The seminar presentation by Dr. Monika Rathore outlines various models of health education, including definitions, aims, approaches, methods, and principles. It emphasizes the importance of health promotion, community participation, and the need for changing societal norms to improve individual and collective health behaviors. The document also compares health education to propaganda, detailing effective communication methods and various educational models that facilitate health learning and behavior change.

1. Seminar on
“Models of Health Education”
Presentation by-
Dr. Monika Rathore
Senior Professor
Department of PSM

2. Out lines of Presentation
1.Definition
2.Aim & Objective
3.Approach
4.Contents
5.Principles
6.Methods
7.Models

3. Health Education
Definition –
“The Process by which individuals and
groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to
promotion, maintenance or restoration of health”
By John M Last

4. Aim & Objectives of Health Education
 To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting life
style and practices.
 To promote the proper use of health services available to them.
 To arouse interest, provide new knowledge, improve skills and
change attitudes in making rational decisions to solve their own
problem.
 To stimulate individual and community, self-reliance & participation
to achieve health development through individual and community
involvement at every step from identifying problems to solve them.

5. Changing concepts of health education
S.No. Old Emphasis New Emphasis
1. Prevention of disease Promotion of healthy lifestyle
2. Modification of individual
behaviour
Modification of Social
environment
3. Community Participation Community involvement.
Promotion of individual &
community self reliance

6. Approach of Health Education
4 well known approach of Health Education
1. Regulatory Approach
2. Service Approach
3. Health Education Approach
4. Primary Health care Approach

7.  Regulatory approach
- Government intervention with legislative approach
- Laws placed on people
Example - The child marriage restraint act in India
- Compulsory seat belt while driving 4 wheeler
- Laws may be useful in times of emergency or in limited situations
such as control of epidemic disease or management of fairs
&festivals
Reason of failure-
(i) The cause of disease cannot eradicated by legislation
(ii) In area involving personal choice, no government can pass
legislation to force people to eat a balanced diet or not to smoke

8.  Service approach
- Providing all health services needed by the people at their doorstep
on the assumption that people would use them to improve their own
health
Example- When water seal latrines were provided by government,
free of cost, many people did not make use of them,
because it was not their habit.
Reason of failure-
It was not based on felt need of the people

9. Health Education approach
- People must be educated & encouraged to make their own
choice for a healthy life
- Many problems (eg. Cessation of smoking, use of safe water
supply, fertility control) which can be solved only through
health education
- The result are slow but enduring.
- Since attitude and behavioural pattern are formed early in life. So
start health education with young people

10.  Primary health care approach
-This is a radically new approach
- starting from people with their full participation and active
involvement in their planning and delivery of health services
based on principal of primary health care (eg. Community
involvement and intersectoral coordination)

11. Contents of Health Education
1. Human Biology
2. Nutrition
3. Hygiene
4. Family Health
5. Disease Prevention and control
6. Mental health
7. Prevention of accidents
8. Uses of Health Services

12. Health Education versus Propoganda
S.No. Health Education Propoganda
1 Knowledge and Skills actively
acquired
Knowledge instilled in the minds of people
2 Make peoples think for themselves Prevents or discourages thinking by ready-
made slogans
3 Disciplines primitive desires Arouses and stimulates primitive desires
4 Develops reflective behaviour. Trying
people to use judgement before acting
Develops reflexive behaviour, aims at
impulsive actions
5 Appeals to reason Appeals to emotion
6 Develops individually, personality and
self expression
Develops a standard pattern of attitudes and
behaviours according to the mould used
7 Knowledge acquired through
self-reliant activity
Knowledge is spoon-fed and passively
received
8 The process is behaviour centered-
aims at developing favourable
attitudes, habits and skills
The process is information centered-
no change of attitude or behaviour designed

13. Principles of Health Education
1. Credibility
2. Interest
3. Participation
4. Motivation
5. Comprehension
6. Reinforcement
7. Learning by doing
8. Known to unknown
9. Setting of examples
10. Good Human relation
11. Feedback
12. Leaders

