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, mesh analysis, nodal analysis and superposition theorem.
Introduction of multisim
These documents shows the working details about the multisim software.it also tells how we makes the circuit on the multisim.
Recommended
Series circuits
1. The document discusses series circuits and how voltage is divided among resistors in series. It explains that the total resistance of resistors in series is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.
2. A key concept covered is the voltage divider rule - the voltage across each resistor in a series circuit is directly proportional to the ratio of its resistance to the total resistance.
3. Applications of voltage dividers include using potentiometers (variable resistors) to obtain a variable output voltage from a fixed voltage source.
Series and parallel
Resistors can be connected in series, parallel, or a combination of both. In series, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel, the total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance. Complex circuits can be reduced to an equivalent single resistance by repeatedly replacing series or parallel sections with equivalent components. This allows complicated circuits to be analyzed easily using Ohm's law.
Lab 5 BASIC CIRCUITS( Resistors, Voltage,and Current with.docx
Lab 5: BASIC CIRCUITS
( Resistors, Voltage,
and Current with MATLAB adapted from P-178 DC Circuit Labs )
Introduction
:
Electric circuits can be defined as closed or continuous paths in which electric currents are confined and around which electric currents can be caused to flow. Electrical circuits are an essential part of daily living, and may be found in heavy and light industry, commercial installations and operations, and residential applications. Modern life and its many conveniences seem inconceivable without the use of electric circuits.
The total resistance of a circuit is the sum of the individual resistances of the power source, the wiring, and the load. The load resistance is generally much higher than either the resistance of the power source or the wiring. The resistances of the wiring are usually neglected in classroom laboratory experiments. Very rarely is circuit wiring significant in experimental work. In these cases we consider the loads resistances to be the only resistance. Wiring resistance may be considerable in the case of transmission cables, as well as telephone lines, which are many miles long, and we have a lab which investigates and calculates the resistance in such cables and the lost power and energy due to these lengths.
If an arbitrary load of relatively low resistance were connected to an existing power supply or voltage source, an excessive current might flow to the load, causing burn up or other malfunctions with the load and wiring.
The current can be reduced
by reducing the source voltage, but this is not always feasible and is frequently impossible. The resistances of the voltage source or the load could be increased, but these are usually built right into the source or load. Resistances of connecting wires are so low that miles would be needed to increase the circuit resistance by more than a few dozen ohms. A selection of materials for connecting wires might be useful, but a better method would be to creation of a device that is specifically a resistor that can be included with the circuit to give the net or total resistance needed to provide the desired current for the voltage source involved.
In any DC circuit, the total current is equal to the power source voltage divided by the total or equivalent resistance. For a Series Circuit, this is the only current. This means that if the current in some portion of the circuit is known, the total current and the current through every part of the circuit is known. The sum of the voltage drops across the resistors in series is equal to the power supply voltage.
In Parallel Circuits, the total current from the power source divides into different paths as in approaches the parallel branches. The voltage drop across parallel branches is the same for all the branches. If the voltage drop for one branch is known, the voltage drop for all the parallel branches is known.
The sum of the currents in the various branches is equal to the current from the po.
Resistors in Series.pptx
This document discusses resistors in series connections. It defines a series connection as resistors joined end to end so that the same current flows through each resistor. The total resistance of resistors in series is calculated by adding the individual resistances. Examples of series connections include light switches and Christmas lights. Advantages are simpler construction compared to parallel circuits, but problems include any single resistor failure causing the whole circuit to fail and uneven current draw lowering efficiency. A sample calculation finds the total resistance and current for a series circuit with three specified resistors and a given voltage.
Resistors in Series.pptx
This document discusses resistors in series connections. It defines a series connection as resistors joined end to end so that the same current flows through each resistor. The total resistance of resistors in series is calculated by adding the individual resistances. Examples of series connections include light switches and Christmas lights. Advantages are simpler construction compared to parallel circuits, but problems include any single resistor failure causing the whole circuit to fail and uneven current draw lowering efficiency. A sample calculation finds the total resistance and current for a series circuit with three specified resistors and a given voltage.
A High Performance PWM Voltage Source Inverter Used for VAR Compensation and ...
