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Sensing for Sustainability
disaggregated sensing of water, electricity, and natural gas
University of Washington
Eric Larson
PhD Candidate in School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
UbiComp Lab
electrical
engineering
computer
science
presented at
December 7th, 2012
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
per capita electricity usage in U.S. ~39.3 kWh/p/delectricity
Saturday, December 8, 12
per capita electricity usage in U.S. ~39.3 kWh/p/d
2 times Japan
Germany
1.5 times Taiwan
France
UK
electricity
Saturday, December 8, 12
its not just electricity
Saturday, December 8, 12
its not just electricity
Saturday, December 8, 12
its not just electricity
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
smarter infrastructure
consumer awareness
informed public policy
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Pool Pump
31%
Saturday, December 8, 12
Pool Pump
31%
DVRs
11%
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
toilet
78.4 gallons
shower
62.4 gallons
bath
6.5 gallons
today‘s usage
bathroom sink 1
4.2 gallons
bathroom sink 2
0.8 gallons
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
Professor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Ele
Engi
ElectriSense
CoughSense
SpiroSmart
ElderCare
GasSense
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
regulator
Saturday, December 8, 12
regulator
Saturday, December 8, 12
regulator
relief vent
Saturday, December 8, 12
regulator
relief vent
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
rks
Microphone Senses
Gas Hissing
Regulator Hisses
When Gas Flows
ks
Microphone Senses
Gas Hissing
Regulator Hisses
When Gas Flows
Saturday, December 8, 12
ophone Senses
Gas Hissing Filters Background Noise
How It Works
Gas Appliance in
Home is Turned On
Microp
Ga
Regulator Hisses
When Gas Flows
Saturday, December 8, 12
ophone Senses
Gas Hissing Filters Background Noise
How It Works
Gas Appliance in
Home is Turned On
Microp
Ga
Regulator Hisses
When Gas Flows
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
slope
Saturday, December 8, 12
Detects and Identifies Gas Events
Filters Background Noise
step change
slope
Saturday, December 8, 12
slope
step change
Saturday, December 8, 12
slope
step change
k-nearest neighbor
classifier
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in nine homes
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in nine homes
496 staged gas events from 6 appliance types
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in nine homes
496 staged gas events from 6 appliance types
321 trials used in compound
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in nine homes
496 staged gas events from 6 appliance types
321 trials used in compound
~95% accuracy
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in nine homes
496 staged gas events from 6 appliance types
321 trials used in compound
~95% accuracy
~87% accuracy, minimal calib.
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
mplabN G T O N
N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SqueezeBlock
LightW
GripSe
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Supply
Load
Inductor
Switched Mode Power Supply
Saturday, December 8, 12
Supply
Load
Inductor
Switched Mode Power Supply
Saturday, December 8, 12
switching generates high frequency Electro
Magnetic Interference (EMI)
Supply
Load
Inductor
EMI
Switched Mode Power Supply
Saturday, December 8, 12
EMI
Saturday, December 8, 12
EMI
Saturday, December 8, 12
EMI
Saturday, December 8, 12
capture system
Saturday, December 8, 12
capture system
any electrical
outlet
Saturday, December 8, 12
capture system
any electrical
outlet
Power Line
Interface
(High Pass Filter)
Corner frequency: 36.7 kHz
Flat response: 50 kHz - 30 MHz
High voltage capacitors for
isolation
Saturday, December 8, 12
capture system
any electrical
outlet
Power Line
Interface
(High Pass Filter)
Digitizer
&
Frequency Transform
Corner frequency: 36.7 kHz
Flat response: 50 kHz - 30 MHz
High voltage capacitors for
isolation
Sampling Frequency: 1 MHz
ADC: 12-bits
FFT width: 4096
Bin width: 244 Hz
Saturday, December 8, 12
capture system
any electrical
outlet
Power Line
Interface
(High Pass Filter)
Digitizer
&
Frequency Transform
Event Processor
&
Classifier
Corner frequency: 36.7 kHz
Flat response: 50 kHz - 30 MHz
High voltage capacitors for
isolation
Sampling Frequency: 1 MHz
ADC: 12-bits
FFT width: 4096
Bin width: 244 Hz
Saturday, December 8, 12
time
frequency
Saturday, December 8, 12
time
frequency
Saturday, December 8, 12
what EMI on the power line looks like
PC Lamp
time(s)
frequency (kHz)
Saturday, December 8, 12
features
Laptop
Unplugged
Lamp
TV
time(s)
frequency (kHz)
PC
Saturday, December 8, 12
LampPC
Saturday, December 8, 12
LampPC
Saturday, December 8, 12
Difference Vector
LampPC
Saturday, December 8, 12
Difference Vector
LampPC
Saturday, December 8, 12
