Mechanical stress-mediated acclimatization of in vitro regenerated plantlets is probably worth to be more investigated in future research since it serves as a non-chemical and cost-effective approach. Its expediency on potentially improving plants’ quality and reducing mortality percentage of plantlets provides an open field for future research.
Development of transgenic plants for abiotic stress resistancetara singh rawat
The document discusses various genes that have been used to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. It describes genes involved in synthesizing osmoprotectants like glycinebetaine and trehalose, antioxidant genes like superoxide dismutase, transcription factor genes like DREB1A, early response genes like ERD15, and genes that maintain membrane integrity and ion homeostasis. Engineering these stress-responsive genes into crop plants through genetic engineering approaches can help improve abiotic stress tolerance and food security.
Crop improvement through genetic engineering can help meet the increasing global demand for food by making crops more resilient to stresses like drought and pests. The process involves isolating genes that confer desirable traits and inserting them into crops using techniques like bacterial infection or particle bombardment. Commercially, early genetically modified crops were made resistant to herbicides or insects. While genetic engineering could boost yields and nutrition, it also raises safety and environmental concerns that need consideration.
This document provides an overview of transgenic crops, including:
1) A brief history of transgenic crop development and the governing policies surrounding the technology.
2) A summary of the main agricultural crops that have been genetically modified, their expressed characteristics, and their market roles.
3) A discussion of unintended consequences, economic considerations, safety concerns, and implications of transgenic crops for sustainable agriculture.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
Genetic engineering for abiotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses various approaches for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stresses through transgenic methods. It summarizes 7 approaches: 1) Engineering genes for osmolyte biosynthesis like proline and glycine betaine, 2) Engineering genes encoding enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, 3) Engineering genes encoding LEA proteins, 4) Engineering genes encoding enzymes with different temperature optima, 5) Engineering molecular chaperone genes, 6) Engineering transcription factor genes, and 7) Engineering plant cell membrane genes. For each approach, it provides examples of transgenic plants that were developed and their improved stress tolerance performances.
Development of transgenic plants for abiotic stress resistancetara singh rawat
The document discusses various genes that have been used to engineer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. It describes genes involved in synthesizing osmoprotectants like glycinebetaine and trehalose, antioxidant genes like superoxide dismutase, transcription factor genes like DREB1A, early response genes like ERD15, and genes that maintain membrane integrity and ion homeostasis. Engineering these stress-responsive genes into crop plants through genetic engineering approaches can help improve abiotic stress tolerance and food security.
Crop improvement through genetic engineering can help meet the increasing global demand for food by making crops more resilient to stresses like drought and pests. The process involves isolating genes that confer desirable traits and inserting them into crops using techniques like bacterial infection or particle bombardment. Commercially, early genetically modified crops were made resistant to herbicides or insects. While genetic engineering could boost yields and nutrition, it also raises safety and environmental concerns that need consideration.
This document provides an overview of transgenic crops, including:
1) A brief history of transgenic crop development and the governing policies surrounding the technology.
2) A summary of the main agricultural crops that have been genetically modified, their expressed characteristics, and their market roles.
3) A discussion of unintended consequences, economic considerations, safety concerns, and implications of transgenic crops for sustainable agriculture.
Somaclonal Variation in Plant tissue culture - Variation in somaclones (somatic cells of plants)
Somaclonal variation # Basis of somaclonal variation # General feature of Somaclonal variations # Types and causes of somaclonal variation # Isolation procedure of somaclones via without in-vitro method and with in-vitro method with their limitations and advantages # Detection of isolated somaclonal variation # Application (with examples respectively related to crop improvement) # Advantages and disadvantages of somaclonal variations.
Also watch, Gametoclonal variation slides to understand, how to changes occur in gametoclones of plants.
https://www.slideshare.net/SharmasClasses/gametoclonal-variation
This document summarizes a presentation on micrografting in citrus species. Micrografting, also called shoot tip grafting, is an in vitro grafting technique that involves grafting a shoot tip onto an aseptically grown rootstock. It allows for producing virus-free citrus plants by exploiting the fact that meristems are relatively pathogen-free. The presentation outlines the need, principle, procedure, advantages, limitations and affecting factors of micrografting. It also provides examples of micrografting success rates from various studies on different fruit crops such as pistachio, mulberry, olive and citrus.
This document discusses genetically modified drought resistant crops. It begins by defining genetically modified crops as plants modified using genetic engineering to introduce new traits. It then discusses developing drought tolerant crops through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. Conventional breeding is a slow process limited by available genes, while genetic engineering allows introducing genes controlling drought tolerance. The document provides examples of drought tolerance mechanisms in plants and genes introduced through genetic engineering to improve drought resistance in transgenic crops.