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
AC and DC circuits Presentation
This document defines key terms and concepts related to electrical circuits and networks. It discusses different types of circuits including linear/non-linear, bilateral/unilateral circuits. It also defines electrical networks and their components such as nodes, branches, loops and meshes. Finally, it covers important circuit analysis techniques including Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, mesh analysis, nodal analysis and superposition theorem.
Introduction of multisim
These documents shows the working details about the multisim software.it also tells how we makes the circuit on the multisim.
Hp 18 win
This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on electric circuits. It begins with an overview slide and table of contents. It then covers topics like schematic diagrams, components of electric circuits, and calculating equivalent resistances and currents in series and parallel circuits. Examples are provided, such as calculating the equivalent resistance and current in a complex circuit.
A system of resistors
This document discusses resistors in series and parallel circuits. It defines series and parallel circuits, provides diagrams of each, and derives the formulas for calculating equivalent resistance in series (sum of individual resistances) and parallel (reciprocal of the sum of reciprocals of individual resistances) circuits. It concludes by giving examples of applications of resistors in heating elements, lighting, and automotive components.
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muic mahidol
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Introduction to electronics second session
This document provides an introduction and overview of electronics concepts including:
- A review of short circuits, series vs parallel circuits, resistance, and basic components like resistors, switches, batteries, breadboards.
- Descriptions of key electronics terms like resistance, resistors, switches, batteries and how they function in circuits. Resistors add resistance, switches open and close circuits, batteries store power.
- An assignment to build circuits using resistors, batteries, switches, an LED, speaker, transistor, potentiometer and integrated circuit on a breadboard to apply the concepts learned.
L3-Series-Circuits-Kirchhoff-Voltage-Law.pdf
This document discusses series circuits and Kirchhoff's voltage law. It begins by introducing direct current and resistance in series circuits. It then explains that the total resistance of components in series is the sum of the individual resistances. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around any closed loop is equal to zero. This means that the applied voltage in a series circuit equals the sum of the voltage drops across the individual elements. The document provides examples of applying Kirchhoff's voltage law to solve for voltages in series circuits.
Physics II Circuit Notes
The document discusses resistors in series, parallel, and simple networks. It provides the cardinal rules for series and parallel circuits, including that the total resistance in a series circuit equals the sum of individual resistances, and the total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of branch currents. Examples are given of calculating total resistance, current, and voltage drops in series and parallel circuits. Kirchhoff's laws of voltage and current are also summarized.
simple network presentation
The document discusses resistors in series, parallel, and simple networks. It provides the cardinal rules for series and parallel circuits, including that the total resistance in a series circuit equals the sum of individual resistances, and the total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of branch currents. Examples are given of calculating total resistance, current, and voltage drops in series and parallel circuits. Kirchhoff's laws of voltage and current are also summarized.
Resistance and their combinations
This document discusses resistors and resistor combinations in circuits. It covers resistor types including fixed and variable resistors. It also covers resistor color codes and examples of resistors in series and parallel combinations. The key topics are resistances and their combinations in series and parallel and how to calculate equivalent resistances for complex resistor networks using Ohm's law.
bee(kcl).pptx
This document discusses Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and how to calculate equivalent resistance in parallel circuits. It defines KCL as the principle that the sum of currents entering a node must equal the sum of currents leaving that node. The document then explains how KCL is used to analyze electrical circuits by determining unknown currents. It also defines equivalent resistance in parallel circuits as the combined resistance of multiple resistors connected across the same voltage source. A formula is provided to calculate equivalent resistance using individual resistances. Finally, the document derives the formula and provides an example circuit calculation.
rrl.docx
The document discusses modeling eddy current effects in transformer windings and cores for electromagnetic transient simulations. It describes existing methods and their limitations. New lumped parameter models are presented that accurately represent eddy currents in windings and laminated cores up to high frequencies with low model order. Tests show the models provide appropriate damping effects during transient simulations by capturing the underlying physical phenomena of eddy currents in transformers.
