Controlled drainage significantly increased corn yields by 2.3% on average over 9 years compared to free drainage. The greatest impact was in dry years, with a 5.9% yield increase. Analysis of soil type and elevation found that controlled drainage benefits extended to higher elevations than expected and provided the most benefit to very poorly drained soils. This detailed study demonstrated methods for quantifying spatial and temporal variability in controlled drainage impacts.
This project aims to (1) evaluate transport processes of sediment, nutrients, and bacteria using hydrologic and water quality models, (2) evaluate the sensitivity of conservation practices on downstream water quality and quantity under climate change, and (3) develop extension programs to educate watershed stakeholders. The project uses models to simulate streamflow, crop yields, and water tables, which are calibrated and validated against field data from the Big Sunflower River watershed in Mississippi. Preliminary results show the impacts of crop rotations and tillage practices on groundwater and the potential effects of climate change on yields.
This document discusses drainage water management (DWM) practices such as controlled drainage in Ohio. It provides background on climate change impacts, long-term DWM studies, and lessons learned. DWM can reduce drainage outflows by 40% and nitrate loads by similar amounts while maintaining or increasing crop yields, particularly in drier years. However, benefits to phosphorus losses are variable. The document calls for more research on water and nutrient dynamics under DWM and automated management to maximize benefits. It also suggests recycling drainage water and subirrigation will be important for sustaining agriculture under increasing dryness from climate change.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of subsurface drainage and opportunities for controlled drainage in eastern South Dakota. The study used a 63-year simulation to analyze water yield from drained and undrained soils. It found that controlled drainage could have saved water in 36 of the 63 years by preventing it from leaving the field. Controlled drainage was most beneficial in wet years, preserving soil moisture 100% of the time in the wettest 25% of years. However, more research is still needed on how controlled drainage affects crop yields and downstream nutrient loads.
This document summarizes a study that used the RZWQM2 model to simulate different drip fertigation management scenarios for maize growth in a solar greenhouse. The model was calibrated based on one scenario and validated against five other scenarios that varied irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Simulation results showed the model accurately predicted soil moisture, leaf area index, plant height, and yield. The model was then used to identify optimal scenarios for maximum yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency among different irrigation and fertilization rates.
The document discusses research on the impacts of elevated CO2 levels on wheat production in Australia. Key findings include:
- Wheat grown under elevated CO2 (550 ppm) at two sites in Australia showed yield increases of 22-61% depending on location and year. More stimulation was seen at the drier location.
- Elevated CO2 decreased grain protein levels by 4-13% but increased nitrogen uptake in straw and grains by 24-63%. This has implications for wheat quality and nitrogen management.
- Crop modeling found that despite experimental yield increases under elevated CO2, future changes in rainfall and temperature are predicted to result in yield losses of 10-20% in some regions and gains of 10
Climate Change and Future Food Security: The Impacts on root and Tuber CropsACDI/VOCA
Background: Climate Sensitivity of Agriculture
Importance or Root Crops to Jamaican Food Security
Estimating Yields (Manually)- Yield vs. Climate Dilemma
Methodology: Tools and Approaches
Results: Parameterization, Future Production under Climate Change
Conclusions: Climate Smart Implications & Main lessons learnt
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATIONDebjyoti Majumder
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on crop water productivity and mitigation strategies. It begins with definitions of climate change and the greenhouse effect. It then shows data on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global temperatures. Various impacts are described, such as effects on crop yields from increased temperature and CO2 levels. Strategies to improve water use efficiency and mitigate impacts are covered, such as mulching, land configuration, irrigation scheduling and precision land leveling. Overall, the document analyzes how climate change affects crop water productivity and different agricultural practices that can help address this.
This project aims to (1) evaluate transport processes of sediment, nutrients, and bacteria using hydrologic and water quality models, (2) evaluate the sensitivity of conservation practices on downstream water quality and quantity under climate change, and (3) develop extension programs to educate watershed stakeholders. The project uses models to simulate streamflow, crop yields, and water tables, which are calibrated and validated against field data from the Big Sunflower River watershed in Mississippi. Preliminary results show the impacts of crop rotations and tillage practices on groundwater and the potential effects of climate change on yields.
This document discusses drainage water management (DWM) practices such as controlled drainage in Ohio. It provides background on climate change impacts, long-term DWM studies, and lessons learned. DWM can reduce drainage outflows by 40% and nitrate loads by similar amounts while maintaining or increasing crop yields, particularly in drier years. However, benefits to phosphorus losses are variable. The document calls for more research on water and nutrient dynamics under DWM and automated management to maximize benefits. It also suggests recycling drainage water and subirrigation will be important for sustaining agriculture under increasing dryness from climate change.
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of subsurface drainage and opportunities for controlled drainage in eastern South Dakota. The study used a 63-year simulation to analyze water yield from drained and undrained soils. It found that controlled drainage could have saved water in 36 of the 63 years by preventing it from leaving the field. Controlled drainage was most beneficial in wet years, preserving soil moisture 100% of the time in the wettest 25% of years. However, more research is still needed on how controlled drainage affects crop yields and downstream nutrient loads.
This document summarizes a study that used the RZWQM2 model to simulate different drip fertigation management scenarios for maize growth in a solar greenhouse. The model was calibrated based on one scenario and validated against five other scenarios that varied irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates. Simulation results showed the model accurately predicted soil moisture, leaf area index, plant height, and yield. The model was then used to identify optimal scenarios for maximum yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency among different irrigation and fertilization rates.
The document discusses research on the impacts of elevated CO2 levels on wheat production in Australia. Key findings include:
- Wheat grown under elevated CO2 (550 ppm) at two sites in Australia showed yield increases of 22-61% depending on location and year. More stimulation was seen at the drier location.
- Elevated CO2 decreased grain protein levels by 4-13% but increased nitrogen uptake in straw and grains by 24-63%. This has implications for wheat quality and nitrogen management.
