The document summarizes a seminar on pesticide analysis presented by Prakash Gupta. It discusses the effects of pests on food, the use of pesticides in agriculture, and various types of pesticides. It also outlines the benefits of pesticide use, such as increasing food production and controlling diseases, but also describes problems with pesticides like their impacts on non-target organisms, persistence in the environment, and potential to cause health issues. The seminar provided an overview of pesticide regulation through acts like FIFRA and FQPA.

1. SEMINAR ON PESTICIDE ANALYSIS
KARNATAKA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
PRESENTED BY PRAKASH GUPTA
M PHARM IST SEM
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS
SUBMITTED TO MRS AKKAMMA.H G
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL
ANALYSIS

2. TABLE OF CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• EFFECTS OF PESTS AND INSECTS ON VARIOUS
FOOD
• USE OF PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE

3. Pesticides
Artificial chemicals have been developed to kill insects
(insecticides), plants (herbicides), and fungi (fungicides).
These poisons are collectively called pesticides.
Many pests evolve resistance to pesticides.
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4. Chemical pesticides
Synthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be pests.
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5. Herbicides
• A toxic chemical that kills plants
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6. Insecticides
• A toxic chemical that kills insects
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7. Rodenticides
• A toxic chemical that kills rodents
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8. Fungicides
• A toxic chemical that kills fungi
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9. Nematicides
• A toxic chemical that kills nematodes
(roundworms)
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10. Algaecides
• A toxic chemical that kills algae
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11. Bactericides
• A toxic chemical that kills bacteria
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12. Piscicides
• A toxic chemical that kills fish
(unwanted species)
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13. Hard/Persistent Pesticides
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Characteristics:
• Composed of compounds that retain their
toxicity for long periods of time. They
work their way up the food chain through
animals and may accumulate in their fatty
tissues and stay indefinitely.
Examples:
DDT and many other chlorinated hydrocarbons.

14. Soft Pesticides
Characteristics
• Reduced-risk pesticides. They are
short-term and don’t harm the
environment or man.
Examples:
soaps, oils, plant extracts,
baking soda, and dish liquid.
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15. Benefits of Pesticide Use
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16. Disease Control
• Save human lives
• Prevent insect-transmitted diseases, such as
malaria, bubonic plague, typhus, & sleeping
sickness.
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17. Food Production
• Increase food supplies and
lower food costs.
• About 55% of the world’s
food supply is lost to pests
before (35%) and after (20%)
harvest.
• These losses would be worse
and food prices would rise.
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18. Fiber Production
• Crops such as cotton
• Kills pests like the cotton boll weevil.
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19. Efficiency When Compared to Alternatives
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• Pesticides control most pests quickly and at a
reasonable cost.
• They have a long shelf life
• Easily shipped and applied
• Are safe when handled properly.
• When genetic resistance occurs, farmers can use
stronger doses or switch to other pesticides.
• Proponents feel they are safer than the alternative

20. Development of Safer Pesticides
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• such as botanicals and micro-botanicals
• safer to users and less damaging to the
environment.
• Genetic engineering holds promise in developing
pest-resistant crop strains.
• It is very expensive to develop these, so they are
only doing it for large-market crops like wheat,
corn, and soybeans.

21. Problems with Pesticides
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22. Impact on Non-target Organisms
• Pesticides don’t stay put.
• The USDA says that only 2% of the insecticides
from aerial or ground spraying actually reaches
the target pests
• Only 5% of herbicides applied to crops reaches the
target weeds.
• They end up in the environment
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23. Superbugs
• Genetic resistance to pesticides.
• Weeds and plant-disease organisms also
become resistant.
• 520 insect and mite species, 273 weed species,
150 plant diseases, and 10 rodent species
(mostly rats) have developed genetic resistance
to pesticides.
• At least 17 insect pest species are resistant to
all major classes of insecticides
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24. Pests evolve resistance to pesticides
2. Pesticide applied.
1. Pests attack crop.
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25. Pests evolve resistance to pesticides,
continued
3. All pests except a few
with innate resistance are
killed.
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4. Survivors breed
and produce
pesticide-resistant
population.

26. Pests evolve resistance to pesticides,
continued
6. Has little effect.
More-toxic chemicals
must be developed.
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5. Pesticide aplied
again.

27. Persistence
• Many pesticides stay in the environment for
a very long time. Ex. DDT
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28. Bioaccumulation
• Increase in the concentration of a chemical in
specific organs or tissues at a level higher than
normal.
• Stored in body fat and can be passed along to
offspring.
• Usually a concern to organisms higher on the food
chain.
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29. Formation of New Pests
• Turning of minor pest into major pests.
• The natural predators, parasites, & competitors
of a pest may be killed by a pesticide it allows
the pest population to rebound.
• EX. DDT to control insect pests on lemon trees
caused an outbreak of a scale insect (a sucking
insect that attacks plants) that had not been a
problem.
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30. Food/Water Contamination
• Pesticides run off into our water as we spray
for bugs & stay on our food.
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31. Pesticide Poisoning
• Short-term exposure to high
levels of pesticides can result
in harm to organs and even
death
• Long-term exposure to lower
levels of pesticides can cause
cancer.
• Children are at a greater risk
than adults.
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32. National Cancer Institute
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• Pesticides have been shown to cause
lymphomas, leukemia, brain, lung, and
testicular cancers.
• The issue of whether certain pesticides
cause breast cancer remains unresolved
• Researchers have noted a correlation
between a high level of pesticides in
the breast's fatty tissue and cancer.

33. Pollination
• Process of plant reproduction: male pollen meets female
sex cells
• In many plants, animals transfer pollen to pollinate
female plants, in mutualistic interaction to obtain nectar
or pollen.
• Pollinating insects are vital for many of our crop plants.
Honeybee pollinating
apple blossom
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34. the brand name
the ingredient statement
the percentage or amount of active ingredient(s) by weight
the net contents of the container
the name and address of the manufacturer
Registration and establishment numbers
Signal words and symbols
Precautionary statement
Statement of practical treatment
Environmental hazard statement
Classification statement
Directions for use
Re-entry statement
Harvesting and/or grazing restrictions
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Label Requirements

35. The ideal Pesticide and the Nightmare Insect Pest
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• The ideal pest-killing chemical has these
qualities:
- Kill only target pest.
- Not cause genetic resistance in the target
organism.
- Disappear or break down into harmless
chemicals after doing its job.
- Be more cost-effective than doing nothing. It
would stay exactly where it was put and not
move around in the environment.

36. Restrictions
• Days to Harvest- The last day you can spray
crops before you harvest them for human
consumption.
• The EPA sets a tolerance level specifying
the amount of toxic pesticide residue that
can legally remain on the crop when the
consumer eats it.
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37. FIFRA
• The Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide & Rodenticide Act
• It was first established in 1947 &
revised as recently as 1996.
• States what must be on a pesticide
label & requires registration of all
pesticides.
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38. FFDCA
• Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
• Strengthened in 1996
• Sets pesticide tolerance levels
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39. FQPA
• Food Quality Protection Act
• Established in 1996
• Amends both FIFRA and FFDCA.
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40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 13-30, p. 299
What Can You Do?
Reducing Exposure to Pesticides
• Grow some of your food using organic methods.
• Buy organic food.
• Wash and scrub all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick.
• Eat less or no meat.
• Trim the fat from meat.

41. References
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