Sheet1ResistorcolorResistance (kohms)40 ohm resistor39.94 ohm1brow.docx
Sheet1ResistorcolorResistance (kohms)40 ohm resistor39.94 ohm1brown black yellow silver1322red1823brown green orange13.34brown gray orange gold18.35green1836blue black red gold60.67orange blue orange gold34.4k ohmsmeasured resistanceSeries Circuit1,2,5497.498Mohms3,4,76666Kohms1,6,5375.6.377Mohms7,3,4,2248248KohmsK ohms TheoreticalParallel1,2,553.95543,4,76.2936.31,5,633.8533.92,3,4,76.086.09HybridK ohms TheoreticalK ohms observed1 in series 2 and 5 in parallel223.2223.93 in series and 4 and 7 in parallel25.225.21 in series and 6 and 5 in parallel177.5178
Sheet2Characteristic CurvemVmALight bulb3.83.336.933.861.75590.377118951521131901292491463501635501819522091440228153023425702844070345-0.05-0.056-6.51-5.98-13.2-12.1-25.8-23.7-54.4-48.9-95.5-80.6-126-101-395-168-327-159-211-134-784-195-531-178-1570-236-2500-281-4060-345
3.8 36.9 61.7 90.3 118 152 190 249 350 550 952 1440 1530 2570 4070 -0.05 -6.51 -13.2 -25.8 -54.4 -95.5 -126 -395 -327 -211 -784 -531 -1570 -2500 -4060 3.3 33.799999999999997 55 77 95 113 129 146 163 181 209 228 234 284 345 -5.6000000000000001E-2 -5.98 -12.1 -23.7 -48.9 -80.599999999999994 -101 -168 -159 -134 -195 -178 -236 -281 -345
Sheet3Characteristic CurvemVmADiode2.330.032.930.0370.0370016732307443976867.77931218142008302918444263.160.034.540.0324.40.03700.031860.032700.045821.156172.396504.86666.844320.06-2.340.02-260.02-320.03-9900.04
2.33 2.93 7 700 732 744 768 793 814 830 844 3.16 4.54 24.4 70 186 270 582 617 650 666 432 -2.34 -26 -32 -990 0.03 0.03 0.03 16 30 39 67.7 121 200 291 426 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.1499999999999999 2.39 4.8 6.84 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04
Sheet5Characteristic CurveResistormVmA132k ohms2.28-0.00131-0.00115602320.0015300.0037220.00411110.00719900.01423600.01752000.03965400.04994300.071178000.135-2.32-0.001-33-0.001-283-0.003-1120-0.01-1850-0.015-3040-0.024-6940-0.054-10500-0.082-17800-0.138
2.2799999999999998 31 156 232 530 722 1111 1990 2360 5200 6540 9430 17800 -2.3199999999999998 -33 -283 -1120 -1850 -3040 -6940 -10500 -17800 -1E-3 -1E-3 0 1E-3 3.0000000000000001E-3 4.0000000000000001E-3 7.0000000000000001E-3 1.4E-2 1.7000000000000001E-2 3.9E-2 4.9000000000000002E-2 7.0999999999999994E-2 0.13500000000000001 -1E-3 -1E-3 -3.0000000000000001E-3 -0.01 -1.4999999999999999E-2 -2.4E-2 -5.3999999999999999E-2 -8.2000000000000003E-2 -0.13800000000000001
Resistor Circuits and Characteristic Curves
Purpose: In this lab we will introduce basic circuit analysis with series and parallel resistor circuits using Ohms Law and Kirchhoff’s laws. We will also introduce characteristic curves and diodes.
Introduction: Ohm’s Law is of general use with circuit elements, with parts of circuits, or with whole circuits. The voltage across a circuit element is equal to the resistance (or equivalent resistance) times the current flowing through the element. (V=IR)
Kirchhoff’s 1st Law of Circuits: The sum of voltages around a closed loop is equal to zero.
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1) Direct current circuits containing batteries, resistors, and capacitors are analyzed using techniques like Kirchhoff's rules. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents at a junction is zero, based on charge conservation. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero, based on energy conservation.
2) Resistors can be in series or parallel. Series resistors have the same current and added potentials, yielding a higher total resistance. Parallel resistors have the same potential and varying currents, yielding a lower total resistance.
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1) Direct current circuits containing batteries, resistors, and capacitors are analyzed using techniques like Kirchhoff's rules. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents at a junction is zero, based on charge conservation. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero, based on energy conservation.
2) Resistors can be in series or parallel. Series resistors have the same current and added potentials, yielding a higher total resistance. Parallel resistors have the same potential and varying currents, yielding a lower total resistance.