- Crop modeling found that despite experimental yield increases under elevated CO2, future changes in rainfall and temperature are predicted to result in yield losses of 10-20% in some regions and gains of 10
Climate Change and Future Food Security: The Impacts on root and Tuber CropsACDI/VOCA
Background: Climate Sensitivity of Agriculture
Importance or Root Crops to Jamaican Food Security
Estimating Yields (Manually)- Yield vs. Climate Dilemma
Methodology: Tools and Approaches
Results: Parameterization, Future Production under Climate Change
Conclusions: Climate Smart Implications & Main lessons learnt
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CROP WATER PRODUCTIVITY - IMPACT AND MITIGATIONDebjyoti Majumder
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on crop water productivity and mitigation strategies. It begins with definitions of climate change and the greenhouse effect. It then shows data on increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and rising global temperatures. Various impacts are described, such as effects on crop yields from increased temperature and CO2 levels. Strategies to improve water use efficiency and mitigate impacts are covered, such as mulching, land configuration, irrigation scheduling and precision land leveling. Overall, the document analyzes how climate change affects crop water productivity and different agricultural practices that can help address this.
This meta-analysis examined the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) practices on crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa based on 42 peer-reviewed studies. It found that yields varied widely but that mulching and crop rotations had the largest positive effects, with mulching yielding increases of up to 378 kg/ha. Short-term yields were variable but long-term yields increased over time as CA improved soil properties. Yields responded best to CA in combination with fertilizer use and on loamy soils. Seasonal rainfall patterns also influenced yields, with larger increases under CA in drier and wetter climates. The analysis concluded that mulching, rotations, and fertilization are needed for effective long-term yield benefits from conservation agriculture
Dr. Alex Lindsey - Adverse Weather Conditions and Corn Management PracticesJohn Blue
Adverse Weather Conditions and Corn Management Practices - Dr. Alex Lindsey, OSU Crop Physiologist, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Drought stress Effects and Breeding StrategiesDr. Nimit Kumar
The document discusses the effects of drought stress on plants and breeding strategies to improve drought tolerance. It describes how drought stress reduces growth, photosynthesis, protein content, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in plants. Drought stress also decreases chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars and carbohydrates. The document outlines different strategies plants use to cope with drought, including drought escape, dehydration avoidance, and dehydration tolerance. It emphasizes that drought stress is a major abiotic stress that reduces crop yields worldwide and discusses approaches plant breeders use to develop drought tolerant crop varieties.
This document summarizes a study on the viability of growing shrub willow as a bioenergy buffer crop on agricultural fields in the US Midwest to improve sustainability. Key findings include that shrub willow buffers substantially improved nitrogen use efficiency, produced comparable biomass yields to unfertilized monocultures, improved water quality by reducing soil and nitrogen losses, and provided other ecosystem services. However, shrub willow did not provide positive net revenue due to high land rental costs. It could be more economically competitive than corn in marginal soils or when considering the monetary value of ecosystem services provided. While not financially viable on its own currently, integrating shrub willow buffers shows potential to improve the environmental sustainability of agroecos
Potential soil organic matter benefits from mixed farming: evidence from long...Sustainable Food Trust
David Powlson's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
RZWQM2-P was tested for its ability to predict hydrology and phosphorus transport from a subsurface drained field. The model accurately predicted drainage discharge (NSE=0.66-0.76) but underestimated total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus losses (NSE=0.31-0.46, PBIAS=-32.52 to -61.63%). The model was not sensitive to changes in fertilizer application rates and could not distribute phosphorus to drainage discharge under surface ponding conditions. Using high-resolution daily data revealed more variability in phosphorus concentrations than previous studies using aggregated flow data, important for validating the model. More testing is needed to improve the phosphorus simulation component of RZW
The document discusses a study on deep percolation from surface irrigated water intensive crop fields like paddy and berseem crops. It outlines the objectives, which are to estimate deep percolation using water balance and physically based models employing drainage lysimeters. It describes the experimental methods including soil property tests, field instrumentation, crop growth monitoring, soil moisture and percolation measurement. Preliminary results comparing measured and computed deep percolation using a modified water balance model are also presented.
Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought toleranceShoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated 50 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Several physiological and morphological traits were measured under drought and control conditions, including relative water content, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, fresh/dry weight, root/shoot length, and root/shoot ratio. The genotypes ETAD232, ETAD19, and ETAD211 generally performed best under drought conditions based on these traits, maintaining higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability compared to other genotypes. ETAD232 in particular displayed strong performance across multiple traits. The study aims to identify drought tolerant wheat germplasm that can be used to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.
Session 6.5 modelling the effects of adopting agroforestry on basin scale run...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
1) The study used the SWAT model to simulate the impacts of land use change on hydrologic services in the Gabayan watershed in the Philippines under three scenarios: current land use (S0), degraded land use (S1), and conservation agriculture with agroforestry (S2).
2) Results showed that S1 increased surface runoff, reduced gradual release of water flows, increased sediment yield 155% and sediment concentration 165% compared to S0.
3) S2 was found to improve hydrologic indicators, increasing gradual release and reducing sediment yield by 20% and sediment concentration in critical sub-basins by 35% compared to S1.
This document summarizes the findings of a long-term study on the impacts of land management practices on runoff and water quality in the Black Brook watershed in Atlantic Canada. The study monitored various variables including land use, hydrology, water quality, weather, and agricultural operations from 1992 to 2013. Key findings include: (1) increased terrace coverage is the most effective practice at reducing soil erosion and sediment load at the watershed level; (2) sediment load and concentration decrease with increasing terrace area and snow depth; and (3) over 60% of the annual nutrient, sediment and runoff loads occur during the snowmelt season from December to April.
Remote Sensing for Assessing Crop Residue Cover and Soil Tillage IntensityCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
A presentation of work on long-term rotations, soil biology, tillage, nutrient availability and compaction in northern cotton farming systems by Dr Guna Nachimuthu, NSW DPI Narrabri, to Soil Science Australia's Riverina branch workshop on "Parna and Cotton Soils" held at Yanco on 29 April 2021.