14. Methods of Health Education
Health Communication
Individual Approach
1. Personal Contact
2. Home visit
3. Personal Letters
Group Approach
1. Lectures
2. Demonstrations
3. Discussion Methods
- Group Discussion
- Panel Discussion
- Symposium
- Conferences
- Seminars
- Workshop
- Role Play
Mass Approach
1. Television
2. Radio
3. News paper
4. Printed material
5. Direct mailing
6. Posters
7. Health Museums
and Exhibition
8. Folk Methods
9. Internet

15. 1. Individual approach
(i) Personal contact – by direct interview
(ii) Home visits- by follow ups
Interpersonal communication (IPC)-
 Most persuasive & effective media system for communication
 Most effective method for motivating couple for adopting family
planning methods
 Loss of interpersonal communication is managed by
telecommunication
Limitations-
 The numbers we reach are small and health education is given only who
come in contact with us

16. 2. Group approach
(a) Lectures –
 Oral presentation of facts, organised thoughts and ideas by a qualified person
 Information is transferred to a large group in a short time
 Groups should be 30 or less
 Talk should not more than 20 minutes
Types-
(a) Flip Charts- display before a group as the talk is being given
(b)Exhibits- Models, specimen
(c) Films – mass media of communication
Advantages-
Economical, cover large group in small time & less preparation and minimum
resources

17. (b) Demonstration
 Planned presentation to show how to perform a procedure
 Carried out step by step before an audience
 On basis of “learning by doing” principle
 Best method of teaching in urban slums
Example-
- disinfection of well
- Oral Rehydration solution (ORS) preparation

18. (c) Discussion methods-
(i) Group discussion
 Aggregation of people interacting in face to face situation
 Allows free exchange of ideas and opinions
 Considered as very Effective method to change health behaviour & attitudes
 Group should be 6-12 members
 All participants are seated in a circle, so that each is fully visible to all the
others
 Group members may or may not be known to each others
 One is group leader among participants that initiates the subject, helps the
discussion in proper manner, encourage everyone to participate & sum up in
end
 One is recorder – prepares a report on the issue discussed & consensus reached

19. (ii) Panel Discussion
 4 to 8 Qualified persons sit & discuss a given problem or the topic in front of
large group or audience
 The panel comprise a chairman or moderator
- introduce the topic briefly and invites the panel speakers to present their views
 Two way discussion
- No specific agenda
- No specific order of speaking
- No set of speeches
 After the subject is explored by the panel speakers, audience are invited to take
part
 Advantages-
Flexible, spontaneous, better understanding of various aspects

20. (iii) Symposium
 Series of speeches/ lectures on a specific subject
 Each expert presents an aspect on the subject briefly
 There is no discussion among symposium members
 In the end, audience may raise the questions
 Chairman makes a summary at the end of entire session
 Good tool for integrated teaching

21. (iv) Conferences
- Held on regional, state or national level
- Half day to one week in length
- Cover single topic in depth
(v) Workshop
- Series of meeting, usually 4 or more
- Emphasis to learn a skill individually with the help of consultants
& resource personnel
Disadvantage
- Needs a lot of baseline ground work

22. (vi) Role playing
 Social drama
 Situations cannot be expressed in words and the communication can be
more effective if the situation is dramatized by the group
 Ideal size of group – 25
 Role playing is type of group discussion
 Advantage-
used to discuss social problems
Useful educational tool for school children

23. 3. Mass Approach
(i) Television- Most popular of all media for mass education
(ii) Radio- Much cheaper than television
(iii) News paper- Most widely disseminated of all form of literature
(iv) Printed material- Magazine, Pamphlets, Booklets, Handouts
(v) Direct mailing- Folders and booklets sent directly
(vi) Posters- Placed at sites where people have some time to spend
(eg. Bus stop, Hospitals)
(vii) Health Museums & exhibition- offer a package of both personal and
impersonal methods of communication
(viii) Folk methods- Dramas, Puppet shows
(ix) Internet– one of the fastest growing communication media

24. Advantage
 Based on local needs
 Reaches wider population in shorter
time, so gets public attention
 Useful to transmit message in
remote area
 More influential in average or below
average educated people
Disadvantage
 One way communication
 Distorted information
 Not effective in changing
established behaviour