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This document provides instructions for navigating a presentation on electric circuits. It begins with an overview slide and table of contents. It then covers topics like schematic diagrams, components of electric circuits, and calculating equivalent resistances and currents in series and parallel circuits. Examples are provided, such as calculating the equivalent resistance and current in a complex circuit.
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Sheet1ResistorcolorResistance (kohms)40 ohm resistor39.94 ohm1brown black yellow silver1322red1823brown green orange13.34brown gray orange gold18.35green1836blue black red gold60.67orange blue orange gold34.4k ohmsmeasured resistanceSeries Circuit1,2,5497.498Mohms3,4,76666Kohms1,6,5375.6.377Mohms7,3,4,2248248KohmsK ohms TheoreticalParallel1,2,553.95543,4,76.2936.31,5,633.8533.92,3,4,76.086.09HybridK ohms TheoreticalK ohms observed1 in series 2 and 5 in parallel223.2223.93 in series and 4 and 7 in parallel25.225.21 in series and 6 and 5 in parallel177.5178
Sheet2Characteristic CurvemVmALight bulb3.83.336.933.861.75590.377118951521131901292491463501635501819522091440228153023425702844070345-0.05-0.056-6.51-5.98-13.2-12.1-25.8-23.7-54.4-48.9-95.5-80.6-126-101-395-168-327-159-211-134-784-195-531-178-1570-236-2500-281-4060-345
3.8 36.9 61.7 90.3 118 152 190 249 350 550 952 1440 1530 2570 4070 -0.05 -6.51 -13.2 -25.8 -54.4 -95.5 -126 -395 -327 -211 -784 -531 -1570 -2500 -4060 3.3 33.799999999999997 55 77 95 113 129 146 163 181 209 228 234 284 345 -5.6000000000000001E-2 -5.98 -12.1 -23.7 -48.9 -80.599999999999994 -101 -168 -159 -134 -195 -178 -236 -281 -345
Sheet3Characteristic CurvemVmADiode2.330.032.930.0370.0370016732307443976867.77931218142008302918444263.160.034.540.0324.40.03700.031860.032700.045821.156172.396504.86666.844320.06-2.340.02-260.02-320.03-9900.04
2.33 2.93 7 700 732 744 768 793 814 830 844 3.16 4.54 24.4 70 186 270 582 617 650 666 432 -2.34 -26 -32 -990 0.03 0.03 0.03 16 30 39 67.7 121 200 291 426 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.1499999999999999 2.39 4.8 6.84 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04
Sheet5Characteristic CurveResistormVmA132k ohms2.28-0.00131-0.00115602320.0015300.0037220.00411110.00719900.01423600.01752000.03965400.04994300.071178000.135-2.32-0.001-33-0.001-283-0.003-1120-0.01-1850-0.015-3040-0.024-6940-0.054-10500-0.082-17800-0.138
2.2799999999999998 31 156 232 530 722 1111 1990 2360 5200 6540 9430 17800 -2.3199999999999998 -33 -283 -1120 -1850 -3040 -6940 -10500 -17800 -1E-3 -1E-3 0 1E-3 3.0000000000000001E-3 4.0000000000000001E-3 7.0000000000000001E-3 1.4E-2 1.7000000000000001E-2 3.9E-2 4.9000000000000002E-2 7.0999999999999994E-2 0.13500000000000001 -1E-3 -1E-3 -3.0000000000000001E-3 -0.01 -1.4999999999999999E-2 -2.4E-2 -5.3999999999999999E-2 -8.2000000000000003E-2 -0.13800000000000001
Resistor Circuits and Characteristic Curves
Purpose: In this lab we will introduce basic circuit analysis with series and parallel resistor circuits using Ohms Law and Kirchhoff’s laws. We will also introduce characteristic curves and diodes.
Introduction: Ohm’s Law is of general use with circuit elements, with parts of circuits, or with whole circuits. The voltage across a circuit element is equal to the resistance (or equivalent resistance) times the current flowing through the element. (V=IR)
Kirchhoff’s 1st Law of Circuits: The sum of voltages around a closed loop is equal to zero.