1) Models can help assess the effects of management practices on greenhouse gas balances from grasslands over time by accounting for spatial and temporal variations, which makes direct measurement and verification difficult.
2) Models allow evaluation of co-mitigation and adaptation options under current and future climate conditions to future-proof mitigation strategies.
3) Farm-scale models can compare systems and scale results to individual farms by generating emission factors for estimating direct nitrous oxide emissions from grazed pastures.
The document summarizes a study on the impact of climate factors like temperature and moisture on peatland soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export. The objectives were to measure the effect of temperature and moisture on peatland soil pore-water DOC concentration and calibrate a watershed loading functions model (GWLF) to hindcast past DOC export based on historical weather data. The study found that temperature did affect DOC concentration and that increased moisture led to higher DOC levels. The calibrated GWLF model was deemed a useful tool to estimate past and future DOC export from peatlands, which has implications for carbon budgeting, peatland preservation, and drinking water treatment processes.
Challenges in current & Future irrigation managementMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses challenges in current and future irrigation management in Bangladesh. It identifies the key driving forces as water availability, economics, environment, climate change, social factors, and policies. Groundwater levels are declining across the country due to over-pumping. Bangladesh's geo-physical position and climate change are leading to more adverse weather conditions like droughts, floods, and salinity. Various strategies are proposed to cope with water shortage, including increasing supply through methods like rubber dams and recharge wells, and reducing demand through adjusted cropping patterns and irrigation scheduling.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of cropping sequences on reclamation of pipeline land in Western North Dakota. The key points are:
1) A 36-inch pipeline was installed in 2015, disturbing 200 feet of cropland. Three disturbance areas - pipeline, roadway, and undisturbed - were identified for study.
2) Cropping sequences including annual crops like durum, peas, barley and perennial grasses/alfalfa were evaluated over 5 years to determine best practices for reclamation.
3) Initial results found reduced yields and income in the pipeline and roadway areas compared to undisturbed land. Additional treatments like ripping and manure application will also be
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
This document summarizes a presentation about using process models to help build trust and understanding when implementing edge of field conservation practices. It discusses how process models can help various stakeholders like conservation professionals, landowners, cities, and contractors understand the time and resources required. It provides examples of process models created for constructed wetlands, saturated buffers, and bioreactors. The presentation discusses the goals of helping more stakeholders and expanding the models, as well as thanking collaborators on the project.
This document discusses the challenges of meeting nitrogen reduction goals in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. It notes that meeting the nutrient reduction goals will be a massive effort that requires a mix of practices across Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, including wetlands, drainage treatment, and stacked practices. However, there are also many challenges to implementing the necessary practices, including economics, human/social factors, delivery challenges, risk management, climate change, and the need for further research. The document emphasizes that understanding the large scale of the challenge is needed to make progress toward the nutrient reduction goals.
More Related Content
Similar to September 1 - 0853 - Jane Frankenberger
This meta-analysis examined the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) practices on crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa based on 42 peer-reviewed studies. It found that yields varied widely but that mulching and crop rotations had the largest positive effects, with mulching yielding increases of up to 378 kg/ha. Short-term yields were variable but long-term yields increased over time as CA improved soil properties. Yields responded best to CA in combination with fertilizer use and on loamy soils. Seasonal rainfall patterns also influenced yields, with larger increases under CA in drier and wetter climates. The analysis concluded that mulching, rotations, and fertilization are needed for effective long-term yield benefits from conservation agriculture
Dr. Alex Lindsey - Adverse Weather Conditions and Corn Management PracticesJohn Blue
Adverse Weather Conditions and Corn Management Practices - Dr. Alex Lindsey, OSU Crop Physiologist, from the 2020 Conservation Tillage and Technology Conference, held March 3-4, 2020, Ada, OH, USA.
Drought stress Effects and Breeding StrategiesDr. Nimit Kumar
The document discusses the effects of drought stress on plants and breeding strategies to improve drought tolerance. It describes how drought stress reduces growth, photosynthesis, protein content, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake in plants. Drought stress also decreases chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars and carbohydrates. The document outlines different strategies plants use to cope with drought, including drought escape, dehydration avoidance, and dehydration tolerance. It emphasizes that drought stress is a major abiotic stress that reduces crop yields worldwide and discusses approaches plant breeders use to develop drought tolerant crop varieties.
This document summarizes a study on the viability of growing shrub willow as a bioenergy buffer crop on agricultural fields in the US Midwest to improve sustainability. Key findings include that shrub willow buffers substantially improved nitrogen use efficiency, produced comparable biomass yields to unfertilized monocultures, improved water quality by reducing soil and nitrogen losses, and provided other ecosystem services. However, shrub willow did not provide positive net revenue due to high land rental costs. It could be more economically competitive than corn in marginal soils or when considering the monetary value of ecosystem services provided. While not financially viable on its own currently, integrating shrub willow buffers shows potential to improve the environmental sustainability of agroecos
Potential soil organic matter benefits from mixed farming: evidence from long...Sustainable Food Trust
David Powlson's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
RZWQM2-P was tested for its ability to predict hydrology and phosphorus transport from a subsurface drained field. The model accurately predicted drainage discharge (NSE=0.66-0.76) but underestimated total phosphorus and dissolved reactive phosphorus losses (NSE=0.31-0.46, PBIAS=-32.52 to -61.63%). The model was not sensitive to changes in fertilizer application rates and could not distribute phosphorus to drainage discharge under surface ponding conditions. Using high-resolution daily data revealed more variability in phosphorus concentrations than previous studies using aggregated flow data, important for validating the model. More testing is needed to improve the phosphorus simulation component of RZW
The document discusses a study on deep percolation from surface irrigated water intensive crop fields like paddy and berseem crops. It outlines the objectives, which are to estimate deep percolation using water balance and physically based models employing drainage lysimeters. It describes the experimental methods including soil property tests, field instrumentation, crop growth monitoring, soil moisture and percolation measurement. Preliminary results comparing measured and computed deep percolation using a modified water balance model are also presented.
Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought toleranceShoaib Ur Rehman
This study evaluated 50 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Several physiological and morphological traits were measured under drought and control conditions, including relative water content, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, fresh/dry weight, root/shoot length, and root/shoot ratio. The genotypes ETAD232, ETAD19, and ETAD211 generally performed best under drought conditions based on these traits, maintaining higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability compared to other genotypes. ETAD232 in particular displayed strong performance across multiple traits. The study aims to identify drought tolerant wheat germplasm that can be used to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.
Session 6.5 modelling the effects of adopting agroforestry on basin scale run...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
1) The study used the SWAT model to simulate the impacts of land use change on hydrologic services in the Gabayan watershed in the Philippines under three scenarios: current land use (S0), degraded land use (S1), and conservation agriculture with agroforestry (S2).
2) Results showed that S1 increased surface runoff, reduced gradual release of water flows, increased sediment yield 155% and sediment concentration 165% compared to S0.
3) S2 was found to improve hydrologic indicators, increasing gradual release and reducing sediment yield by 20% and sediment concentration in critical sub-basins by 35% compared to S1.
This document summarizes the findings of a long-term study on the impacts of land management practices on runoff and water quality in the Black Brook watershed in Atlantic Canada. The study monitored various variables including land use, hydrology, water quality, weather, and agricultural operations from 1992 to 2013. Key findings include: (1) increased terrace coverage is the most effective practice at reducing soil erosion and sediment load at the watershed level; (2) sediment load and concentration decrease with increasing terrace area and snow depth; and (3) over 60% of the annual nutrient, sediment and runoff loads occur during the snowmelt season from December to April.
Remote Sensing for Assessing Crop Residue Cover and Soil Tillage IntensityCIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Universal soil loss equation, soil loss estimation, factors of USLE, its use and limitation, soil loss measurement by multi slot divisor and coshocton wheel sampler
A presentation of work on long-term rotations, soil biology, tillage, nutrient availability and compaction in northern cotton farming systems by Dr Guna Nachimuthu, NSW DPI Narrabri, to Soil Science Australia's Riverina branch workshop on "Parna and Cotton Soils" held at Yanco on 29 April 2021.
1) Models can help assess the effects of management practices on greenhouse gas balances from grasslands over time by accounting for spatial and temporal variations, which makes direct measurement and verification difficult.
2) Models allow evaluation of co-mitigation and adaptation options under current and future climate conditions to future-proof mitigation strategies.
3) Farm-scale models can compare systems and scale results to individual farms by generating emission factors for estimating direct nitrous oxide emissions from grazed pastures.
The document summarizes a study on the impact of climate factors like temperature and moisture on peatland soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export. The objectives were to measure the effect of temperature and moisture on peatland soil pore-water DOC concentration and calibrate a watershed loading functions model (GWLF) to hindcast past DOC export based on historical weather data. The study found that temperature did affect DOC concentration and that increased moisture led to higher DOC levels. The calibrated GWLF model was deemed a useful tool to estimate past and future DOC export from peatlands, which has implications for carbon budgeting, peatland preservation, and drinking water treatment processes.
Challenges in current & Future irrigation managementMahbubul Hassan
This document discusses challenges in current and future irrigation management in Bangladesh. It identifies the key driving forces as water availability, economics, environment, climate change, social factors, and policies. Groundwater levels are declining across the country due to over-pumping. Bangladesh's geo-physical position and climate change are leading to more adverse weather conditions like droughts, floods, and salinity. Various strategies are proposed to cope with water shortage, including increasing supply through methods like rubber dams and recharge wells, and reducing demand through adjusted cropping patterns and irrigation scheduling.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of cropping sequences on reclamation of pipeline land in Western North Dakota. The key points are:
1) A 36-inch pipeline was installed in 2015, disturbing 200 feet of cropland. Three disturbance areas - pipeline, roadway, and undisturbed - were identified for study.
2) Cropping sequences including annual crops like durum, peas, barley and perennial grasses/alfalfa were evaluated over 5 years to determine best practices for reclamation.
3) Initial results found reduced yields and income in the pipeline and roadway areas compared to undisturbed land. Additional treatments like ripping and manure application will also be
Presentation delivered by Dr. Graham Farquhar (The Australian National University, Australia) at Borlaug Summit on Wheat for Food Security. March 25 - 28, 2014, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
http://www.borlaug100.org
The document discusses the benefits of growing cover crops for building soil health. Some key benefits mentioned include improved soil structure and organic matter content, reduced erosion, increased moisture retention and nutrient cycling. Cover crops can improve soil biology by adding carbon and root biomass. Their root systems and residues help with compaction reduction and weed and pest suppression. Proper cover crop selection and management is important to maximize these soil health benefits. The document provides information on choosing cover crops that fit within crop rotations and managing them effectively.
Similar to September 1 - 0853 - Jane Frankenberger (20)
This document summarizes a presentation about using process models to help build trust and understanding when implementing edge of field conservation practices. It discusses how process models can help various stakeholders like conservation professionals, landowners, cities, and contractors understand the time and resources required. It provides examples of process models created for constructed wetlands, saturated buffers, and bioreactors. The presentation discusses the goals of helping more stakeholders and expanding the models, as well as thanking collaborators on the project.
This document discusses the challenges of meeting nitrogen reduction goals in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. It notes that meeting the nutrient reduction goals will be a massive effort that requires a mix of practices across Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, including wetlands, drainage treatment, and stacked practices. However, there are also many challenges to implementing the necessary practices, including economics, human/social factors, delivery challenges, risk management, climate change, and the need for further research. The document emphasizes that understanding the large scale of the challenge is needed to make progress toward the nutrient reduction goals.