25. A Model of Health Promotion
Health
Education
Prevention
Health
Protection

26. Health Education Planning Model

27. Relationship between major Health concepts

28. Models of Health Education
 Intrapersonal Level
(1) Medical Model
(2) Health Belief Model
(3) Extended Parallel Process Model
(4) Transtheoretical Model
(5) Theory of planned behaviour
(6) Activated Health Education Model
 Interpersonal Level
(1) Social cognitive theory
 Population Level
(1) Communication Theory
(2) Diffusion of innovations

29. Medical Model ( Rational Model)
 Also known as the knowledge, attitude, practice Model (KAP) is based
on that increasing a person’s knowledge will prompt a behaviour change
Change in knowledge
Change in attitudes/ beliefs
Change in Behaviour
Weakness- “knowledge is necessary but usually not sufficient factor in
changing individual or collective behaviour”

30. Health Belief Model (Motivational Model)
 The Health Belief Model is a theoretical model that can be used to guide health
promotion programs. It is used to explain and predict individual changes in health
behaviours.
 The model focus on individual beliefs about health conditions, which predict
individual health-related behaviours. The factors that influence health behaviours
include
o Perceived susceptibility – an individual perceived threat to sickness or disease.
o Perceived Severity – Belief of consequence
o Perceived Benefits - Potential positive benefits of action
o Cues to action- Perceived barriers to action, exposure to factors that prompt
action.
o Self-efficacy- confidence in the ability to succeed.

31. Application of Health Belief Model in Weight Management
1. HBM can be used to examine factors affecting the behavioural intention of
weight management.
2. Behavioural intention of weight management will be positively influenced
by perceived threat, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy in dieting and
exercise.
3. Perceived barriers will negatively influence behavioural intention of weight
management.
4. Perceived threat will mediate relationship between cues to action and
behavioural intention of weight management

32. Health Belief Model (Motivational Model)

33. Extended parallel Process model
 Some persuasive strategies try to bring about particular health decision or behaviour
by presenting a message that is biased or emotionally Loaded. People engage in to
appraisal processes.
 First- They perceive whether they are susceptible to identified threat and whether
the threat is severe. If the threat is perceived as trivial or irrelevant, they
generally ignore the risk message and urging to take the recommended action.
 Second- If people believe they are susceptible to a severe threat and their level of
is aroused. They are motivated to assess whether the recommended action
can reduce that threat (i.e. response efficacy) and whether they can perform
the recommended action (i.e. Self efficacy)

34. Extended parallel Process model
1st
Appraisal 2nd
Appraisal
Message
components
o Threat
o efficacy
Threat Appraisal
o Susceptibility
o Severity
Efficacy Appraisal
o Self Efficacy
o Response
Efficacy
Message
Accepted
Yes High
No
Message
Rejected
Low
Fear Behaviour
Change
Message
Rejected

35. Transtheoretical Model (BCC Model)
 The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) is a modern psychological framework
for explaining the adoption and maintenance of purposeful health
behaviours.
 Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance are
the five main stages of change in the TTM referred to as the temporal and
motivational aspects of change

36. Transtheoretical Model (BCC Model)

37. Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behaviour
 It focuses on the creation of a system of observation of two groups of
variables: attitudes,
 which are defined as a positive or negative feeling in relation to the
achievement of an objective; and subjective norms, which are the exact
representations of an individual's perception of the product's ability to
achieve those goals

38. The Activated health education Model
The Activated Health Education Model is three-phased Model-
1. Experiential phase
2. Awareness phase
3. Responsibility Phase

39. The Activated health education Model

40. Social learning / cognitive Theory Model
 One of the most widely used Models in Health Promotion, it addresses both
underlying determinants of health behaviour and the methods of promoting
change and was based on the interaction between individual and
environment. Focus on the way in which an environment shapes behaviour.
 Basic components of social cognitive theory
- Reciprocal determinism
- Environmental context
- Individual
- Behaviour

41. Social learning Theory Model

42. The diffusion of Innovation Model
 Diffusion of innovations is the process by which an innovation is
communicated through certain channels over time among the members of
a social system.
 The process of adoption is views as a classical bell curve, with 5
categories of people as adopters:
1. Innovators
2. Early adopters
3. Early Majority
4. Late Majority
5. Laggards

43. The diffusion of Innovation Model

44. Innovation Adoption Curve

45. Socioecological Model

46. THANK YOU