Difference Vector
Center: 52
Width: 2
Amplitude: 23
Center: 104
Width: 1.5
Amplitude: 16
for each peak are extracted.three
features
LampPC
Saturday, December 8, 12
event classification
three
features
Saturday, December 8, 12
event classification
three
features
nearest neighbor
classifier
K-Nearest Neighbor
K=1
Euclidean distance metric
Inverse weighting
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in seven homes
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in seven homes
2576 staged electrical events
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in seven homes
2576 staged electrical events
10-20 devices per home
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in seven homes
2576 staged electrical events
10-20 devices per home
~94% accuracy
Saturday, December 8, 12
Evaluated system in seven homes
2576 staged electrical events
10-20 devices per home
~94% accuracy
~89% accuracy, minimal calib.
Saturday, December 8, 12
future work
Saturday, December 8, 12
future work
Saturday, December 8, 12
future work
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
U N I V E R S I T Y O F WA S H I N G T O N
Professor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
Static E-
CoughSense
SpiroSmart
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
GasSense
HydroSense
InnerSol
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
toilet
78.4 gallons
shower
62.4 gallons
bath
6.5 gallons
today‘s usage
bathroom sink 1
4.2 gallons
bathroom sink 2
0.8 gallons
Saturday, December 8, 12
toilet
78.4 gallons
shower
10.4 gallons
bath
0.0 gallons
bathroom sink 1
1.2 gallons
bathroom sink 2
0.8 gallons
shower
52.4 gallons
bath
6.5 gallons
bathroom sink 1
3.2 gallons
bathroom sink 2
2.4 gallons
today‘s usage: hot vs cold
Saturday, December 8, 12
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
hydrosense sensor stream
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
hydrosense sensor stream
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
hydrosense sensor stream
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
hydrosense sensor stream
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
hydrosense sensor stream
water tower
water tower
thermal
expansion
tank
hose
spigot
utility water
meter
pressure
regulator
laundry
bathroom 1
hot
water
heater bathroom 2
dishwasher
incoming cold
water from
supply line
kitchen
Saturday, December 8, 12
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
15 Hz
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
15 Hz
200 ms
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
15 Hz
200 ms
kitchen sink
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
15 Hz
200 ms
kitchen sink
upstairs toilet
downstairs toilet
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Campbell, T., et al. Disaggregated water sensing from a single, pressure- based sensor: An extended analysis of HydroSense using staged
experiments. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, (2010).
Froehlich, J., Larson, E., Campbell, T., Haggerty, C., Fogarty, J., and Patel, S.N. HydroSense: infrastructure-mediated single-point sensing of whole-home water
activity. Proceedings of the 11th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing, Citeseer (2009), 235–244.
hydrosense sensor stream
15 Hz
200 ms
kitchen sink kitchen sink hot
upstairs toilet
downstairs toilet
cold
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
features: single instance
15 Hz
200 ms
Saturday, December 8, 12
10 psi
7.32 psi
features: single instance
15 Hz
200 ms
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
features: single instance
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
features: sequence
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
features: sequence
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
10 sec
features: sequence
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
10 sec compound
features: sequence
Saturday, December 8, 12
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
10 sec compound
features: sequence
time of day
Saturday, December 8, 12
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
CRF: conditional random field
sequence model
Saturday, December 8, 12
classification
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
Saturday, December 8, 12
kitchen sink kitchen sink
toilet
bathroom sink
classification
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
70
50
30
pressure(psi)
Saturday, December 8, 12
evaluation
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
totals
days
 33
 33
 30
 27
 33
 156
events
 2374
 3075
 4754
 2499
 2578
 14,960
events/day
 71.9
 93.2
 158.5
 92.6
 78.1
 95.9
compound
 22.2%
 21.8%
 16.6%
 32%
 21.3%
 21.9%
data collection
Larson, E., Froehlich, J., Saba, E., et al. A Longitudinal Study of Pressure Sensing to Infer Real- World Water Usage
Events in the Home. Pervasive Computing, Springer (2011), 50–69.