The document summarizes a meta-analysis that compared the nitrate removal performance of different substrates used in denitrifying bioreactors. It found that wood media had the highest nitrate removal rate (NRR) and percentage (NRE), followed by mulch media, nutshell-based media, and inorganic media. However, when considering cost-effectiveness, woodchip and corn cob were the most economical natural organic carbon substrates. Overall, the analysis suggests that mulch media is the optimal material for nitrate removal due to its low cost and potential to overcome deficiencies in other media types.
The document summarizes an investigation into phosphorus transport dynamics in subsurface drainage using high-frequency measurements. Key findings include:
1) TRP concentration had a dynamic pattern that was strongly influenced by drainage discharge levels, highlighting the need for high-resolution sampling.
2) Event flows contributed 78% of the total TRP load despite comprising only 50% of total flow.
3) Flow-proportional sampling strategies provided more accurate TRP load estimates than time-proportional strategies and were more cost-effective. Targeting high flow periods is important for reducing phosphorus loss.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated a procedure for prioritizing maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches. The study measured the critical shear stress of soils using a cohesive strength meter to assess their susceptibility to erosion. Soils with higher root densities and those treated with mixed lime showed higher critical shear stresses, meaning they were less susceptible to erosion. Measurements of pressure on the soil surface during testing were mostly lower than estimates from other studies. The procedure effectively identified the relative erosion resistance of different soils, aiding prioritization of drainage ditch maintenance needs.
ISG worked with Blue Earth County to digitize and modernize their drainage data. They georeferenced existing plans, digitized drainage features, attributed data to the digitized features, and created a geodatabase to house the updated drainage data. This project consolidated Blue Earth County's drainage records, improved data accuracy, and established a process for ISG and the County to regularly update the drainage data going forward. The updated digital records will benefit Blue Earth County, ISG, other engineering firms, and the public.
This document summarizes the results of Latvia's long-term Agricultural Runoff Monitoring programme, which aims to document nutrient concentrations and losses at different spatial and temporal scales. The monitoring covers groundwater, experimental drainage plots, subsurface drainage fields, small catchments, and small/medium rivers at 23 sites. Results show discharge and nutrient concentration data varying by location, scale of monitoring, and between years with flooding or drought. Nutrient levels differed between the Berze and Mellupite monitoring sites and across groundwater, drainage plots, and catchment scales. The programme provides long-term data on agricultural nonpoint source pollution across Latvia.
This document summarizes an applied research and demonstration project evaluating soil and water management practices in undulating soils in southwestern Manitoba. The project aims to reduce nitrogen, phosphorus and salt export while improving drought resiliency. Preliminary results show tile drainage is lowering water tables most in lower landscape positions, with soil moisture responding rapidly in drained areas. Tile flow rates increase with decreasing elevation. Water quality measurements also show higher salt concentrations in lower positions. Next steps include water quality treatment analysis, long-term monitoring, modeling, knowledge transfer and reporting.
This document summarizes a coordinated research network studying the impacts of 4R nutrient stewardship practices on crop yields, soil health, and nutrient losses across sites in North America. The network included 8 research sites across 6 states/provinces from 2017-2020. Treatments included different fertilizer application timings, placements, sources, and rates. Standardized data collection allowed comparisons across sites. Preliminary findings showed 4R and advanced 4R practices improved nutrient use efficiency and reduced nitrogen losses while maintaining crop yields. Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching losses decreased under improved nutrient management, though impacts varied between sites and years. Ongoing research aims to further quantify environmental benefits and optimize fertilizer practices.
The document summarizes research on managing drainage water in the Holland Marsh region of Ontario to improve water quality and agricultural productivity. Key points:
- The Holland Marsh is an important vegetable growing region on organic soils, but drainage into Lake Simcoe contributes excess nutrients.
- A study evaluated controlling water tables with controlled drainage to reduce pumping and nutrient loads in drainage water. Modeling and monitoring found it effective for water conservation but more limited for nutrient reductions.
- Soil phosphorus pools, particularly aluminum and iron-bound phosphorus, were found to influence phosphorus levels in drainage water more than drainage management alone. Fertilizer applications exceeded crop needs, accumulating legacy phosphorus in soils over time.
This document summarizes a study comparing the effects of conventional ditch drainage (FD) and shallow furrow drainage with tile (SD) on crop yields and water quality in eastern North Carolina. Preliminary results found that SD led to a 68% reduction in drainage volume, 80% less nitrate export, and higher average soybean (+9.1%) and corn (+3.7%) yields compared to FD. SD also requires less land area than FD, has lower maintenance needs, and shows potential to improve water quality and agricultural productivity with more efficient drainage management. The research aims to further quantify these impacts of SD drainage design.
1) DRAINMOD simulations were conducted for a field in Harrow, Ontario with an asymmetrical drainage system to determine the best approach to simulate drain outflow. 2) Four approaches using different drain spacings were tested: 3.8m, 5.06m, 7.6m, and 15.2m. 3) The mean absolute error and root mean square error for each approach were acceptable, indicating drain spacing had little impact on outflow simulation, though it did impact soil moisture parameters.
This document discusses how the choice of pipe material influences drain spacing and system cost. It finds that pipe with more rows of perforations, such as an 8-row regular perforated pipe, has a higher effective radius than a 4-row pipe, allowing for wider drain spacing. Experiments show that a sock-wrapped pipe has the highest drain inflow of the pipes tested, both with and without drain sedimentation present. The key takeaways are that the number of perforation rows and slot length most impact effective radius and drain flow, and a sock-wrapped pipe performs best in terms of drain inflow and spacing.
This document summarizes research conducted by the Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) on the installation of corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) agricultural drainage pipe. It describes field testing of 30-inch HDPE dual-wall pipe installed at a test site in Ohio, including instrumentation to monitor strain and deflection. Finite element modeling was also used to analyze trench configurations. The research aims to update industry guidance documents to optimize pipe installation practices and trench designs. PPI members also work to increase the use of recycled HDPE and PP materials in pipe production.