Genetic engineering for abiotic stress toleranceSachin Ekatpure
This document discusses various approaches for improving plant tolerance to abiotic stresses through transgenic methods. It summarizes 7 approaches: 1) Engineering genes for osmolyte biosynthesis like proline and glycine betaine, 2) Engineering genes encoding enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, 3) Engineering genes encoding LEA proteins, 4) Engineering genes encoding enzymes with different temperature optima, 5) Engineering molecular chaperone genes, 6) Engineering transcription factor genes, and 7) Engineering plant cell membrane genes. For each approach, it provides examples of transgenic plants that were developed and their improved stress tolerance performances.
Transgenics in biotic stress managementSakthivel R
Transgenic crops can help manage biotic stress by engineering plants to resist pathogens and pests. Bt crops produce Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans and animals. Bt maize, brinjal, rice and other crops have been engineered with Cry genes to resist key insect pests. Protease inhibitors have also been used to transform plants to interfere with insect digestion. Additionally, genes encoding chitinase and glucanase have been introduced to plants to enhance their resistance to fungal diseases like Rhizoctonia solani. The combined expression of these genes results in more effective prevention of disease development.
Tissue culture is a process that clones plants through micropropagation. It involves culturing plant tissues in sterile conditions with specific nutrients and hormones. There are four main stages - initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. The multiplication stage uses cytokinins to induce shoot growth from explants like leaves or stems. Rooting uses auxins to induce root formation from shoots. The process allows for mass production of genetically identical plants independent of seasons.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It does this by transferring a segment of its tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) called T-DNA into the plant's DNA. The T-DNA contains genes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Researchers developed techniques using the Ti plasmid and Agrobacterium to genetically transform plants by replacing the tumor-causing genes with desired genes. This involves either a binary vector system with the T-DNA on a separate small plasmid, or co-integration of a new plasmid containing the gene of interest into the Ti plasmid. Transformed plants can be regenerated from infected plant cells or tissues.
Cryopreservation techniques in fruit cropsEkvVenkatraj
Cryopreservation
Cryo is Greek word (krayos means “frost”).
It means preservation in “frozen state”.
Principle – to bring plant cells or tissue to zero metabolism and non dividing state by reducing the temperature in the presence of cryoprotectant.
Materials :
Over solid carbon dioxide (at -79 degree).
Low temperature deep freezer (at -80 degree).
In vapour phase Nitrogen (at -150 degree).
In liquid nitrogen (at -196 degree).
i have tried mentioned tea coffee production process in simple and short manner to make it easy to understand without wasting wasting too much of time please let me know if you know some
This document discusses plant epigenetics and its potential for crop improvement. It begins by defining epigenetics as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It then discusses several epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter gene expression patterns without changing the DNA sequence. RNA interference is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Understanding these epigenetic processes may help improve crops through epigenetic breeding or biotechnology approaches.
The document discusses plant protoplast isolation, purification, and culturing. Some key points:
- Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls removed, leaving just the plasma membrane. They allow for plant cell fusion and regeneration.
- Protoplasts are typically isolated from plant tissues like leaves using enzymatic digestion with cellulase and pectinase. This yields more protoplasts than mechanical methods.
- Isolated protoplasts are purified by centrifugation and washing to remove cell debris. They are then cultured in liquid or solid nutrient media and tested for viability before regeneration.
The document discusses several methods for producing virus-free plants, including meristem culture, heat treatment, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy. It provides details on experiments conducted on potato, black raspberry, sugarcane, and gladiolus plants infected with various viruses. For potato, meristem culture was used to produce virus-free plantlets of three varieties infected with potato virus Y. Heat treatment eliminated the black raspberry necrosis virus from black raspberry explants. In sugarcane, combining meristem culture and chemotherapy with ribavirin helped eliminate mosaic viruses. Experiments on gladiolus used thermo, electro, and chemotherapy methods to eliminate bean yellow mosaic virus from three cultivars. RT-PCR testing confirmed
Meristem, embryo, and protoplast culture are three methods of micro-propagation. Meristem culture uses small stem tips placed in media to produce disease-free plants. Embryo culture excises embryos and places them in media to overcome issues like embryo abortion. Protoplast culture isolates plant cells using enzymes and regenerates plants from cultured protoplasts. The main advantages are producing clones and disease-free plants, while disadvantages include high costs and not all plants being amenable to tissue culture.
This document provides information about hydroponic gardening for teachers, students, and hobbyists. It discusses the history of hydroponics dating back to Aztec floating gardens. Various hydroponic systems are described such as wick systems, flood and drain systems, and nutrient film technique. The basics of growing media, nutrient solutions, and plant care in hydroponic systems are also outlined. The document aims to educate people on hydroponics as an alternative to traditional soil-based gardening.
Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through TransgenesisAnik Banik
This document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It defines genetic engineering as using technologies to modify genomes and transfer genes within and between species. Transgenesis is introducing a transgene from one organism into another to produce a transgenic organism with a new trait. Common transgenic crops mentioned include golden rice, Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, GM tomato, Bt corn, GM potato, and omega-3 canola. Methods for creating transgenic crops include Agrobacterium transformation and gene gun delivery. Transgenic crops offer benefits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance and improved nutrition, but also pose challenges like gene flow and potential health effects that require further research.