Saturday, December 8, 12
accuracy
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
accuracy
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
accuracy
~95%
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
accuracy
~95%
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
accuracy
~95%
~92%
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
valve level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet, hot valve
accuracy
~95%
~92%
Saturday, December 8, 12
fixture level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet
fixture category level
e.g., a faucet
valve level
e.g., upstairs bathroom faucet, hot valve
accuracy
~95%
~92%
~80%
Saturday, December 8, 12
valvelevelaccuracy(%)
training amount (days)
~80%
Saturday, December 8, 12
2 4 6 8 10
55
60
65
70
75
80
valvelevelaccuracy(%)
training amount (days)
10 fold cross validation, CRF
~80%
Saturday, December 8, 12
2 4 6 8 10
55
60
65
70
75
80
valvelevelaccuracy(%)
training amount (days)
10 fold cross validation, CRF
~80%
Saturday, December 8, 12
2 4 6 8 10
55
60
65
70
75
80
valvelevelaccuracy(%)
training amount (days)
10 fold cross validation, CRF
300 events
500 events
700 events
900 events
~80%
Saturday, December 8, 12
need a semi-supervised approach
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
Saturday, December 8, 12
sor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
GasSense
uToSNUPI
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
future work
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
cycles
Saturday, December 8, 12
cycles
heated dry
Saturday, December 8, 12
cycles
heated dry
washing dishes
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
~7:30AM
Saturday, December 8, 12
filling coffee pot
coffee pot running
~7:30AM
Saturday, December 8, 12
Saturday, December 8, 12
bathroom usage
Saturday, December 8, 12
bathroom usage
leaky flapper valve
Saturday, December 8, 12
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
re
GasSense
HydroSense
uToSNUPI
Static E-Field
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
InnerSol
Saturday, December 8, 12
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
re
GasSense
HydroSense
uToSNUPI
Static E-Field
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
InnerSol
low-cost, disaggregated sensing
Saturday, December 8, 12
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
re
GasSense
HydroSense
uToSNUPI
Static E-Field
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
InnerSol
low-cost, disaggregated sensing
working towards semi-supervised training
Saturday, December 8, 12
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
ense
mart
re
GasSense
HydroSense
uToSNUPI
Static E-Field
GasSense
HydroSense
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
HydroSense
InnerSol
low-cost, disaggregated sensing
working towards semi-supervised training
possible to sense usage activity
Saturday, December 8, 12
Sensing for Sustainability
disaggregated sensing of water, electricity, and natural gas
University of Washington
Eric Larson
PhD Candidate in School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
UbiComp Lab
electrical
engineering
computer
science
eclarson.com
eclarson@uw.edu
@ec_larson
presented at
December 7th, 2012
ubicomplabU N I V E R S I T Y O F WA S H I N G T O N
Professor Shwetak N. Patel Computer Science
& Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
design + use +
build
ElectriSense InGen
SNUPI
Static E-Fiel
CoughSense
SpiroSmart
ElderCare
Mobility
Rehabilitation
GasSense
HydroSense
ElectriSense InGen
uTouch
WalkTy
SNUPI
Static E-Field
CoughSense
SpiroSmart
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
GasSense
HydroSense
InnerSol
CoughSense
ElderCare
Lullaby
Mobility
Rehabilitation
GasSense
HydroSense
InnerSol
Gabe Cohn Sidhant Gupta Jon Froehlich
Saturday, December 8, 12

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