The document discusses Ohio's H2Ohio water quality initiative and its funding of conservation practices including two-stage ditches. It launched in 2019 with $172 million to reduce phosphorus runoff from farms using best management practices like wetlands, buffers, and two-stage ditches. A $5 million grant program was announced to fund two-stage ditch projects based on design guidelines. The document provides details on the grant application process, design requirements using regional curves, and goals to fund 20 projects for 30 miles of ditches at $30 per foot on average.
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September 1 - 0853 - Jane Frankenberger
1. IMPACT OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE
ON CROP YIELD
INCLUDING WITHIN-FIELD
VARIABILITY
Amanda Baird, former graduate student
Jane Frankenberger, Professor
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Laura Bowling, Professor
Eileen Kladivko, Professor,
Department of Agronomy
Purdue University
1
2. Controlled Drainage Yield Impacts: Mixed Findings in Published Studies
2
Yield decrease: Helmers et
al. 2012; No significant
effect: Schott et al. 2017
No significant effect:
Cooke & Verma, 2012 Corn yield increase:
Delbecq et al., 2012
Yield increase:
Poole et al., 2013
Yield increase: Ghane et al.,
2012
Photo: Nations Online Project
No significant effect: Tan et
al., 1998; Drury et al., 2009
Corn Yield decrease (1 yr only):
Smith & Kelllman, 2010
Yield increase:
Wesstrom & Messing, 2007
Yield increase: Sunohara et
al., 2014; Crabbe et al., 2012
No significant effect for
corn; Yield increase for
soybeans: Jaynes et al., 2012
No significant effect:
Fausey, 2005
3. Controlled Drainage Yield Impacts: Unpublished Studies
3
Photo: Nations Online Project
Yield data from 13 sites (55 site years) recently analyzed together
(Youssef, Strock, Bagheria, Reinhart, Abendroth, Chighladze, Ghane, Shedekar, Fausey, Frankenberger,
Helmers, Jaynes, Kladivko, Negm, Nelson, Pease, “Controlled drainage impacts on corn yield under varying
precipitation patterns: A synthesis of studies across the U.S. Midwest and Southeast”, submitted)
SD – Clay County
MN – Redwood County
MO – Knox County 1 and 2
Randolph County,
Indiana
5. 5
Abendroth, L.J., Chighladze, G.,
Frankenberger, J.R., Bowling, L.C.,
Helmers, M.J., Herzmann, D.E., Jia,
X., Kjaersgaard, J., Pease, L.A.,
Reinhart, B.D. and Strock, J., 2022.
Paired field and water
measurements from drainage
management practices in
row-crop agriculture.
Scientific Data, 9(1), pp.1-13.
6. More detailed analysis of within-field spatial
variability (soil, elevation) and year-to-year
temporal variability (dry vs wet years) could help
clarify the interactions.
The objective of this study was to
• evaluate the effect of controlled drainage on
corn and soybean yield in a 13-year
experiment in eastern Indiana
• determine how soil type and elevation in dry
and wet years influence the effect.
6
Objectives
8. The site is described in the
Transforming Drainage Database site
summary and in previous papers:
1. Delbecq, B.A., Brown, J.P., Florax, R.J., Kladivko, E.J., Nistor, A.P. and
Lowenberg-DeBoer, J.M., 2012. The impact of drainage water
management technology on corn yields. Agronomy journal, 104(4),
pp.1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0003
2. Saadat, S., Bowling, L., Frankenberger, J. and Brooks, K., 2017. Effects of
controlled drainage on water table recession rate. Trans. ASABE, 60(3),
813. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.11922
3. Saadat, S., Bowling, L., Frankenberger, J., & Kladivko, E., 2018a.
Estimating drain flow from measured water table depth in layered soils
under free and controlled drainage. J. of Hydrol., 556, 339-348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.11.001
4. Saadat, S., Bowling, L., Frankenberger, J. and Kladivko, E., 2018b. Nitrate
and phosphorus transport through subsurface drains under free and
controlled drainage. Water Res., 142, 196-207.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.040
5. Saadat, S., Frankenberger, J., Bowling, L. and Ale, S., 2020. Evaluation of
surface ponding and runoff generation in a seasonally frozen drained
agricultural field. Journal of Hydrology, 588, p.124985.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124985
8
9. • Data set contained 9 years of corn yield
data and 4 years of soybean yield
• Geo-referenced yield points were collected
by an Ag Leader Integra yield monitor
• Points adjusted for delay, flow,
moisture, and header width
• End rows were removed
9
Raw Yield Data 2009
Processed Yield Data 2009
Yield Data Collection
10. A grid of 10 by 10 meter cells was created (1019 total cells).
The average of all the yield points within each cell was calculated, for each year.
10
Yield Analysis
1
1
16
11. 2010 Yield (MT ha-1 )
Controlled
Free
The grid allowed for a numbering
system of columns (i) and rows (j)
for each cell
11
Yield Analysis
1
1
16
34,1
34,16
i , j
i , j
12. Majority soil type in each cell Elevation range in each cell
Water Control Structure
12
Blount (somewhat poorly drained)
Condit (poorly drained)
Pewamo (very poorly drained)
Analysis by Soil type and Elevation above structure
15. For the spatial and temporal analysis a linear mixed model was created.
𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑗𝑡 = 𝛽0 + 𝑋𝑖𝑗𝑡β + 𝑟𝑖𝑗 + ε𝑖𝑗𝑡
• Fixed effects 𝑋𝑖𝑗𝑡β are drainage treatment (free or controlled drainage), soil
drainage class, elevation, and wetness classification
• Random effects rij account for the repeated measures because the same yield cells
were being analyzed year after year.
• Spatial correlation is contained in the error by assuming the spatial covariance
structure: 𝜎2
ex𝑝{−𝑑𝑖𝑗/𝜃}
• dij is the Euclidean distance between i columns and j rows
• 𝜃 is an estimated parameter from the model
15
Statistical Analysis
Thanks to Tianyang Hu from the Purdue Statistical Consulting Service for assisting with the linear mixed model.