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of isolated plant protoplasts in vitro to form a hybrid cell that can develop into a hybrid plant. It involves fusing protoplasts using various methods like PEG treatment or electric fusion. Hybrid cells are then selected using techniques like drug resistance, flow cytometry or visual inspection. The document provides details on the steps of protoplast fusion, mechanisms of fusion, and selection of hybrid cells.
1) The document provides information on banana production in various states in India for the year 2006-07, with Maharashtra ranking first in productivity at 62 tons per hectare and contributing 37% to total fruit production.
2) It discusses banana cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, noting that area under cultivation has increased but productivity has remained the same until recent years with the introduction of tissue culture plants.
3) It lists several tissue culture companies in Hyderabad and provides projections showing increasing volume and value of tissue culture plant production from 2003-08.
Somatic ybridization and its applicationPawan Nagar
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which involves fusing plant protoplasts from two different species or varieties to create a hybrid plant. It describes the process of somatic hybridization, including isolating protoplasts, fusing them using spontaneous or induced methods, selecting hybrid cells, and regenerating plants from hybrid callus tissue. The advantages are producing novel hybrids and transferring genes between incompatible species. The limitations include low regeneration rates and viability of fused cells. Somatic hybridization has applications in crop improvement by introducing traits like disease resistance from wild relatives.
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
Hairy root culture is a plant cell culture technique that uses the soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes to genetically transform plant cells. When plant tissues are infected by A. rhizogenes, its root-inducing plasmid integrates into the plant genome and causes unchecked root growth. These transformed roots, known as hairy roots, can be cultured in vitro and have several advantages over traditional plant cell cultures, including fast growth rates, genetic stability, and high production of secondary metabolites. Hairy root cultures are characterized by extensive branching, root hairs, absence of geotropism, and not requiring plant growth regulators. They have been used to produce valuable compounds and whole plants through regeneration.
This document discusses post-harvest technology for mushroom production. It explains that mushrooms contain 85-90% water and have a short shelf life of 1-2 days, so preservation is necessary. The key steps in post-harvest handling are harvesting, cleaning, grading, cooling, packing, and transportation to markets. Harvesting is mostly done manually by picking mushrooms similarly to apples. Grading sorts mushrooms by size, color, and shape for marketing. Cooling and packing in bags or cartons protects mushrooms during storage and transport. Common preservation methods are canning, drying, and pickling mushrooms to extend their shelf life and marketability.
The document summarizes the process of translation (protein synthesis) from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and uses transfer RNA to add amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the mRNA to produce a protein. Key aspects covered include the genetic code, structure and role of transfer RNA and ribosomes, and the three main stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination.
Plant metabolomics allows for comprehensive analysis of small molecule metabolites in plants. Key techniques used in plant metabolomics include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS). These techniques provide global profiling of metabolites and structural information to further understand plant physiology and metabolism.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Application of Plasma in Food and AgricultureSITHUHan3
This document summarizes research on using cold plasma in agriculture. It discusses how cold plasma can be used to:
1) Decontaminate seeds by reducing fungal and bacterial counts on seed surfaces through plasma exposure, achieving log reductions in microbes (Section 8.2).
2) Enhance seed germination by accelerating germination rates and increasing sprout lengths through plasma-induced changes to seed coat permeability and plant hormone levels (Section 8.3).
3) Positively impact plant growth by producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through plasma that increase nutrient uptake and growth factors when plants are irrigated with plasma-treated water (Section 8.4).
The document discusses various topics related to physiological stress tolerance in plants. It defines different types of stresses plants face, including abiotic stresses like cold, heat, salinity, drought, excess water, and radiation. It describes plant responses to stresses like avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. The document also discusses stress measurement techniques, effects of high temperatures on photosynthesis, cross tolerance between abiotic and biotic stresses, and manipulating freezing tolerance in plants through cold acclimation.
Transgenics in biotic stress managementSakthivel R
Transgenic crops can help manage biotic stress by engineering plants to resist pathogens and pests. Bt crops produce Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans and animals. Bt maize, brinjal, rice and other crops have been engineered with Cry genes to resist key insect pests. Protease inhibitors have also been used to transform plants to interfere with insect digestion. Additionally, genes encoding chitinase and glucanase have been introduced to plants to enhance their resistance to fungal diseases like Rhizoctonia solani. The combined expression of these genes results in more effective prevention of disease development.