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The document is an abstract from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology discussing fault analysis on a three-phase, three-level grid-connected photovoltaic system. It presents models for the key components of the system - the photovoltaic array, three-level inverter, distribution network, and control algorithms. Dynamic models are developed in MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the system and analyze faults. The models account for factors like irradiance and temperature that impact photovoltaic output. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to reduce harmonic content from the three-level inverter. Simulation results are said to verify the effectiveness of the control system under different operating conditions.
4 direct current circuits
1) Kirchhoff's rules, based on conservation of energy and charge, can be used to analyze more complex circuits that cannot be reduced to a single equivalent resistor. The junction rule states that the sum of currents at a junction is zero, while the loop rule states that the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero.
2) To solve circuit problems using Kirchhoff's rules, the problem solver draws the circuit, assigns variables to unknowns, chooses current directions, writes equations using the junction and loop rules, and solves the equations simultaneously.
3) Circuits containing capacitors require analysis of how the current changes over time as the capacitor charges and discharges.
1.pptx4168484105164649489481510120165165161
The document provides an introduction to basic electronics components and concepts such as series and parallel circuits, resistance, resistors, switches, batteries, short circuits, breadboards, and homework involving common electronic parts. Key points covered include:
- Series circuits have components wired one after another, while parallel circuits have components wired side by side.
- Resistance controls the flow of electricity according to Ohm's Law. Resistors are used to add resistance and reduce current flow.
- Switches open or close circuits to control the flow of electricity. Batteries store and provide electrical power.
- Breadboards are used to prototype circuits and have rows to connect integrated circuit pins. Homework involves typical electronic parts like resistors, batteries
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
chapter28.ppt
1) Direct current circuits containing batteries, resistors, and capacitors are analyzed using techniques like Kirchhoff's rules. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents at a junction is zero, based on charge conservation. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero, based on energy conservation.
2) Resistors can be in series or parallel. Series resistors have the same current and added potentials, yielding a higher total resistance. Parallel resistors have the same potential and varying currents, yielding a lower total resistance.
3) RC circuits contain resistors and capacitors. A charging capacitor draws current that decays exponentially with the time constant RC. A discharging capacitor supplies
DC measurement.pptx
1) Direct current circuits containing batteries, resistors, and capacitors are analyzed using techniques like Kirchhoff's rules. Kirchhoff's junction rule states the sum of currents at a junction is zero, based on charge conservation. Kirchhoff's loop rule states the sum of potential differences around a closed loop is zero, based on energy conservation.
2) Resistors can be in series or parallel. Series resistors have the same current and added potentials, yielding a higher total resistance. Parallel resistors have the same potential and varying currents, yielding a lower total resistance.
3) RC circuits contain resistors and capacitors. A charging capacitor draws current that decays exponentially with the time constant RC. A discharging capacitor supplies
Circuits ch27
This document provides an overview of circuits and discusses single-loop circuits. Some key points:
- An emf device, like a battery, maintains a potential difference between its terminals by doing work on charge carriers as they flow from the negative to positive terminal.
- In a single-loop circuit with a battery and resistor, the battery drives current through the resistor from high to low potential.
- Using the energy method, the work done by the battery equals the thermal energy dissipated in the resistor, allowing the current to be calculated.
- Using the potential method and Kirchhoff's loop rule, the sum of potential differences around any complete loop must be zero, also allowing the
Fault identification in transformer winding
This document discusses fault identification in transformer windings during impulse testing. It presents an analysis of transformer winding current waveforms using both time-domain and frequency-domain (Fast Fourier Transform) methods to classify insulation failures. Simulation results are shown for a range of distribution transformer models with different fault types created at various locations. The proposed approach is applied to an analog model of a 12kVA single-phase transformer, with faults detected by analyzing the neutral currents under applied low voltage impulses.
Fault identification in transformer winding
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Similar to series paralle combination of cirucuits with diagram (20)
Sheet1ResistorcolorResistance (kohms)40 ohm resistor39.94 ohm1brow.docx
Sheet1ResistorcolorResistance (kohms)40 ohm resistor39.94 ohm1brow.docx
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...
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Call For Paper -3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advan...
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AI-Based Home Security System : Home security
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
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二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdf
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Mechatronics material . Mechanical engineering
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
一比一原版(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uoft毕业证书)加拿大多伦多大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
一比一原版(CalArts毕业证)加利福尼亚艺术学院毕业证如何办理
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
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Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
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