16. Results
Whole field over all years
Whole field by wetness classification
Moisture in an individual year
Soil type impact
Elevation impact
16
17. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2014 2016 Average
Corn
Yield
(Mg
ha-1)
17
4%
6%
5%
5%
Year by Year Corn Results
4%
or means significant difference at p=.05
2.3%
18. 0
1
2
3
4
5
2011 2013 2015 2017 Average
Soybean
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
18
Year by Year Soybean Results
or means significant difference at p=.05
19. 19
* indicates significant difference at p-value=.05
Wetness Classification Impact for Corn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dry Normal Wet
Corn
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
Yearly Wetness Classification
*5.9%
significant
increase
a
b
c c
ad d
20. 20
Wetness Classification Impact for Soybean
0
1
2
3
4
5
Dry Normal Wet
Soybean
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
Yearly Wetness Classification
a a b ab
c c
21. 21
Examining Moisture Patterns of Individual Years
The yield benefits of controlled drainage are known to be strongly influenced by the temporal pattern of
precipitation and water storage in the soil, but this is difficult to quantify in a single metric.
Example of 2009, a Dry Year with significant increase in yield from CD:
22. 22
Example of effect in a dry year with rainfall after outlet raised
A small amount of drain
flow occurred after the
outlet elevation was
raised in June.
This successfully kept the
water table higher in the
NW (CD) plot (55 days
above drain in CD vs 10 days
in FD).
Yield was 5.4%
higher in CD.
23. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dry Normal Wet Overall Average
Corn
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
23
* significant difference at p-value=.05
VP* P* SWP
VP P SWP
VP* P SWP* VP* P SWP
Soil Type Impact for Corn
VP= Very poorly drained P= Poorly SWP= Somewhat poorly
24. 0
1
2
3
4
5
Soybean
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
24
Dry Normal Wet
VP* P SWP VP P SWP
VP* P SWP
Overall Average
VP* P SWP
Soil Type Impact for Soybean
VP= Very poorly drained P= Poorly SWP= Somewhat poorly * significant difference at p-value=.05
25. • Across all soil drainage classes, the effect of
controlled drainage on corn yield was greatest
in dry years, as expected.
• The VPD soil had the greatest positive
response to controlled drainage, in both dry
and wet years, which was surprising. Possible
explanations:
• The very poorly drained soil type is more
prominent in the CD quadrants.
• The early wet conditions may have caused the crop
roots to be stunted, exacerbating water stress later
in the season that could be alleviated by the added
water storage of controlled drainage.
25
Discussion – soil type effect
Majority soil type in each cell
Blount (somewhat poorly drained - SWP)
Condit (poorly drained - PD)
Pewamo (very poorly drained - VPD)
26. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Dry Normal Wet Overall Average
Corn
yield
(Mg
ha-1)
26
<30 30-60* >60*
<30 30-60 >60
<30 30-60 >60 <30 30-60 >60*
Elevation Impact on Corn Yield
* significant difference at p-value=.05
28. • Across all elevations, the increase in yield was
greatest in the dry years, as expected.
• The yield increase was greatest at the highest
elevations (> 60 cm above the control structure),
which was not expected.
• A common assumption that the yield benefit of CD
does not extend above 60 cm of elevation above
the structure might need to be reconsidered.
Possible considerations:
• Extensive capillary rise in these fine-textured soils
• Stress due to lack of water in dry years has more
potential to reduce yield at higher locations in the
field, increasing the potential for yield improvements
from CD at these elevations.
28
Discussion – elevation effect
29. Controlled drainage significantly increased corn yield:
• 2.3% for the 9-year average
• In 6 out of 9 years
• 5.9% in dry years
No significant yield effect on soybeans
Grid based analysis with the linear mixed model
accounting for autocorrelation allowed for the
analysis of the impact of soil drainage class and
elevation on CD.
This method could be used in other studies when
GPS yield monitor data is available, to determine
spatially and temporally varying yield impacts of
controlled drainage.
29
Conclusions
Editor's Notes
However, published yield studies have shown mixed results. Looking at these studies by location we can see that crop yield increases (CLICK) have been found in Sweden, North Carolina, and Indiana. While (CLICK) Ohio, Canada, and Iowa have found fixed results within their locations. Canada and Ohio have studies that found increases and studied that found no effect on yield.
In Iowa CD reduced yield and another study found no effect.
In Onslow Canada they found a 14% reduction on corn yield with CD and (CLICK) IL found no effect.
Most of these studies analyzed less than four years of crop yield data. Long term studies on how CD impacts crop yields are needed to provide greater insight into how the effects vary by weather condition. Additionally, looking at elevation and soil drainage class within a CD field could give better insight into yield benefits.
However, published yield studies have shown mixed results. Looking at these studies by location we can see that crop yield increases (CLICK) have been found in Sweden, North Carolina, and Indiana. While (CLICK) Ohio, Canada, and Iowa have found fixed results within their locations. Canada and Ohio have studies that found increases and studied that found no effect on yield.
In Iowa CD reduced yield and another study found no effect.
In Onslow Canada they found a 14% reduction on corn yield with CD and (CLICK) IL found no effect.
Most of these studies analyzed less than four years of crop yield data. Long term studies on how CD impacts crop yields are needed to provide greater insight into how the effects vary by weather condition. Additionally, looking at elevation and soil drainage class within a CD field could give better insight into yield benefits.
The overall goal of this study is to increase the understanding of controlled drainage.
CLICK
My first objective was to assess the effect of CD on yield and determine how soil drainage class or elevation may drive that effect.
CLICK
MY second objective was to create an online learning module about controlled drainage
CLICK
And my third objective was to evaluate the knowledge gained and student perceptions of the online learning module.
My study location is located in east-central Indiana at the Davis Purdue Agricultural Center also called DPAC for short.
CLICK the 16 hectare field had CLICK two free subsurface drainage quadrants and CLICK two controlled drainage quadrants. There are 13-years of site data at this field.