Tissue culture is a process that clones plants through micropropagation. It involves culturing plant tissues in sterile conditions with specific nutrients and hormones. There are four main stages - initiation, multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization. The multiplication stage uses cytokinins to induce shoot growth from explants like leaves or stems. Rooting uses auxins to induce root formation from shoots. The process allows for mass production of genetically identical plants independent of seasons.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It does this by transferring a segment of its tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) called T-DNA into the plant's DNA. The T-DNA contains genes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Researchers developed techniques using the Ti plasmid and Agrobacterium to genetically transform plants by replacing the tumor-causing genes with desired genes. This involves either a binary vector system with the T-DNA on a separate small plasmid, or co-integration of a new plasmid containing the gene of interest into the Ti plasmid. Transformed plants can be regenerated from infected plant cells or tissues.
Cryopreservation techniques in fruit cropsEkvVenkatraj
Cryopreservation
Cryo is Greek word (krayos means “frost”).
It means preservation in “frozen state”.
Principle – to bring plant cells or tissue to zero metabolism and non dividing state by reducing the temperature in the presence of cryoprotectant.
Materials :
Over solid carbon dioxide (at -79 degree).
Low temperature deep freezer (at -80 degree).
In vapour phase Nitrogen (at -150 degree).
In liquid nitrogen (at -196 degree).
i have tried mentioned tea coffee production process in simple and short manner to make it easy to understand without wasting wasting too much of time please let me know if you know some
This document discusses plant epigenetics and its potential for crop improvement. It begins by defining epigenetics as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. It then discusses several epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference. DNA methylation and histone modifications can alter gene expression patterns without changing the DNA sequence. RNA interference is a post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism. Understanding these epigenetic processes may help improve crops through epigenetic breeding or biotechnology approaches.
The document discusses plant protoplast isolation, purification, and culturing. Some key points:
- Protoplasts are plant cells that have had their cell walls removed, leaving just the plasma membrane. They allow for plant cell fusion and regeneration.
- Protoplasts are typically isolated from plant tissues like leaves using enzymatic digestion with cellulase and pectinase. This yields more protoplasts than mechanical methods.
- Isolated protoplasts are purified by centrifugation and washing to remove cell debris. They are then cultured in liquid or solid nutrient media and tested for viability before regeneration.
The document discusses several methods for producing virus-free plants, including meristem culture, heat treatment, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy. It provides details on experiments conducted on potato, black raspberry, sugarcane, and gladiolus plants infected with various viruses. For potato, meristem culture was used to produce virus-free plantlets of three varieties infected with potato virus Y. Heat treatment eliminated the black raspberry necrosis virus from black raspberry explants. In sugarcane, combining meristem culture and chemotherapy with ribavirin helped eliminate mosaic viruses. Experiments on gladiolus used thermo, electro, and chemotherapy methods to eliminate bean yellow mosaic virus from three cultivars. RT-PCR testing confirmed
Meristem, embryo, and protoplast culture are three methods of micro-propagation. Meristem culture uses small stem tips placed in media to produce disease-free plants. Embryo culture excises embryos and places them in media to overcome issues like embryo abortion. Protoplast culture isolates plant cells using enzymes and regenerates plants from cultured protoplasts. The main advantages are producing clones and disease-free plants, while disadvantages include high costs and not all plants being amenable to tissue culture.
This document provides information about hydroponic gardening for teachers, students, and hobbyists. It discusses the history of hydroponics dating back to Aztec floating gardens. Various hydroponic systems are described such as wick systems, flood and drain systems, and nutrient film technique. The basics of growing media, nutrient solutions, and plant care in hydroponic systems are also outlined. The document aims to educate people on hydroponics as an alternative to traditional soil-based gardening.
Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through TransgenesisAnik Banik
This document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It defines genetic engineering as using technologies to modify genomes and transfer genes within and between species. Transgenesis is introducing a transgene from one organism into another to produce a transgenic organism with a new trait. Common transgenic crops mentioned include golden rice, Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, GM tomato, Bt corn, GM potato, and omega-3 canola. Methods for creating transgenic crops include Agrobacterium transformation and gene gun delivery. Transgenic crops offer benefits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance and improved nutrition, but also pose challenges like gene flow and potential health effects that require further research.
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which is the fusion of isolated plant protoplasts in vitro to form a hybrid cell that can develop into a hybrid plant. It involves fusing protoplasts using various methods like PEG treatment or electric fusion. Hybrid cells are then selected using techniques like drug resistance, flow cytometry or visual inspection. The document provides details on the steps of protoplast fusion, mechanisms of fusion, and selection of hybrid cells.
1) The document provides information on banana production in various states in India for the year 2006-07, with Maharashtra ranking first in productivity at 62 tons per hectare and contributing 37% to total fruit production.
2) It discusses banana cultivation in Andhra Pradesh, noting that area under cultivation has increased but productivity has remained the same until recent years with the introduction of tissue culture plants.
3) It lists several tissue culture companies in Hyderabad and provides projections showing increasing volume and value of tissue culture plant production from 2003-08.