Geo-referenced yield points were collected by a yield monitor located inside the combine. The yield points were adjusted for delay, flow, moisture, and header width.
This photo shows all of the yield points including the end rows. CLICK the end rows were removed and the yield points now look like this photo.
The data set includes 9 years of corn yield and 4 years of soybean yield.
However, because I was interested in looking at soil type and elevation within each quadrant I needed to create a way to account for spatial correlation. Yield points are highly correlated with the yield points surrounding them and this can cause issues with statistical analysis if this is not accounted for.
I created a grid shown here that contains 10 by 10 meter yield cells. This grid allowed for a numbering system of columns and rows to be able to distinguish which yield cells are by each other. For example this yield cell here is in the 34 column and the 1 row. For each year the average of all the yield points within each cell was calculated.
I created a grid shown here that contains 10 by 10 meter yield cells. This grid allowed for a numbering system of columns and rows to be able to distinguish which yield cells are by each other. For example this yield cell here is in the 34 column and the 1 row. For each year the average of all the yield points within each cell was calculated.
The majority soil type within each grid was used for each yield cell.
Changes in elevation across the field are expected to affect yield impacts of CD with the idea being the closer to the water control structure the more access to water the crop roots may have.
LiDAR based elevation was used for this analysis. For the controlled drainage quadrants the elevation above the water control structure was used and there are three categories, less than 30 cm from the structure, 30-60 cm, and greater than 60 cm. For the free draining quadrants the lowest elevation was used. For the NW quadrant the lowest elevation was also used as the starting point to account for some uncertainty with the average at the water control structure.
Precipitation was collected with an on-site tipping bucket. Each year was classified as dry, normal, or wet based on the growing season precipitation compared to the 30 year average.
If a year was more than 100 mm from the 30-year average precipitation it was considered wet. If a year was less than 100 mm from the 30 –year normal it was considered dry. There were 4 dry years, 6 normal years, 3 wet years
Precipitation was collected with an on-site tipping bucket. Each year was classified as dry, normal, or wet based on the growing season precipitation compared to the 30 year average.
If a year was more than 100 mm from the 30-year average precipitation it was considered wet. If a year was less than 100 mm from the 30 –year normal it was considered dry. There were 4 dry years, 6 normal years, 3 wet years
For the year-by-year mean comparison of controlled and free drainage a two sample t-test was used.
For the spatial and temporal analysis within the quadrants a linear mixed model was created to account for spatial correlation and random effects. This is the yield equation to be estimated with yield being the average yield per cell in column i and row k in the tth year. The fixed effects were drainage treatment (free or controlled drainage), soil drainage class, elevation, and wetness classification.
The random effects rij account for the repeated measures because the same yield cell was being analyzed year after year. This is also known as compound symmetry.
The spatial correlation of the yield points was contained in the error with this spatial covariance structure with d ij being the Euclidean distance between the columns and rows and the impact of the spatial covariance decreased at an exponential rate.
Controlled drainage significantly increased yield in 6 out of the 9 years and the 9-year average.
In 2014 and 2016 there was no difference between treatment and 2010 was the only year that CD decreased yield.
CLICK in some years yield was 4% greater in the CD quadrants
Controlled drainage significantly increased soybean yield in three out of 4 years. However, the 4-year average had no effect and in 2017 CD decreased yield.
Looking at yearly wetness classification we can see that yield in general was highest in the normal years and lower in the wet and dry years. CD had the greatest impact on corn yield during the dry years by 5.9%
Soybean yield had lower yields in the wet year as well and there was no significant differences in yield.
Precipitation was collected with an on-site tipping bucket. Each year was classified as dry, normal, or wet based on the growing season precipitation compared to the 30 year average.
If a year was more than 100 mm from the 30-year average precipitation it was considered wet. If a year was less than 100 mm from the 30 –year normal it was considered dry. There were 4 dry years, 6 normal years, 3 wet years
For the year-by-year mean comparison of controlled and free drainage a two sample t-test was used.
For the spatial and temporal analysis within the quadrants a linear mixed model was created to account for spatial correlation and random effects. This is the yield equation to be estimated with yield being the average yield per cell in column i and row k in the tth year. The fixed effects were drainage treatment, soil drainage class, elevation, and wetness classification.
rij account for the repeated measures because the same yield cell was being analyzed year after year this is also known as compound symmetry.
The spatial correlation of the yield points was contained in the error with this spatial covariance structure with d ij being the Euclidean distance between the columns and rows and the impact of the spatial covariance decreased at an exponential rate.
For soil drainage class we have VP= the very poorly P= poorly drained and SWP = somewhat poorly drained.
For the dry years CD yield was higher in all soil types and had a significance difference in the VP and poorly drained. In the normal years CD had higher yields in the VP and P drained. In the wet years, CD had significantly greater yield in the very poorly drained and decreased yield in the SWP drained.
Overall CD had the greatest impact on the VP drained soils.
For soybeans the pattern was similar with the greatest impact again being in the very poorly drained soils.
To conclude CD did significantly increase corn yield and soybean yield in 3 individual years.
The greatest benefits were in the dry years.
The grid allowed for a statistical analysis on the impact of soil drainage class and elevation.
For elevation in the dry years for corn all elevation ranges had higher yields than FD and yield was significantly higher in the 30-60 and greater elevations. The lowest elevation was almost significant with a p-value of .054…
In normal years yield was pretty similar for the two treatments. During wet years, yields were lower and increased with an increase in elevation.
For the overall average the greatest impact was in the higher elevations.
For soybean yield the overall average in the highest elevation was significant.
To conclude CD did significantly increase corn yield and soybean yield in 3 individual years.
The greatest benefits were in the dry years.
The grid allowed for a statistical analysis on the impact of soil drainage class and elevation.
To conclude CD did significantly increase corn yield and soybean yield in 3 individual years.
The greatest benefits were in the dry years.
The grid allowed for a statistical analysis on the impact of soil drainage class and elevation.