Somatic ybridization and its applicationPawan Nagar
This document discusses somatic hybridization, which involves fusing plant protoplasts from two different species or varieties to create a hybrid plant. It describes the process of somatic hybridization, including isolating protoplasts, fusing them using spontaneous or induced methods, selecting hybrid cells, and regenerating plants from hybrid callus tissue. The advantages are producing novel hybrids and transferring genes between incompatible species. The limitations include low regeneration rates and viability of fused cells. Somatic hybridization has applications in crop improvement by introducing traits like disease resistance from wild relatives.
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
Hairy root culture is a plant cell culture technique that uses the soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes to genetically transform plant cells. When plant tissues are infected by A. rhizogenes, its root-inducing plasmid integrates into the plant genome and causes unchecked root growth. These transformed roots, known as hairy roots, can be cultured in vitro and have several advantages over traditional plant cell cultures, including fast growth rates, genetic stability, and high production of secondary metabolites. Hairy root cultures are characterized by extensive branching, root hairs, absence of geotropism, and not requiring plant growth regulators. They have been used to produce valuable compounds and whole plants through regeneration.
This document discusses post-harvest technology for mushroom production. It explains that mushrooms contain 85-90% water and have a short shelf life of 1-2 days, so preservation is necessary. The key steps in post-harvest handling are harvesting, cleaning, grading, cooling, packing, and transportation to markets. Harvesting is mostly done manually by picking mushrooms similarly to apples. Grading sorts mushrooms by size, color, and shape for marketing. Cooling and packing in bags or cartons protects mushrooms during storage and transport. Common preservation methods are canning, drying, and pickling mushrooms to extend their shelf life and marketability.
The document summarizes the process of translation (protein synthesis) from messenger RNA to protein. It describes how mRNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and uses transfer RNA to add amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the mRNA to produce a protein. Key aspects covered include the genetic code, structure and role of transfer RNA and ribosomes, and the three main stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination.
Plant metabolomics allows for comprehensive analysis of small molecule metabolites in plants. Key techniques used in plant metabolomics include nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS). These techniques provide global profiling of metabolites and structural information to further understand plant physiology and metabolism.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Application of Plasma in Food and AgricultureSITHUHan3
This document summarizes research on using cold plasma in agriculture. It discusses how cold plasma can be used to:
1) Decontaminate seeds by reducing fungal and bacterial counts on seed surfaces through plasma exposure, achieving log reductions in microbes (Section 8.2).
2) Enhance seed germination by accelerating germination rates and increasing sprout lengths through plasma-induced changes to seed coat permeability and plant hormone levels (Section 8.3).
3) Positively impact plant growth by producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through plasma that increase nutrient uptake and growth factors when plants are irrigated with plasma-treated water (Section 8.4).
The document discusses various topics related to physiological stress tolerance in plants. It defines different types of stresses plants face, including abiotic stresses like cold, heat, salinity, drought, excess water, and radiation. It describes plant responses to stresses like avoidance, tolerance, and acclimation. The document also discusses stress measurement techniques, effects of high temperatures on photosynthesis, cross tolerance between abiotic and biotic stresses, and manipulating freezing tolerance in plants through cold acclimation.
Plant physiology is the study of how plants function at the cellular and biochemical level and how they respond to their environment. It includes studying plant structure and anatomy as they relate to function, energy sources for growth and development, water and nutrient uptake and movement, and plant responses to environmental stresses. Understanding plant physiology is important for agriculture as it provides insights into seed germination, seedling growth, mode of action of herbicides, nutrient requirements, photoperiodism, effects of plant growth regulators, post-harvest physiology, irrigation management, drought tolerance, and water use efficiency - all of which can help improve crop varieties and agricultural practices.
50 Hz Frequency Magnetic Field Effects On Pseudomonas Aeruginosa And Bacillus...IOSR Journals
The effect of electromagnetic field of different intensities on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (as gram-negative
bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis (as gram-positive bacteria) was investigated to find out the effective magnetic field strength that alters the running physiological processes of every microorganism. Equal volumes of P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis suspensions were exposed for one hour at their maximum rate of active growth to the electromagnetic field (2 - 10 mT, 50 Hz). The results indicated that no remarkable differences were found in the growth of exposed P. aeruginosa. Moreover, a remarkable inhibition in the growth of exposed relative to unexposed B. subtilis cells was achieved at (4 mT) as compared with other intensities which may indicate that this magnetic field induction had a great effect on the biological activity of the cells, so more investigations were made at this magnetic field induction. Remarkable changes in the growth characteristics could be easily detected as the absorbance decreased which indicate a decrease in the cells number and consequently an
inhibition case for the bacteria. Also, the antibiotic sensitivity test of B. subtilis cells indicated either inhibition or stimulation case for the bacteria depending on the drug mode of action
The document summarizes the history and process of plant mutagenesis. It discusses how mutation breeding was traced back to 300 BC in China and how the work of Lewis John Stadler in the 1920s-1930s laid the foundation for mutation breeding using X-rays. It also notes that almost 70% of durum wheat and over 400 rice varieties have been developed through mutation breeding programs using physical and chemical mutagens like radiation. The document then explains the key terms, types of mutagens used, factors influencing mutagenesis, types of mutations induced, and the general steps involved in mutation breeding programs.
Suitability of different fruit crops under different stress conditionsMANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes research on the suitability of different fruit crops under salt stress conditions. It discusses several studies that evaluated:
1) The salt tolerance of grapevine cultivars grafted onto different rootstocks, finding the Salt Creek rootstock conferred the highest tolerance.
2) The effects of saline irrigation water on grapevine growth and survival, which significantly decreased with higher salt concentrations.
3) The relative salt tolerance of grapevine rootstocks to different chloride salts, determining the Dogridge rootstock accumulated the lowest chloride levels and was most tolerant.
4) The adaptation of grapevine varieties and rootstocks to salinity, aiming to correlate salt resistance with mineral content under salt treatments.
The document discusses a project to redesign plants and living organisms to survive on Mars. It describes expressing genes from extremophilic microbes in plants to help them tolerate Martian conditions like low water, low pressure, cold temperatures, and radiation. Initial work involved expressing a heat-stable superoxide reductase gene from Pyrococcus furiosus in tobacco plant cells. Undergraduate students were also engaged in designing virtual plants that could survive on Mars by considering the environmental challenges. The goals were to produce an extremophilic protein in plants and involve students in designing plants for Mars.
Defense Mechanism in Plants Against InsectsJayantyadav94
Plants and insects living together for more than 350 million years
Evolutionary between plants and insects resulted in the development of defence system in plants that has the ability to recognize signals from damaged cells
Activates the plant immune response against the insects
Plants have the ability to distinguish between herbivory and mechanical damage, such as hail and wind, as well as to recognize oviposition.
This feature is needed to avoid wasting expensive defence resources, since production and release of defence responses only benefits herbivore challenged plants.
This document discusses the use of nano-agrochemicals in pest management and compares their mode of action to organophosphate (OP) compounds. It notes that nano-agrochemicals can have multiple modes of action, including inducing oxidative stress, damaging insect guts and cuticles, and acting as slow-release formulations. Their high surface area allows them to be more effective at lower doses than OP compounds, which primarily target the nervous system as nerve poisons. While nano-agrochemicals offer benefits like increased efficacy, OP compounds present more risks to non-target organisms from their narrow and acute mode of action.
This document outlines the editorial team and course details for a plant physiology course on ecophysiology. It provides the course objectives to impart knowledge on how environmental factors affect plants. The editorial team includes the chief editor and several professors of plant physiology. The course objectives are to study the ecophysiological aspects of plants and understand their responses to various environmental factors and controlled environments. It will consist of both theory and practical sessions.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key details about the editorial team, course objectives, and content in a concise yet informative way. Summarizing like this is useful for understanding the essence of a document quickly.
Effect of Magnetic Technology on Some Productive and Physiological Traits of ...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study evaluated the effects of magnetic field exposure and drinking magnetic water on productivity traits of aged Japanese quail birds. 160 females and 80 males aged 50 weeks were divided into 4 groups: a control group, a group drinking 2000 gauss magnetic water, a group exposed to 400 gauss magnetic field, and a group exposed to both 2000 gauss magnetic water and 400 gauss magnetic field. Productive performance, physiological traits, and immunity were measured. Results showed magnetic treatments improved egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and decreased mortality compared to the control. The combined magnetic water and field treatment resulted in the highest improvements. Magnetic treatments also positively altered hematological, biochemical and hormone parameters. This study suggests magnetic applications can combat declines in aged
Nematode effector proteins play a key role in plant parasitism. Effectors are secretory proteins that alter host cells to suppress defenses and facilitate infection. They are synthesized in gland cells and injected into plants through the stylet. Effectors can have different targets, such as modifying the cell wall, altering metabolism or hormone signaling, and suppressing immunity. Characterizing effectors provides insights into plant responses and resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have identified effectors that interact with components of auxin signaling or the NADPH oxidase complex to promote parasitism. Going forward, RNA interference targeting important nematode genes holds promise for developing resistant crop varieties.
IRJET- Effect of Vedic Chanting on Plant Growth Parameters (Vigna Radiata)IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses an experiment that studied the effect of Vedic chanting (mantra therapy) on the growth of green gram (Vigna radiata) plants.
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3. Outline
Introduction
What is seismomorphogenesisc stimuli (SMS)?
Why SMS is required in plant tissue culture?
Plantlet response to seismomorphogenesisc stimuli (SMS)
Limitation of seismomorphogenesisc stimuli (SMS)
Case study on Sansevieria trifasciata
Conclusion
Reference
4. Introduction
• In the last 10-15 years, micropropagation has shown spectacular development.
However, at present the widespread use of micropropagation is restricted for
several reasons, one of these being that a high mortality of plantlets in the
acclimatization stage.
• Due to the special environment in vitro, it is difficult to produce plants which
can be acclimatized to the outside environment.
• The term acclimatization is defined as the climatic adaptation of an organism,
especially a plant, that has been moved to a new environment (Conover and
Poole 1984).
5. Features of the tissue culture environment in the multiplication and rooting stages and their effects on
the growth of explants/plantlets in the multiplication, rooting, and acclimatization stages
6. Contd…
• Much research has been conducted to solve the problems related to acclimatization.
• Brainerd and Fuchigami (1981) examined responses of micropropagated plants to
low relative humidity.
• Wardel et al. (1983) examined the in vitro acclimatization of micropropagated plants
to humidity.
• Sutter and Hutzell (1984) used humidity tents and antitranspirants to increase the
survival percentage of micropropagated plants in the acclimatization stage.
• Read and Fellman (1985) developed a "controlled environment rooting facility" for
accelerating the acclimatization of micropropagated woody ornamentals.
• Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Khosh-Khui M. (2014) Seismomorphogenesis: A novel
approach to acclimatization of tissue culture regenerated plants.
• Sarmast MK (2016) In Vitro Regenerated Plants Response to Seismomorphogenic
Stimuli.
7. Contd…
• In nature, plants as sessile organisms must respond to stimuli throughout their
lifecycle. Mechanical conditioning is a physical stimulation or stress, deliberately
applied, to manage plant growth and quality (Latimer 1991).
• Plant growth responses to tactile or contact stimuli have been termed
thigmomorphogenesis (Jaffe 1973), while responses to shaking or vibrational
stimuli have been termed seismomorphogenesis (Jaffe 1973).
• Reported that in vitro acclimatization was more successful than ex vitro
acclimatization as it provides a sufficient period for gradual exposure of
plantlets to external environment (Joshi et al 2006).
8. What is seismomorphogenesic stimuli (SMS)?
• SMS is a mechanical stimuli (shaking
or vibration), in which plantlets are
indirectly influenced by shaking or
vibration under in vitro condition.
• Mechanical stimulation is, in
principle, plantlets adjust
physiologically and anatomically it
self by the process of
morphphysiological and molecular
change lead to acclimatization.
Stimuli
9. Why SMS is required in plant tissue culture?
• Prepare explants against stresses of the outside environment, because In vitro
growing plantlets usually contain malformed and unresponsive stomata and
poor epicuticular waxes.
Poor epicuticular waxes in in vitro
leaves
Abnormal, collapsed, completely closed stomata
with malformed guard cells in in vitro leaves
B
10. Contd…
• Poorly differentiated leaf structure,
• Poorly developed chloroplast,
• Supplied carbohydrate to independent
carbon fixation.
Chloroplast
11. Contd…
• A cost-effective and non-chemical approach could potentially improve plants
quality and reduce mortality percentage.
12. Plantlet response to SMS
Morphophysiological Changes:
PGRs
• Inter- and intracellular signaling components, including hormones and
potential second messengers, have been implicated in seismic induced
alterations in plant morphogenesis.
Stimuli
Ca2+ sensor
TCH3
Regulation of
PID
Regulate
auxin
regulator
Auxin
signaling and
morphogenic
response
Fig 1. Stimuli pathway of auxin
13. Contd…
Proline
• The molecular mechanisms of how proline protects cells during stress are not
fully understood but appear to involve its chemical properties and effects on
redox systems such as the glutathione (GSH) pool.
• The higher proline levels reduced protein aggregation and
thermodenaturation.
• In an in vitro experiment, proline (1 M) protected nitrate reductase under
osmotic, metal, and H2O2 stress.
14. Fig 3. Potential functions of proline and proline metabolism in stress protection.
15. Contd…
Nitric oxide
• Nitric oxide (NO) - a colorless gas - accumulation was observed in tobacco
suspension-cultured cells subjected to mechanical stress.
• Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in regulating various developmental and
physiological processes in plants, including seed germination, cell
differentiation, transition to flowering, and senescence .
• Since mechano-stress causes intracellular Ca2+ fluctuations as well as
transcriptional modification of genes in plant cells.
17. Contd…
Reactive oxygen species and Ca2+
• Cells may utilize ROS as signaling molecules to regulate the expression of
genes (Van Breusegem et al., 2001).
• ROS and Ca2+ are two key elements that rapidly induce upon mechanical
stress.
• Recently, Mori and Schroeder (2004) reported that ROS may control Ca2+-
permeable channel activity, thus suggesting a role for ROS in intracellular
Ca2+ regulation.
18. Fig. 5 A proposed model in which calcium and its sensors mediate mechano-
stimulations to mechano-responses
19.
20. Contd…
Molecular changes
• In response to thigmo/seismomorphogenesis, many genes with functions
such as calcium sensing, cell wall modifications, and also defense
antioxidant-related genes have been affected (Chehab EW, Wang Y, Braam J.
2011).
• Conserved touch–inducible plant genes are called TCH and have been
discovered by Braam and Davis (Braam J, Davis RW (1990).
• In addition, TCH4 encodes a Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases
(XTHs) which are cell wall modifying proteins involved in mechanical
stress.
21. Fig 6. Hypothetical model of thigmo/seismomorphogenesis and signal
transduction in plant cell
Stimuli
22.
23. Limitation of SM
• The lack of specially designed equipment for shaking the in vitro plantlets in
large scale is a constraint.
• Plantlet must be served based on the species, its developmental stages and
sensitivity to stimuli.
• Plantlets are too sensitive to be able to endure thigmo/seismomorphogenetic
treatments, and therefore may be hurt.
• In vitro derived plantlets do not have complete control over their
evapotranspiration machinery system, thereby losing their water potential.
25. Abstract
Plantlets under in vitro conditions transferred to ex vivo conditions are exposed to biotic
and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, in vitro regenerated plants are typically frail and
sometimes difficult to handle subsequently increasing their risk to damage and disease; hence
acclimatization of these plantlets is the most important step in tissue culture techniques.
An experiment was conducted under in vitro conditions to study the effects of shaking
duration (twice daily at 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. for 2, 4, 8, and 16 min at 250 rpm for 14
days) on Sansevieria trifasciata L. as a model plant. In explants that received 16 min of
shaking treatment, leaf length and area and photosynthesis rate were increased
compared with control plantlets. Six months after starting the experiment, control
plantlets had 12.5 % mortality; however, no mortality was observed in other treated
explants. The results demonstrated that shaking improved the explants’ root length and
number and as a simple, cost-effective, and non-chemical novel approach may be
substituted for other prevalent acclimatization techniques used for tissue culture
regenerated plantlets. Further studies with sensitive plants are needed to establish this
hypothesis.
26. Materials and methods
Mechanical stress treatment
• Uniform plantlets were selected and used for shaking treatments in the jar
glasses contain half-strength MS medium.
• Explants were shaken in a horizontal plane using a shaker (Peco. Pooya
Electronic, Iran). Explants in culture vessels, within a given experiment were treated
twice daily at 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. for durations of 0 (control), 2, 4, 8, and 16
min at 250 rpm for 14 days.
27. Contd…
• After applying the treatments, roots of explants were washed to remove agar and
then transferred to a soil mixture (perlite:peat:loamy soil, with the same volume)
and maintained in greenhouse under natural light (800 lmol m-2 s-1) at a day
temperature of 27 ± 5 C and RH of about 55 ± 5 %.
28. Contd…
Measurement
• In explants that received 16 min of shaking treatment, leaf length and area and
photosynthesis rate were measure.
• Measurements were performed on clear sunny days between 10:00 a.m. to 1:00
p.m. (time of highest photosynthetic rate).
• Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA.
29. Fig. 7 Effects of mechanical shaking on photosynthetic (left) and proline content
(right) of Sansevieria trifasciata L., 6 months after shaking. Data represent the mean
± SD
Proline measured by using the
method of Bates et al. (1973).
Measured by portable photosynthesis
meter (Lci, ADC, UK).
30. Fig. 8 Effects of mechanical shaking on leaf area (left) and leaf length (right) of
Sansevieria trifasciata L., 6 months after shaking. Data represent the mean ± SD
Leaf area measured by a leaf
area meter (Delta-T. Devices Ltd)
32. Fig. 10 Stomatal situation of Sansevieria trifasciata L. leaf after shaking at 250
rpm. a Tissue cultured explant stomata 4 min after shaking at 250 rpm. b Control
in vitro explants. c Acclimatized plant, 6 months after shaking.
33. Conclusion
Mechanical stress-mediated acclimatization of in vitro regenerated plantlets is
probably worth to be more investigated in future research since it serves as a
non-chemical and cost-effective approach. Its expediency on potentially
improving plants’ quality and reducing mortality percentage of plantlets
provides an open field for future research.
34. Reference
• Sarmast MK, Salehi H, Khosh-Khui M. (2014). Seismomorphogenesis: A novel approach
to acclimatization of tissue culture regenerated plants. 3 Biotech. 4: 599-604.
• Latimer JG, Thomas PA (1991) Application of brushing for growth control of tomato
transplants in a commercial setting. Horttechnology 1:109–110
• Appleton. Jaffe MJ (1973) Thigmomorphogenesis: the response of plant growth and
development to mechanical stimulation. Planta 114:143–157
• Joshi P, Joshi N, Purohit SD (2006) Stomatal characteristic during micro propagation of
Wrightia tomentosa. Biol Plant 50:275–278
• Z Li, Gong M. (2013). Mechanical stimulation-induced chilling tolerance in tobacco
suspension cultured cells and its relation to proline. Russian Journal of Plant
Physiology. 60:149-154.
• Chehab EW, Wang Y, Braam J. (2011). Mechanical force responses of plant cells and
plants, in: Mechanical integration of plant cells and plants. Springer. 173-194.